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Pakistani diaspora

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Overseas Pakistanis
بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد
Flag of Pakistan
Total population
c. 9,956,000 (2022 estimate)[a]
Regions with significant populations
 Saudi Arabia1,814,678 (2022 census) [1]
 United Arab Emirates1,600,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[2]
 United Kingdom1,587,819 (2021 official UK census)[3][b]
 India918,982 (2011 census)[4]
 United States684,438 (2023 American Community Survey)[5]
 Kuwait339,033 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Canada303,260 (2021 official census)[7]
 Oman250,092 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Qatar235,505 (2020 estimate)[6][8]
 Germany140,000 (2022 official)[9]
 Italy134,492 (2021 official)[10]
 Bahrain117,000 (2019-2020 estimate)[2]
 Afghanistan221,432 (2015 estimate)[6]
 Spain114,693 (2023 official)[11]
 Australia89,633 (2021 official census)[12]
 Malaysia85,013 (2020 estimate)[6][13]
 Norway46,300 (2023 official)[14]
 Greece34,177 (2011 official census)[15]
 France129,387 (2023 official)[16]
 Sweden27,292 (2022 official)[17]
 Netherlands27,261 (2022 official)[18]
 Denmark26,714 (2023 official estimate)[19]
 Japan23,417 (2023 official)[20]
 Brazil2,828 (2024 official)[21]
Languages
English, Urdu, Punjabi, Pashto, Sindhi, Balochi, Hindko, other languages of Pakistan and languages spoken in respective country of residence.
Religion
Predominantly Islam minorities of Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.

Overseas Pakistanis (Urdu: بیرون ملک پاکستانی نژاد), or the Pakistani diaspora, refer to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens who have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to a December 2017 estimate by the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development, approximately 8.8 million Pakistanis live abroad. Data released in 2023 by the Ministry of Emigration and Overseas Employment states that more than 10.80 million people have moved abroad since 1990.[1]

The vast majority, over 4.7 million, reside in the Middle East.[22][23] The second-largest community, around 1.6 million, lives in the United Kingdom, followed by the United States (especially New York City, Chicago, and New Jersey) in third place. According to the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Pakistan has the 6th largest diaspora in the world.[24] In 2021, overseas Pakistanis sent record remittances with growth at 26 percent and levels reaching US$33 billion.[25]

Terminology

[edit]

The term Overseas Pakistani is officially recognised by the Government of Pakistan. It refers to Pakistani citizens who have not resided in Pakistan for a specified period (for the purpose of income tax) and to people born abroad who are of Pakistani descent.

National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis

[edit]
Main article: NADRA

The National Identity Card for Overseas Pakistanis, or NICOP, is a Computerised National Identity Card issued to workers, emigrants, citizens, or Pakistanis holding dual nationality. NICOP was conceived by NADRA in 2002 as a project of mutual resolve between the Overseas Pakistanis Foundation, the Ministry of Labour & Manpower, and the Ministry of Interior. All NICOP holders are registered in the NADRA database to provide authenticity of the individual and visa-free entry into Pakistan. Proof of family relationships is necessary for various legal and administrative purposes involving NICOP.[26]

Pakistan Origin Card

[edit]

The Pakistan Origin Card, or POC, is issued by Pakistani embassies or high commissions to people of Pakistani origin living abroad.[27] POC are not issued to those with dual nationalities.[28]

Emigration from Pakistan

[edit]

Emigration from the territories that now constitute Pakistan began as early as 3000 BC.

Prehistoric

[edit]

The presence of Harappan merchants in Mesopotamia from the Indus Valley civilisation is suggested by various forms of glyptic evidence. A recently discovered Mesopotamian cylinder seal inscription reveals that an interpreter from "Meluhha" (Harappa) was present. Several Indus-scripted seals have also been discovered in excavations.[29]

Middle Ages

[edit]

During the 10th century, Arabic chronicles mention tribes coming into contact with Baloch settlers.[30] The majority of Baloch settlers originated from the Makran coast and settled in what is today Oman, forming part of the Bedoon community.[31] Many of them worked in various trades, including barbers, fan operators, and shopkeepers. Some were even drafted as soldiers for the army of the Iman of Oman.[32] A small population of Muslim clergy from Punjab, Kashmir, and Sindh settled in Mecca by the 14th century to aid travellers from the region making the journey for Hajj and to help expand Islam throughout the Indus Valley and its tributaries. Bankers and merchants from southern Punjab (Multan) and northern Sindh (Shikarpur) were present in Safavid Persia during the 15th century, living alongside Jews and Armenians.[33][34] Pashtun traders arrived by boat in Batticaloa, Sri Lanka, as early as the 15th century.[35][36] The Mukkuvar locals established an alliance with the Pashtun traders, enlisting their help to fend off incursions from rivals in the north. The traders were rewarded through marriages and settled in Eravur.[35] Their settlement may have been deliberate, forming a buffer against future invasions from the north.[36] When Arab and Persian merchants expanded maritime trade routes in the 16th century, Sindh became fully integrated into the inter-Asian trade network. This led to increased trade and navigational interactions between Sindhi merchants and Arab/Persian merchants. Sindh also maintained independent commercial relations with East Asia and Southeast Asia, particularly with the Kedah Sultanate on the Malay Peninsula.[37]

