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Municipal government of King, Ontario

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The municipal government of King, Ontario consists of the mayor and six councillors who are elected to office during the municipal elections in Ontario or who are acclaimed to office because their candidacy is unopposed. It also includes civic staff responsible for the operational affairs of the township.

Wards

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The six wards of King. The varying shades of each colour represent the polling areas for that ward.

A ward system was proposed by William Hodgson during a speech he delivered at the township's electoral nomination meeting on 20 November 1961.[1]

The municipality is subdivided into six geopolitical wards.[2] Ward 1 encompasses the region east of Keele Street and west of Bathurst Street, from the township's southern boundary to 19th Sideroad in the north.[2] This includes the eastern portion of King City, and the communities of Eversley, Snowball, and Temperanceville. Ward 2 extends from Highway 400 in the east to 10th concession in the west, from the township's southern boundary to 15th sideroad in the north.[2] It includes the communities of King Creek, Laskay, Nobleton, and Strange. Ward 3 covers all the western portion of the township, from its western border to the 10th concession, and also all the area east of Highway 400 that lies north of the 15th Sideroad and south of the 18th Sideroad.[2] The communities of Hammertown, Happy Valley, Holly Park, Linton, and New Scotland are located in ward 3.

Ward 4 consists of the area east of the 10th concession and west of Highway 400, north of the 18th sideroad, and south the northern boundary of the township at its western end and of Highway 9 at its eastern end.[2] It includes the communities of Lloydtown, Pottageville, and Schomberg. Ward 5 extends from the township's southern boundary to 19th Sideroad in the north, between Highway 400 in the west and Keele Street in the east.[2] The western portion of King City and the communities of Kettleby and Kinghorn are located in ward 5. The northeastern portion of the township, north of Highway 9 west of Highway 400, and north of the 19th Sideroad east of Highway 400, is in ward 6.[2] It includes the communities of Ansnorveldt and Glenville.

Council

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The council of the township includes the mayor and six councillors. The mayor is Steve Pelligrini, and the councillors are Jordan Cescolini (ward 1), David Boyd (ward 2), Jakob Schneider (ward 3), Bill Cober (ward 4), Debbie Schaefer (ward 5), and Avia Eek (ward 6).[3]

Upon election, the mayor automatically becomes a councillor for York Regional Council, its only representative from King.[4] This automatic representation of an elected individual to a second council is known as a double direct election.[4]

Elections

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During municipal elections, electors cast ballots for candidate councillors and school board trustees representing their ward. Each year, the municipal government sets aside approximately $30,000 of revenues to allocate toward the cost of the municipal election.[5]

In the 1800s, many elections were resolved by acclamation as candidates often had no opposition; the Newmarket Era issue of 16 December 1887 stated that "King Township usually elects by acclamation" when discussing the impending election of January 1888[6] for which the reeve and 3rd deputy reeve were acclaimed.[7]

In 1873, a third deputy reeve was added to King Council as a result of a population increase, and specifically the number of properties on the tax roll.[8] In the December 1962 municipal election, the electorate voted in favour of increasing councillor terms from one year to two years.[9]

The creation of the Regional Municipality of York and the reorganization of its constituent municipalities in 1971 resulted in the abolition of the positions of reeve and deputy reeve, and created the position of mayor.[10]

In 1910, the township electorate rejected a local option, voting in favour of the measure 741–515 but short of attaining the required 60% overall vote to pass the measure by 13 votes.[11] In 1912, there was a 126–34 vote in favour of a local option.[12]

In the late 1930s, the council passed an election bylaw under which terms councillors elected or acclaimed to office would hold that office for two years.[13] It first applied to the December 1940 election, for which no candidate was opposed and all were elected by acclamation.[13]

