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Northern hairy-nosed wombat

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Northern hairy-nosed wombat[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Vombatidae
Genus: Lasiorhinus
Species:
L. krefftii
Binomial name
Lasiorhinus krefftii
(Owen, 1873)
Northern hairy-nosed wombat range

The northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) or yaminon is one of three extant species of Australian marsupials known as wombats. It is one of the rarest land mammals in the world and is critically endangered. Its historical range previously extended across New South Wales, Victoria, and Queensland, and as recently as 100 years ago it was considered as having become extinct, but in the 1930s a population of about 30 individuals was discovered located in one place, a 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) range within the 32 km2 (12 sq mi) Epping Forest National Park in Queensland. With the species threatened by wild dogs, the Queensland Government built a 20-kilometre (12 mi)-long predator-proof fence around all wombat habitat at Epping Forest National Park in 2002. Insurance populations have since been translocated to two other locations to ensure the species survives threats such as fire, flood, or disease.

In 2003, the total population consisted of 113 individuals, including only around 30 breeding females. After recording an estimated 230 individuals in 2015, the number was up to over 300 by 2021, and over 400 by 2024.

Taxonomy

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English naturalist Richard Owen described the species in 1873.[citation needed] The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios, meaning hairy or shaggy, and rhinus, meaning nose.[4][3] The widely accepted common name is northern hairy-nosed wombat, based on the historical range of the species, as well as the fur, or "whiskers", on its nose. In some older literature, it is referred to as the Queensland hairy-nosed wombat.[5]

The northern hairy-nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species, the southern hairy-nosed wombat, while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus. Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur, broader hairy noses, and longer ears.[6]

Description

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In general, all species of wombat are heavily built, with large heads and short, powerful legs. They have strong claws to dig their burrows, where they live much of the time. It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow.

Northern hairy-nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft, grey fur; the fur on their noses sets them apart from the common wombat. They have longer, more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species.[7] Individuals can be 35 cm high, up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat. They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster (giving birth to two young every three years on average).

The northern hairy-nosed wombat's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight, so it must detect its food in the dark through smell. Examination of the wombat's digestive tract shows that the elastic properties of the ends of their large intestines are capable of turning liquid excrement into cubical scat.[8]

Distribution and habitat

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Northern hairy-nosed wombats require deep sandy soils in which to dig their burrows, and a year-round supply of grass, which is their primary food. These areas usually occur in open eucalypt woodlands.[3]

At Epping Forest National Park, northern hairy-nosed wombats construct their burrows in deep, sandy soils on levée banks which were deposited by a creek that no longer flows through the area. They forage in areas of heavy clay soils adjacent to the sandy soils, but do not dig burrows in these areas, which become waterlogged in the wet seasons. In the park, burrows are often associated with native bauhina trees (Lysiphyllum hookeri). This tree has a spreading growth form, and its roots probably provide stability for the extensive burrows dug by the wombats.[3]

By the 1980s the range of the northern hairy-nosed wombat had become restricted to a single site of about 300 hectares (740 acres)[citation needed] in the Epping National Forest in east-central Queensland, 120 kilometres (75 mi) north-west of Clermont.[9] Insurance populations have since been established at two locations near St George, at the 130 ha (320 acres) Richard Underwood Nature Refuge in 2009,[10][11] and in the 2,800 ha (6,900 acres) Powrunna State Forest in 2024[12] with plans for a fourth site by 2041.[13]

Behaviour

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The northern hairy-nosed wombat is nocturnal, living underground in networks of burrows. They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather, as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature.[14] They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals, equally divided by sex. Young are usually born during the wet season, between November and April. When rain is abundant, 50–80% of the females in the population will breed, giving birth to one offspring at a time. Juveniles stay in their mothers' pouches for 8 to 9 months, and are weaned at 12 months of age.[15]

The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy-nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce. Even when they do feed every day, it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer, significantly less than a similar-sized kangaroo, which feeds for at least 18 hours a day. Their diet consists of native grasses: black speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), bottle washer grasses (Enneapogon spp.), golden beard grass (Chrysopogon fallax), and three-awned grass(Aristida spp.), as well as various types of roots.[16] The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period, and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat.[citation needed] Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass, a grass species introduced for cattle grazing. The grass outcompetes the more nutritional and native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed by limiting its quantity, forcing the wombat to travel further to find the native grasses it prefers, and leading to a reduction in biomass.[17]

Conservation

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Status

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The conservation status of the northern hairy-nosed wombat is as follows:[3]

On 15 February 2018, the federal Department of the Environment and Energy (DoEE) upgraded the conservation status from Endangered to Critically Endangered under the EPBC Act to better align with the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.[3] Due to its status under the EPBC Act, it is listed on the Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).[18]

