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Pakistani missile research and development program

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The Hatf Program (Urdu: حتف; Trans. ḥāṯaʿf, meaning: Target[1]) was a classified program by the Ministry of Defence (MoD) of Pakistan for the comprehensive research and development of guided missiles.[2][3] Initiatives began in 1986-87 and received support from Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in direct response to India's equivalent program in 1989.[4][5]

The Hatf program was managed by the Ministry of Defence, although policy guidance came directly from the Pakistan Armed Forces.[1]

Program overview

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The missile systems developed as part of the Hatf program mounted on TEL with Pakistani military markings in display at the IDEAS in Karachi, 2008.

In 1987, planning and initiatives for the program began in response to India's revealed missile program.[1] General M. A. Beg, then-army chief, hastily launched the program, intending it to be led by SUPARCO.[6]

The program's feasibility proved more challenging than the nuclear weapons program due to inadequate funding and a lack of focus on control systems and aerodynamics education.[6] India, with existing knowledge based on Russian rockets, was already ahead in missile technology, developing its own independently.[6] Furthermore, the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), formed in 1987, hindered Pakistan's efforts to acquire program components.[6][7]

The Ministry of Defense eventually took over the Hatf program, delegating it to its weapons laboratories and agencies to collaborate with SUPARCO.[8] In 1989, India successfully test-fired its first variant of the Prithvi missile, which it had been developing independently since 1983.[6] That same year, the SUPARCO test-fired the Hatf, which Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto immediately declared a success. However, the U.S. military dismissed the results, considering the missile an "inaccurate battlefield missile."[6]

Under Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, the Hatf program was aggressively pursued to address the missile gap with India.[7][9] The Benazir Bhutto government negotiated engineering education and training on rockets with China and later North Korea.[10] Pakistani military officials documented that Pakistan made substantial cash payments to China and North Korea through its State Bank to acquire practical knowledge in aerospace engineering, controls engineering, programming and space sciences.[6][11]

Despite constraints and limitations, the Hatf program was made feasible, and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto is described as the "political architect of Pakistan's missile technology" by Emily MacFarquhar of the Alicia Patterson Foundation.[12] In 2014, former Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani acknowledged Benazir Bhutto's contribution, stating, "Benazir Bhutto gave this country the much-needed missile technology."[13]

The program eventually expanded and diversified with the successful development of cruise missiles and other strategic-level arsenals in the early 2000s.[14]

Codenames

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The Pakistani military issued a single military designation series, Hatf (Trans. Target), for all of its surface-to-surface guided ballistic missiles.[1] This designation was selected by the research and development committee at the HQ of the Pakistan Army, which provided policy guidance to the program.[1] In Turkish, "Hatf" means "Target" or "Aim point" and refers to the sword of Muhammad, which was believed to never miss its target.[1]

The unofficial names, such as Ghauri, Ghaznavi, and Abdali, were codenames for developing projects assigned to defense contractors. These names were derived from historical figures involved in the Islamic conquest of South Asia.[15] The contractors were issued the project names after the Turkish nomads invaded India from the historical region of Greater Khorasan.[15]

Hatf Program Overview [16]
Military designation Codename Deployment Unit Branch
Hatf-I Hatf 1992 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-II Abdali 2002 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-III Ghaznavi 2004 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-IV Shaheen 2003 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-V Ghauri 2003 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-VI Shaheen 2011 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army
Hatf-VII Babur 2011 Army Strategic Forces Command
Naval Strategic Forces Command		  Pakistan Army
 Pakistan Navy
Hatf-VIII Ra'ad 2012 Air Force Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Air Force
Hatf-XI Nasr 2011 Army Strategic Forces Command  Pakistan Army

Tactical missile development

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Main articles: Hatf and Nasr

The Hatf-I (English tr.: "Target") was the first project developed under this program in 1987. Deployed by the Pakistan Army, the Hatf-I is a battlefield range system developed by SUPARCO. The system was seen as direct competition with India’s Prithvi system.[17]