Councillors

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Council representatives for Township of King († denotes candidate was acclaimed to office)
Year Reeve 1st Deputy Reeve 2nd Deputy Reeve 3rd Deputy Reeve Councillor Councillor Councillor
December 1854[14] George Hughes N/A N/A
December 1858[15] John D. Phillips William Moore Arthur Armstrong J. Ireland James P. Wells N/A N/A
December 1859[16] James P. Wells Andrew Davis William Moore R. Machell Arthur Armstrong N/A N/A
December 1860[17] James P. Wells† Andrew Davis† William Moore† Albert Webb Arthur Armstrong N/A N/A
December 1861[18] James P. Wells Andrew Davis Albert Webb William Moore Alexander Thompson N/A -
December 1862[19] James P. Wells Albert Webb N/A N/A
December 1867 Joseph Stokes†[20] Machell[21] Thompson[21] N/A N/A
December 1869[22] Albert Webb† William Munsie Joel Phillips Arthur Armstrong Andrew Davis James Bell William Proctor
December 1870 William Munsie[23] Joel Phillips[23] John D. Phillips[23] William Bell James Rogers N/A N/A
December 1871 William Munsie†[23] Joel Phillips†[23] John D. Phillips†[23] N/A N/A
January 1873[24] William Munsie Joel Phillips James Rogers James Bell N/A N/A N/A
January 1874[25] John D. Phillips†[26] Joseph Stokes James Rogers Charles Irwin Arthur Armstrong N/A N/A
December 1874[27] John D. Phillips James C. Stokes Charles Hambly Charles Irwin Arthur Armstrong N/A N/A
January 1876[28] Joseph Stokes James C. Stokes† Charles Hambly† Charles Irwin† Arthur Armstrong† N/A N/A
December 1876[29] Joseph Stokes† James C. Stokes† Charles Hambly† Arthur Armstrong† Elihu Davis† N/A N/A
December 1877[30] Joseph Stokes James C. Stokes Charles Hambly Arthur Armstrong Elihu Davis N/A N/A
December 1878[31] Joseph Stokes James C. Stokes Charles Hambly Arthur Armstrong Elihu Davis N/A N/A
December 1879[31] Joseph Stokes† James C. Stokes† Charles Hambly† Arthur Armstrong† Elihu Davis† N/A N/A
December 1880[32] Joseph Stokes† James C. Stokes† Charles Hambly† Arthur Armstrong† Elihu Davis† N/A N/A
January 1882[33] Joseph Stokes[34] Charles Hambly Charles Irwin Elihu Davis Thomas Wilson [34] N/A N/A
January 1883[35] Elihu Davis† Charles Irwin† Thomas Wilson† Michael J. O'Neil† Robert Norman† N/A N/A
December 1883[36][37] Elihu Davis Charles Irwin Michael J. O'Neil Robert Norman John Black N/A N/A
December 1884[37] Elihu Davis† Charles Irwin† Michael J. O'Neil† Robert Norman† John Black† N/A N/A
January 1886[38][39] Elihu Davis† Charles Irwin James Cherry Robert Norman† John Black N/A N/A
January 1887[40][41] Robert Norman† John H. Ross James Cherry John Black Stephen W. Armitage† N/A N/A
January 1888[7][42] Robert Norman† John H. Ross Archibald Campbell John Black† Stephen W. Armitage N/A N/A
January 1889[43] James O. Stokes John H. Ross† Archibald Campbell† Stephen W. Armitage Arthur Armstrong N/A N/A
January 1890[44] James O. Stokes† John H. Ross† Archibald Campbell† Stephen W. Armitage† Arthur Armstrong† N/A N/A
January 1891[45][46] James O. Stokes Archibald Campbell† Stephen W. Armitage† Simeon Lemon James Cherry N/A N/A
December 1891[47] James O. Stokes† Archibald Campbell† Stephen W. Armitage† Simeon Lemon† James Cherry† N/A N/A