Threats

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Originally there were two main groups of hairy-nosed wombats (the other being the Southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons) that were separated by Spencer Gulf in South Australia. Both species experienced a population decline between 1870 and 1920, with the main influences being culling by agriculturalists, competition for food with introduced and feral species and predation. Threats to the northern hairy-nosed wombat include small population size, predation, competition for food, disease, floods, droughts, wildfires, and habitat loss. Its small, highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters.[19] Wild dogs are the wombat's primary predator, but the spread of invasive herbivores such as the European rabbit and the actions of landowners have also contributed to their decline.[20]

There have been two reports of male northern hairy-nosed wombats contracting a fungal infection caused by Emmonsia parva, a soil saprophytic fungus. It is likely that the northern hairy-nosed wombats are inhaling the infection from the soil.[21]

Counter-measures

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Since around 1993, the Queensland Government's Department of Environment and Science (DES) and predecessors have led a recovery program, supported by Glencore mining company and The Wombat Foundation, for the species.[22]

To combat the vulnerability of this species, a number of conservation projects have been put into action in the 21st century. One example was the construction of a two-metre-high, predator-proof fence around 20-kilometre (12 mi) of the park in 2000.[3] A second, insurance colony of this species of wombat was established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge (RUNR) at Yarran Downs, near St George in southern Queensland in 2008. The reserve is surrounded by a predator-proof fence.[23] In 2021 the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC), a private conservation organisation, formed a partnership with DES to collaborate on research and management of the animals in the sanctuary. In October 2023 AWC signed an agreement with DES to care for the wombats in the 130-hectare (320-acre) Richard Underwood Nature Reserve. DES would focus on the Epping Forest population.[22]

In 2006, researchers performed a study to analyse the demography of the northern hairy-nosed wombat, by using double-sided tape in the burrows to collect hair of the wombats. Through DNA analysis, they found that the ratio of female to male wombats was 1:2.25 in the population of approximately 113 wombats. These findings allowed researchers to understand the demographics of this species, and opened up further research to better understand why there is a significant difference in males and females in the wild.[14]

Within Epping Forest National Park, increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring, fire management, maintenance of the predator-proof fence, general management, and control of predators and competitors, and elimination of invasive plant species.[24] In addition, the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species, and worked to increase the current population in the wild, established other populations within the wombat's historical range. There is also a volunteer caretaker program, that allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair. In addition, DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio-tracking program.[25]

Studies have also been conducted to assess diet [26] and nutrition.[27]

Population increases

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Due to the combined efforts of these forces, the northern hairy-nosed wombat population has been slowly making a comeback.[28]

  • After having been considered extinct, a population of about 30 was discovered in the Epping Forest in the 1930s,[10] and only 35 individuals were counted in the early 1980s.[11]
  • In 2003, the total population consisted of 113 individuals, including only around 30 breeding females.[29]
  • In the last census taken in 2013, the estimated population was 196 individuals, with an additional 9 individuals at RUNR at Yarran Downs.[30]
  • In 2016 the population was estimated to be 250 individuals.[30]
  • In May 2021, researchers found that the population had increased to over 300 individuals.[9][31]
  • In June 2024, the total population was reported as being over 400 individuals, including 18 at the RUNR, and 15 newly translocated to the Powrunna State Forest.[12]

