Morad Mirza Hesam o-Saltaneh
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| Morad Mirza Hesam o-Saltaneh | |
|---|---|
 Picture of Morad Mirza Hesam o-Saltaneh | |
| Born | 1818 |
| Died | 1883 (aged 67) |
| Burial | |
| Issue | Abol-Fath Mirza Moayed od-Dowleh |
| Dynasty | Qajar |
| Father | Abbas Mirza |
| Religion | Twelver Shia Islam |
| Military career | |
| Battles / wars | |
Morad Mirza Hesam o-Saltaneh (Persian: سلطانمراد میرزا حسامالسلطنه) was a Qajar prince, governor and military officer in 19th-century Iran.
Career
[edit]Born in 1818, Morad Mirza was a member of the ruling Qajar dynasty of Iran[1] and the thirteenth son of Abbas Mirza,[2] who served as crown prince until his death from illness in 1832.[3] He first appears in sources as the governor of Qaradagh during the last years of his father's life.[1] In 1837, his brother and suzerain Mohammad Shah Qajar (r. 1834–1848) sent him to suppress an uprising in the Bakhtiari region.[1] After the coronation of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar on 20 October 1848, Morad Mirza was given an army of 7,000 troops and tasked with suppressing the Revolt of Hasan Khan Salar, a power struggle by the Davalu clan of the Qajars.[4]
He shortly marched from Tehran, but due to the extreme cold and snowstorm, was unable to achieve much. The survival of his troops was totally dependent on the assistance of Sam Khan Ilkhani,[5] the leader of the Kurdish Zafaranlu tribe.[6] When Hamzeh Mirza Heshmat od-Dowleh, the governor of Khorasan, was expelled from the provincial capital of Mashhad in the winter of 1848–1849, Qajar rule over Khorasan fell to its lowest point.[7] Morad Mirza first started to advance gradually in the spring of 1849, in succession capturing Torshiz, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Joveyn, Sabzevar. On June 1849, he besieged Mashhad, where Hasan Khan Salar was located. Leading leaders from the Afshar, Hazara, and Turkmen communities supported Hasan Khan Salar in the early phases of the siege.[8]
The populace of Mashhad was so supportive of him that even the beggars armed themselves with knives to protect the city. However, he became an unpopular figure by October 1849 due to melting down gold and silver valuables from the Imam Reza Shrine worth 22,000 toman to refill his funds. Early in 1850, Morad Mirza was informed of the complaints in Mashhad about its high food prices. Several of Hasan Khan Salar's tribal allies, including Karimdad Khan Hazara, Abbasqoli Khan Darragazi, and Uraz Khan Toqtamish Sarakhsi, let Morad Mirza's army enter Mashhad on 23 March 1850.[8]
Hasan Khan Salar was denied shelter in the Imam Reza Shrine due to his preevious harsh treatment toward several powerful clergy members, and thus surrendered to Morad Mirza. He was executed on 29 April 1850, along with his brother Mohammad Ali Khan Qajar Davalu and son Amir Aslan. On May 21, 1850, his other brother Mirza Mohammad Khan Beglerbegi, who had been captured during Morad Mirza's capture of Sabzevar, was executed in Tehran. With Mashhad once again under royal control, Morad Mirza held the governorship of Khorasan.[8] Due to his victory, Morad Mirza was rewarded with the title of "Hesam o-Saltaneh", as well as a sword and badge by Naser al-Din Shah.[1]
Morad Mirza died in 1883 at the age of 67, and was buried in the Imam Reza Shrine.[1]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Ghaffari 2014.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 230 (note 223).
- ^ Busse 1982, pp. 79–84.
- ^ Amanat 1997, p. 55.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 229.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 231.
- ^ Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 240.
- ^ a b c Noelle-Karimi 2014, p. 230.
Sources
[edit]- Amanat, Abbas (1997). Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831–1896. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1845118280.
- Amanat, Abbas (2003). "Herat vi. The Herat question". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. ISBN 978-0710090959.
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2007). Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Brill. ISBN 978-9004153882.
- Busse, H. (1982). "ʿAbbās Mīrzā Qajar". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. ISBN 978-0710090959.
- Ghaffari, Fariba (2014). "Hesam o-Saltaneh". Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam (in Persian). Vol. 13. Encyclopaedia Islamica Foundation. ISBN 9789644470127.
- Noelle-Karimi, Christine (2014). The Pearl in its Midst: Herat and the Mapping of Khurasan (15th-19th Centuries). Austrian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 978-3700172024.