January 1893[48] James C. Stokes A. McCallum Robert McCutcheon Simeon Lemon James Cherry N/A N/A
January 1894[49] James C. Stokes† A. McCallum† Robert McCutcheon† Simeon Lemon† James Cherry† N/A N/A
January 1895[50] James C. Stokes† A. McCallum Robert McCutcheon Simeon Lemon James Cherry† N/A N/A
January 1896[51][52] Robert Norman A. McCallum† Robert McCutcheon† Simeon Lemon James Cherry† N/A N/A
January 1897[53][54] James Cherry Robert McCutcheon† Stephen W. Armitage John Hambly C.H. Legge N/A N/A
Year Reeve Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor
January 1899[55] Simeon Lemon† C.H Legge Burns Davis Gallagher N/A N/A
January 1900[56] Simeon Lemon C.H. Legge Robert Gallagher J.W. Burns Joseph Rogers N/A N/A
January 1901[57] Simeon Lemon J.W. Burns J.W Crossley Robert Gallagher Joseph Rogers N/A N/A
January 1902[58] J.W Crossley Joseph Rogers H.F. Legge R.W. Phillips Stephen W. Armitage N/A N/A
January 1903[59] T.H. Legge J.W. Larkin R.W. Phillips Stephen W. Armitage Alexander McMurchy N/A N/A
January 1905[60] T.H. Legge R.W. Phillips Stephen W. Armitage Alexander McMurchy John Wells N/A N/A
January 1906[61] T.H. Legge Alexander McMurchy Norman Deacon Burns N/A N/A
January 1907[62] T.H. Legge Alexander McMurchy† R.W. Phillips William Duggan A.C. Wells N/A N/A
January 1908[63] John Armstrong Alexander McMurchy† Burns Deacon R.W. Phillips N/A N/A
January 1909[64] Alexander McMurchy† R.W. Phillips† William Duggan A.C. Wells Carley N/A N/A
January 1910[11] Alexander McMurchy R.W. Phillips Lemon A.C. Wells William Duggan N/A N/A
January 1912[12] Alexander McMurchy William J. Wells S. Lemon John A. Watson B. McCabe N/A N/A
January 1913[65] Alexander McMurchy† William J. Wells Cornelius F. McCabe J. A. Watson Lemon N/A N/A
January 1915[66] John A. Watson N/A N/A
January 1916[66] William J. Wells†[67] Cornelius F. McCabe T.A. McCutcheon Edward J. Kaake Aaron Campbell N/A N/A
January 1917[68] William J. Wells† Cornelius F. McCabe T.A. McCutcheon Edward J. Kaake Aaron Campbell N/A N/A
January 1918[69] William J. Wells Arthur McCutcheon Edward J. Kaake† John L. Dolson† Thomas McMurchy† N/A N/A
January 1919[70] William J. Wells Arthur McCutcheon† Thomas McMurchy John L. Dolson Edward J. Kaake N/A N/A
January 1920[71] Arthur McCutcheon Thomas McMurchy John A. Wilkie E. Milton Legge Wesley H. Walls N/A N/A
January 1921[72] Arthur McCutcheon† John L. Dolson E. Milton Legge John A. Wilkie Wesley H. Walls N/A N/A
January 1922[73] Alexander McMurchy Leslie Wells Frank A. Egan Calvin Doan John J. Edwards N/A N/A
January 1923[74] Alexander McMurchy E. Milton Legge Thomas McMurchy Joseph Duggan Frank A. Egan N/A N/A
January 1924[75] Alexander McMurchy E. Milton Legge Thomas McMurchy Joseph Duggan A.B. Wells N/A N/A
January 1926[76] Alexander McMurchy Thomas McMurchy Joseph Duggan† Elton A. Armstrong Frank A. Egan N/A N/A
January 1927[77] Alexander McMurchy Thomas McMurchy† Joseph Duggan† Elton A. Armstrong Frank A. Egan N/A N/A
January 1928[78] E. Milton Legge Elton A. Armstrong Frank A. Egan Norman D. McMurchy J.P. Jefferson N/A N/A