References

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  1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Diprotodontia". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b Taggart, D.; Martin, R. & Horsup (2016). "Lasiorhinus krefftii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasorhinus krefftii". Department of Environment and Science (Queensland). Retrieved 21 May 2021. Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.
  4. ^ Gotch, A. F. (1979). Mammals, their Latin names explained. Poole: Blanchford Press.
  5. ^ Gordon, G.; Riney, T.; Toop, J.; Lawrie, B.C.; Godwin, M.D. (1985). "Observations on the Queensland Hairy-nosed Wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii (Owen)". Biological Conservation. 33 (2): 165–195. Bibcode:1985BCons..33..165G. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(85)90102-8.
  6. ^ Horsup, A. "Recovery plan for the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii 2004-2008". Report to the Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
  7. ^ Jew, Darren. "Northern Hairy-Nosed Wombat". Wildlife Preservation Society of Qld. Wildlife Queensland. Archived from the original on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  8. ^ Akst, Jef. “Image of the Day https://www.the-scientist.com/image-of-the-day/image-of-the-day--wombat-poop-65115
  9. ^ a b Robinson, Lucy (6 May 2021). "'Precious, eccentric, easy to love': Northern hairy-nosed wombat numbers reach 300". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  10. ^ a b McLeish, Kathy (19 July 2017). "Queensland nature refuge celebrates birth of rare hairy nose wombat". ABC News. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  11. ^ a b McLeish, Kathy (17 December 2017). "Northern hairy-nosed wombats in the market for new home to ensure their survival". ABC News. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  12. ^ a b Loftus, Tobi (6 June 2024). "Critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat now calls Powrunna State Forest home". ABC News. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  13. ^ "Ground-Penetrating radar maps Northern Hairy-Nosed Wombat". Subsurface Mapping Solutions. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  14. ^ a b Banks, Sam; Hoyle, Horsup; Sunnucks, Taylor (28 February 2006). "Demographic monitoring of an entire species (the northern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii) by genetic analysis of non-invasively collected material". Animal Conservation. 6 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1017/S1367943003003135. S2CID 85810150.
  15. ^ Johnson, C. N.; Crossman (23 March 2009). "Dispersal and social organization of the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus krefftii". Journal of Zoology. 225 (4): 605–613. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1991.tb04328.x.
  16. ^ Casey, Fiona; Old, Julie M.; Stannard, Hayley J. (2023). "Assessment of the diet of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) using DNA metabarcoding". Ecology and Evolution. 13 (9): e10469. Bibcode:2023EcoEv..1310469C. doi:10.1002/ece3.10469. PMC 10485309. PMID 37693933.
  17. ^ "Department of the Environment and Energy". Department of the Environment and Energy. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  18. ^ "Lasiorhinus krefftii Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat, Yaminon". SPRAT. Australian Government. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  19. ^ Swinbourne, Michael J.; Taggart, David A.; Peacock, David; Ostendorf, Bertram (2017). "Historical changes in the distribution of hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus SPP.): A review". Australian Mammalogy. 39: 1. doi:10.1071/am15046.
  20. ^ Ostendorf, Bertram; Peacock, David; Taggart, David A.; Swinbourne, Michael J. (4 April 2017). "Historical changes in the distribution of hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus spp.): a review". Australian Mammalogy. 39 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1071/AM15046. ISSN 1836-7402.
  21. ^ Schaffer-White, A. B.; Harper, D.; Mayhew, M.; McKinnon, A.; Knott, L.; Allavena, R. E. (2017). "Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis in critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus krefftii)". Australian Veterinary Journal. 95 (11): 431–436. doi:10.1111/avj.12642. ISSN 1751-0813. PMID 29076222.
  22. ^ a b "Historic agreement to protect Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat". Australian Wildlife Conservancy. 21 October 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  23. ^ Department of Environment and Resource Management. "Northern hairy-nosed wombat". Queensland Government. Archived from the original on 6 June 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2011.
  24. ^ Short, Jeff; Smith (2 May 1994). "Mammal Decline and Recovery in Australia". Journal of Mammalogy. 75 (2): 288–301. doi:10.2307/1382547. JSTOR 1382547.
  25. ^ White, Lauren C.; Horsup, Alan; Taylor, Andrea C.; Austin, Jeremy J. (2014). "Improving genetic monitoring of the northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii)". Australian Journal of Zoology. 62 (3): 246–250. doi:10.1071/zo14031. S2CID 84706304.
  26. ^ Casey, Fiona C.; Old, Julie M.; Stannard, Hayley J. (2023). "Assessment of the diet of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) using DNA metabarcoding)". Ecology and Evolution. 62 (3): 246–250. Bibcode:2023EcoEv..1310469C. doi:10.1002/ece3.10469. PMC 10485309. PMID 37693933.
  27. ^ Casey, Fiona C.; Old, Julie M.; Stannard, Hayley J. (2024). "Nutritional composition of forage available to the northern hairy‐nosed wombat". Ecology and Evolution. 14 (11). doi:10.1002/ece3.70514. PMC 11542933.
  28. ^ Sloane, M. A.; Sunnucks, Alpers; Taylor, Beheragary (September 2000). "Highly reliable genetic identification of individual northern hairy-nosed wombats from single remotely collected hairs: a feasible censusing method". Molecular Ecology. 9 (9): 1233–1240. Bibcode:2000MolEc...9.1233S. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00993.x. PMID 10972763. S2CID 23163044.
  29. ^ Eastwood, K. (October–December 2003). "Saving the northern hairy-nosed wombat". Australian Geographic (72).
  30. ^ a b Horsup, Alan (13 April 2018). "Northern hairy-nosed wombat". Queensland Government. The State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection). Archived from the original on 25 May 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2021.
  31. ^ "Population milestone for northern hairy nosed wombat as its status is changed in line with international standards". Department of Environment, Science and Innovation (DESI), Queensland. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  • Underhill D (1993). Australia's Dangerous Creatures. Sydney NSW: Reader's Digest. ISBN 978-0-86438-018-0.
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