Despite claims of success by the Pakistani administration, the Pakistani military admitted that the missile system’s inaccuracy led to the program’s shelving until 2000 when it finally entered military service.: 235–245 [6] Western assessments believed this system to be influenced directly by American and French space rockets studied by SUPARCO as part of its original civilian space program.[18][19]

Lessons and experiences gained from the Hatf-I eventually led to the design and development of the Nasr in 2011, which is widely believed to be a delivery system for small tactical nuclear weapons. The battlefield range system is exclusively designed and deployed for the Pakistan Army.[15]

Short–medium range development

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Comparison by MDA of India and Pakistan's short-range systems.

The Zia administration acquired Soviet Scud technology from the former Afghan National Army, but it provided little benefit to the country's scientists in understanding short-range missile systems.: 235–244 [6] In 1993, the Benazir Bhutto government began secretly procuring the DF-11 from China.[20] While the Chinese short-range missile was not nuclear weapons delivery capable, attempts to reverse engineer its delivery mechanism failed.: 235–244 [6]

In 1995, Pakistan initiated a program to develop short-range missiles based on a solid fuel platform, with China providing technological assistance and education in aerospace and controls engineering.: 235–244 [6] To address the deployment limitations of the M-11, the Abdali program was designed and implemented by the SUPARCO in 1995, while the Ghaznavi program was delegated to the National Defence Complex, deriving from M-11 designs.: 235–244 [6][20] The Ghaznavi's rocket engine, tested in 1997, was a significant breakthrough.[20] DESTO designed five different warheads for the Ghaznavi and Abdali, which could be delivered with a CEP of 0.1% at 600 km.[20]

During this time, the Shaheen program was pursued and developed by the National Defence Complex (NDC). Despite facing technological setbacks the Shaheen program continued to evolve, producing its first prototype in 1999.[21] The program proved sustainable, producing improved variants.[22] The Ababeel was developed with MIRV capability to counter India's missile defence.[23]

The Hatf program diversified into liquid-fuel technology, with KRL as its lead. The technology for this program came directly from North Korea, with support from the Benazir Bhutto administration.[24] Pakistani military admissions confirm that the Finance ministry under Benazir Bhutto paid significant amounts of cash to North Korea to facilitate the transfer of North Korean scientists to Pakistani universities for teaching aerospace engineering.: 244 [6] Originally based entirely on the Rodong-1, the Ghauri program, designed under the guidance of North Korean engineers, took its first flight in 1998 but failed due to engine failure and a flawed design.[25]

After the first flight failure in 1998, North Korean engineers were removed from the program, forcing KRL to work on reverse engineering and redesign the entire weapon system. With assistance from the DESTO and NDC, the first missile, Ghauri-I, was made feasible for deployment in 2004.[25][26]

Cruise missile technology

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The Babur in Pakistani military markings being showcased in Karachi in 2006.

Development on understanding and developing cruise missile technology began in Pakistan when India initiated its missile defense program in 1998. Amidst the tense environment between the Sharif administration, Vajpayee premiership and Clinton administration, Pakistan's development of cruise missiles was spurred by India's acquisition of the S-300 Grumble from Russia and its attempts to negotiate with the United States for the Patriot PAC-3. These developments negatively impacted Pakistan's land-based deterrence mechanism.: 388 [6]

It took Pakistan several years to make its cruise missile program feasible. In 2005, the first Babur (Pakistani military designation: Hatf-VII) was successfully test-fired by the army, surprising the United States.[27] In 2007, Pakistan announced the development and test-firing of Ra'ad (Pakistani military designation: Hatf-VIII), demonstrating its air-launched cruise missile capability.[28]