January 1931[79] E. Milton Legge Norman D. McMurchy J.P. Jefferson Geoffrey J. Fox Cameron E. Walkington N/A N/A
Year Reeve Deputy Reeve Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor
1933[80] Norman D. MacMurchy J.P. Jefferson John S. Lawson Thomas MacMurchy Geoffrey J. Fox N/A N/A
1935[81] Norman D. MacMurchy J.P. Jefferson Lorne B. Goodfellow John S. Lawson Geoffrey J. Fox N/A N/A
1936[82] J.P. Jefferson John S. Lawson Lorne B. Goodfellow Thomas McMurchy Cameron E. Walkington N/A N/A
1937[83] J.P. Jefferson Cameron E. Walkington Thomas McMurchy Lorne B. Goodfellow E. Milton Legge N/A N/A
1938 J.P. Jefferson Burnel Graham[13] N/A N/A
1938 Burnel Graham[13] N/A N/A
1939 Thomas McMurchy[13] Burnel Graham[13] William E. Barker N/A N/A
December 1940[13] Thomas McMurchy Lorne B. Goodfellow Cameron Walkington E. Milton Legge William E. Barker Victor Marchant N/A,
1949 Elton Armstrong[84] T. Arthur McCutcheon N/A N/A
1950 Elton Armstrong[84] T. Arthur McCutcheon N/A N/A
1951 Elton Armstrong[84] T. Arthur McCutcheon Russell Snyder[85] N/A N/A
December 1952[86] Elton Armstrong† William Hodgson Wilfred Aitchison Douglas Wellesley William Kehoe N/A N/A
December 1953 [87] Elton Armstrong† William Hodgson† Wilfred Aitchison† William Kehoe† Douglas Wellesley† N/A N/A
December 1954[84] Elton Armstrong† William Hodgson Wilfred Aitchison William Kehoe Raymond Jennings N/A N/A
December 1955[88] William Hodgson Wilfred Aitchison Raymond Jennings Douglas Wellesley Douglas Hutchins N/A N/A
1956 William Hodgson[89] N/A N/A
1957 William Hodgson[89] N/A N/A
1958 William Hodgson[89] N/A N/A
1959[90] William Hodgson Norman D. MacMurchy Jack C. Rouble Blyth J. Langdon Gordon Cook N/A N/A
1960 William Hodgson[89] Gordon Cook[89] N/A N/A
1961[89] William Hodgson Norman D. MacMurchy Gordon Cook Jack C. Rouble William Curran N/A N/A
1962[9] Raymond Jennings Gordon Cook William Curran Kenneth MacTaggart Jack C. Rouble N/A N/A
1965 Gordon Cook[91] N/A N/A
1967[92] Gordon Cook† Kenneth MacTaggart Ernest F. Crossland Cyril Flinders Gordon Rowe N/A N/A
1969[92] Gordon Cook† Kenneth MacTaggart Margaret Britnell[93] N/A N/A
Year Mayor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor Councillor
1971[94] Kenneth Mactaggart Donald Findlay Len Osin Ben Rough Murray Sheardown Jack van Lyuk Roy Wilson
1972[95] Margaret Britnell
1976 Margaret Britnell[93]
1978 Margaret Britnell[93]
1980
1982
Year Mayor Ward 1 Ward 2 Ward 3 Ward 4 Ward 5 Ward 6
1985 Margaret Britnell[93]
1988 Margaret Britnell[93]
1991 Margaret Britnell[93] Margaret Black
1994 Margaret Black[96] Linda Pabst[97] Margaret Britnell[93]
1997 Margaret Black[96] Linda Pabst[97]
2000 Margaret Black[96] Steve Pellegrini[98] Linda Pabst[97]
2003 Margaret Black[99] Steve Pellegrini[98] Linda Pabst[97]
2006[100] Margaret Black Cleve Mortelliti Jeff Laidlaw Linda Pabst Bill Cober Jane Underhill Jack Rupke
2010[101] Steve Pellegrini Cleve Mortelliti† Peter Grandilli Linda Pabst Bill Cober Debbie Schaefer Avia Eek
2014[102] Steve Pellegrini† Cleve Mortelliti† Dave Boyd Linda Pabst Bill Cober Debbie Schaefer Avia Eek
2018[3] Steve Pellegrini† Jordan Cescolini David Boyd Jakob Schneider Bill Cober Debbie Schaefer Avia Eek

Voter turnout was 45% for the 2010 election[5] and 33% for the 2014 election.[102]

For the 2014 municipal elections, the mayor Steve Pellegrini and ward 1 councillor Cleve Mortelliti are acclaimed.[103]

School board trustees

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School board trustees are elected for four school boards operating in King. An elector may cast a ballot for a candidate trustee for one of those school boards, determined by the "Direction of School Support" associated with the elector's municipal property tax statement per Section 6 of the provincial Assessment Act.[104] Public school trustees represent the York Region District School Board (YRDSB) or the French immersion board Conseil Scolaire Viamonde (CSV). Separate public school trustees represent the York Catholic District School Board (YCDSB) or the French immersion Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud (CSDCCS).

The elected trustee of the YRDSB represents all wards in King and Aurora.[105] The schools represented in King by this trustee are King City Secondary School, King City Public School, Kettleby Public School, Nobleton Public School, and Schomberg Public School.[105]

The elected trustee of the YCDSB represents all wards in King, Aurora, and Whitchurch–Stouffville.[106] The schools represented in King by this trustee are Holy Name Catholic Elementary School in King City, St. Mary Catholic Elementary School in Nobleton, and St. Patrick Catholic Elementary School in Schomberg.[107]

School board representatives for Township of King († denotes candidate was acclaimed to office)
Year Public Public separate
YRDSB CSV YCDSB CSDCCS
2010[101] Gord Kerr René Laurin Elizabeth Crowe† Yves Lévesque†
2014 Peter Adams-Luchowki François Guérin Elizabeth Crowe Caroline Bourret

Gord Kerr was elected as the trustee for the YRDSB in 2010.[101] He resigned from office in 2012, and was replaced by Peter Adams-Luchowki.[108]

Municipal office

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In 1952, the township's municipal office was located in Nobleton.[85] In 1956, council purchased land west of Highway 400 on which to construct a municipal office building.[109]

The Township offices were moved to the King City Plaza, a strip mall purchased by the municipal government in the 1990s which also has several business tenants. In 2013, the township purchased the disused former Holy Name Catholic Elementary School building and adjacent 10 acres (40,000 m2) of land from the York Catholic District School Board for $2.95 million.[110] In 2016, township planning staff announced that the 360 square metres (3,900 sq ft) school building would be redesigned for use as office space for the township, for community and non-profit groups, and to house a satellite office for the York Regional Police.[111] In May 2016, the Police Services Board of York Regional Police approved the King City substation and announced that a 20-year lease would be executed for use of about 280 square metres (3,000 sq ft) of space in the building.[112]

The school building was demolished during mid 2016.[113] In June 2016, township staff announced the construction of a 4,050 square metres (43,600 sq ft) structure on the site at a cost of about $15 million,[114] updated to 4,150 square metres (44,700 sq ft) and $21.5 million in late 2016.[115] Of that cost, $13.1 million was for construction, and the remainder for associated charges, including moving municipal staff from the previous offices.[116] It includes a 6,000 square feet (560 m2) public-use gymnasium.[116] The capital project was partially financed by selling the strip mall for $10.75 million, with the remainder obtained from a $4 million debenture, $4.5 million from the infrastructure reserve fund, $1.5 million from development charges, and a $1 million capital contribution from the Regional Municipality of York.[116][115] The facility has a geothermal heat pump system, and charging stations for electric vehicles.[113] The former strip mall was demolished in January 2022.

In December 2018, the new municipal building was opened for the inaugural session of a new council following the 2018 municipal elections.[117] The preceding council had approved the $40,000 purchase of Steel Gorgeous, an iron horse sculpture created by Kendall McCulloch, for installation at the municipal office.[118] The sculpture had been lent by the artist to Caledon Equestrian Park in Palgrave for the equestrian events during the 2015 Pan American Games.[118]