In 2017, Pakistan conducted a successful launch of the Babur-III missile from an underwater mobile platform. This long-desired capability for the Navy effectively established Pakistan's second-strike capability from sea.[29][30][31]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Lodhi, Lt.Gen. S.F.S. (31 May 1998). "Pakistan's Missile Technology". Defence Journal, 1998. Archived from the original on 21 February 1999. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  2. ^ Daheem, Mohammad (18 October 2012). "Pakistan's missile capability". Pakistan Observer, 2012. Pakistan Observer. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  3. ^ Karim, Afsir (1996). Indo-Pak relations : viewpoints, 1989-1996. New Delhi: Lancer. ISBN 189782923X. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  4. ^ "Pakistan Missile Milestones - 1994". Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control. 1 September 2014. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  5. ^ Hans M. Kristensen, Robert S. Norris & Julia Diamond (2018) Pakistani nuclear forces, 2018, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74:5, 348-358
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Khan, Feroz (7 November 2012). "Pakistan's Missile Quest". Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb (google books). Stanford University Press. p. 500. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  7. ^ a b Chitkara, M.G. (1996). Benazir – a profile. New Delhi: APH Publ. Corp. ISBN 8170247527. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  8. ^ Beg, M.A. (6 April 1998). "Ghauri won't rock the region". Dawn. Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  9. ^ Chakma, Bhumitra (2004). Strategic dynamics and nuclear weapons proliferation in South Asia : a historical analysis. Bern: Peter Lang. ISBN 3039103822.
  10. ^ Collins, Catherine. "Tale of Two Bhuttos". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  11. ^ Hussain, Zahid (2008). Frontline Pakistan : the path to catastrophe and the killing of Benazir Bhutto (New ed.). Delhi: Penguin India. ISBN 978-0143064794.
  12. ^ MacFarquhar, Emily. "Benazir and the Bomb". Alicia Patterson Foundation. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  13. ^ "Aitzaz calls for introduction of fresh blood in PPP". GEO TV. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  14. ^ "Pakistan Launches Indigenous ALCM Again | Defense: Aviation International News". ainonline.com. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  15. ^ a b c Abbas, Zaffar (28 May 2002). "Pakistan's missile symbolism". BBC, Pakistan Bureau. BBC. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  16. ^ Khan, Zafar (17 July 2014). Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-67600-3. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  17. ^ "Timelime of Missiles". Pakistan Defence Consortium. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  18. ^ "Pakistan derives its first 'Hatf' missiles from foreign space rockets," The Risk Report, October 1995, p. 5
  19. ^ "MissileThreat :: Hatf 1 :: Missiles of the World". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  20. ^ a b c d "Hatf 3 (Ghaznavi) (Pakistan), Offensive weapons". Janes. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
  21. ^ Khalid, Hanif. "How 'Shaheen' Was Developed". Khalid Hanif, original article at Jang Newspapers. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  22. ^ "Pakistan Seeks To Counter Indian ABM Defenses". missilethreat.com. Missile Threat. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  23. ^ "Pakistan conducts first flight test of Ababeel surface-to-surface missile". Dawn. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  24. ^ surface to surface missile, Hatf-V (Ghauri), 6 April 1998
  25. ^ a b Ansari, Usman (28 May 2012). "Pakistan Test-Fires Medium-Range Ballistic Missile". Defence News. Defence News. Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  26. ^ "Musharraf stopped funds for Ghauri-III missile saying: "Do you want to destroy Israel"". The News International (thenews.com.pk). 28 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  27. ^ "Pakistan test-fires nuclear-capable Babur missile with 700 km range". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012.
  28. ^ "Pak test fires Hatf VII nuclear missile". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 5 June 2012.
  29. ^ "Pakistan fires 'first submarine-launched nuclear-capable missile'". Reuters. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  30. ^ "Pakistan test-fires first submarine cruise missile Babur-3". AryNews.tv. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  31. ^ "Pakistan 'launches first cruise missile from submarine'". BBC News. 9 January 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
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