Notes

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  1. ^ Newmarket Era & Express 1961.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Township of King: Ward map.
  3. ^ a b Wang 2018.
  4. ^ a b York Region: Council.
  5. ^ a b Pavilons 2014b.
  6. ^ Newmarket Era & 16 December 1887.
  7. ^ a b Newmarket Era & 30 December 1887.
  8. ^ Newmarket Era & December 1873.
  9. ^ a b Newmarket Era & Express 1962.
  10. ^ Lott 1970, p. 1.
  11. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1910.
  12. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1912.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Newmarket Era 1940.
  14. ^ New Era 1855.
  15. ^ New Era 1858.
  16. ^ New Era 1859.
  17. ^ New Era 1860.
  18. ^ New Era 1861.
  19. ^ Newmarket Era 1863.
  20. ^ Newmarket Era 1867, Column 3.
  21. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1868.
  22. ^ Newmarket Era 1869.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Newmarket Era 1871.
  24. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1873.
  25. ^ Newmarket Era & 30 January 1874.
  26. ^ Newmarket Era & 2 January 1874.
  27. ^ Newmarket Era 1875.
  28. ^ Newmarket Era 1876.
  29. ^ Newmarket Era 1877.
  30. ^ Newmarket Era 1878.
  31. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1879.
  32. ^ Newmarket Era 1880.
  33. ^ Newmarket Era & 6 January 1882.
  34. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1881.
  35. ^ Newmarket Era & December 1882.
  36. ^ Newmarket Era & December 1885.
  37. ^ a b Newmarket Era & January 1885.
  38. ^ Newmarket Era & 1 January 1886.
  39. ^ Newmarket Era & 8 January 1886.
  40. ^ Newmarket Era & December 1886.
  41. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1887.
  42. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1888.
  43. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1889.
  44. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1890.
  45. ^ Newmarket Era & 2 January 1891.
  46. ^ Newmarket Era & 9 January 1891.
  47. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1892.
  48. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1893.
  49. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1894.
  50. ^ Newmarket Era & January 1895.
  51. ^ Newmarket Era & 3 January 1896.
  52. ^ Newmarket Era & 10 January 1896.
  53. ^ Newmarket Era & 1 January 1897.
  54. ^ Newmarket Era & 8 January 1897.
  55. ^ Newmarket Era 1899.
  56. ^ Newmarket Era 1900.
  57. ^ Newmarket Era 1901.
  58. ^ Newmarket Era 1902.
  59. ^ Newmarket Era 1903.
  60. ^ Newmarket Era 1905.
  61. ^ Newmarket Era 1906.
  62. ^ Newmarket Era 1907.
  63. ^ Newmarket Era 1908.
  64. ^ Newmarket Era 1909.
  65. ^ Newmarket Era 1913.
  66. ^ a b Newmarket Era 1916.
  67. ^ Newmarket Era 1915.
  68. ^ Newmarket Era 1917.
  69. ^ Newmarket Era 1918.
  70. ^ Newmarket Era 1919.
  71. ^ Newmarket Era 1920.
  72. ^ Newmarket Era 1921.
  73. ^ Newmarket Era 1922.
  74. ^ Newmarket Era 1923.
  75. ^ Newmarket Era 1924.
  76. ^ Newmarket Era 1926.
  77. ^ Newmarket Era 1927.
  78. ^ Newmarket Era 1928.
  79. ^ Newmarket Era 1931.
  80. ^ Newmarket Era 1933.
  81. ^ Newmarket Era 1935.
  82. ^ Newmarket Era 1936.
  83. ^ Newmarket Era 1937.
  84. ^ a b c d Newmarket Era & Express 1954.
  85. ^ a b Newmarket Era & Express 1952.
  86. ^ Newmarket Era & Express & December 1952.
  87. ^ Newmarket Era & Express 1953.
  88. ^ Newmarket Era & Express 1955.
  89. ^ a b c d e f Newmarket Era & Express & December 1961.
  90. ^ Newmarket Era & Express:Candidates 1961.
  91. ^ The Era 1969, p. 5.
  92. ^ a b The Era 1969, p. 1, 5.
  93. ^ a b c d e f g Pavilons 2014c.
  94. ^ The Era 1972.
  95. ^ The Era 1973.
  96. ^ a b c Kelly 2014.
  97. ^ a b c d Kelly 2014b.
  98. ^ a b Kelly 2013.
  99. ^ Swainson, Ferenc & Tyler 2003.
  100. ^ Township of King: 2006 municipal election results.
  101. ^ a b c Township of King: 2010 municipal election results.
  102. ^ a b Kelly 2014c.
  103. ^ Pavilons 2014.
  104. ^ York Region District School Board: FAQ.
  105. ^ a b York Region District School Board.
  106. ^ York Catholic District School Board.
  107. ^ York Catholic District School Board: Elizabeth Crowe.
  108. ^ York Region District School Board 2012.
  109. ^ Newmarket Era & Express 1956.
  110. ^ Pavilons 2013.
  111. ^ Pavilons & February 2016.
  112. ^ Gismondi 2016.
  113. ^ a b Pavilons & July 2016.
  114. ^ Pavilons & June 2016.
  115. ^ a b Pavilons & December 2016.
  116. ^ a b c Wang: October 2018.
  117. ^ Pavilons & December 2018.
  118. ^ a b Pavilons & November 2018.

References

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