Colonial era (1842–1947)

[edit]

After the fall of Sindh in 1842 and Punjab in 1849, a large part of the territory of today's Pakistan came under rule of the British Empire. From 1842 to 1857, a small number of immigrants from Punjab, Sindh, and Kashmir began arriving in the British Isles as employees of the British East India Company, typically as lashkars and sailors in British port cities.[38][39][40] After the establishment of the British Empire in 1857, Baloch and Pashtuns, along with Punjabis, Sindhis, and Kashmiris, continued coming to Britain as seamen, traders, students, domestic workers, cricketers, political officials, and visitors. A small number of them settled in the region.[41] Many influential members of the Pakistan Movement, including Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, spent a considerable amount of time in Britain and Europe, studying at major British institutions.[42] Between 1860 and 1930, camel caravans worked in Outback Australia, which included Pashtun, Punjabi, Baloch, and Sindhi men[43] as well as others from Kashmir.[44] By 1900, Punjabis and Pashtuns began migrating to other parts of the British Empire. Many were veterans of the British Army, but also included a small migrant population who were legally considered British subjects. Pashtun migrants opted for the British Trucial States, where the British used their subjects as a valuable human resource in running the administration.[45] British Columbia became a destination for many Punjabi migrants as agents of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company guaranteed jobs for them between 1902 and 1905. However, many Punjabi migrants returned due to racism and the curtailing of migration of non-whites by the Canadian government.[46] Others sought opportunities by moving to the United States, particularly Yuba City, California. Poor wages and working conditions convinced Punjabi workers to pool their resources, lease land, and grow their own crops, thereby establishing themselves in the newly budding farming economy of northern California.[47]

Many people from modern Pakistan migrated and settled in Malaysia, which was also part of the British Empire. The Malays and Pakistanis share a strong Muslim identity. At the time of Malaysia's independence under the Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957, there were more than two hundred thousand Pakistanis residing in Malaysia. Rather than forming a separate group under the categorized system, at the suggestion of the Malays themselves, Pakistanis immersed themselves into the Malay group. Thus, they became part of the Bumiputra elite, enriched by social ties, intermarriage, and shared economic and political aspirations. They also took positions in the civil service administration and gradually rose to the upper echelons of government, becoming inextricably intermixed with the Malay majority.[48] Many elite Malay families have at least one grandparent who was Pakistani. Diplomats, judges, legislators, and other government cadres include people with recognized Pakistani-Malay bloodlines.

Post independence

[edit]

1947 to 1970

[edit]

Emigration from Pakistan was relatively small between 1947 and 1970. The rapid industrialization of Pakistan during the 1950s and 1960s, coupled with the introduction of modern agricultural practices, pushed out surplus labor, leading to mass rural-to-urban migration, primarily to Karachi.[49] During this period, the majority of Pakistanis who went abroad considered themselves "sojourners", who left to earn money but did not intend to settle, or were students who planned to return to Pakistan after completing their degree programs. By 1971, no more than 900,000 Pakistanis lived abroad, with most residing in the United Kingdom and Saudi Arabia. In 1959, small numbers of Pakistanis were found working in Bahrain, Kuwait, and elsewhere in the Persian Gulf. By 1960, the Pakistani community in Bahrain numbered 2,200, while almost half of the population in Kuwait comprised non-nationals, including a small number from Pakistan. Pakistan was already the single most important source of non-Arab expatriate labor in the Kuwait Oil Company (representing about 19% of the workforce) and trailed only Americans among those working for Saudi Aramco in Saudi Arabia, representing 6% of the workforce.[50]

The first mass migration of Pakistanis began in 1965 during the construction of the Mangla Dam in Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Over 280 villages around Mirpur and Dadyal were submerged, which led to the displacement of over 110,000 people from the region. Pakistanis also emigrated from these areas and the regions of Attock and Nowshera due to high levels of unemployment and harsh terrain that made farming difficult.[51] During the same period, the British government actively sought workers from abroad for industrial towns in north-west England, which were suffering from labor shortages. Many Pakistani emigrants relocated to work in towns like Rochdale, Newcastle, Bristol, High Wycombe, Birmingham, Dewsbury, Huddersfield, and Bradford.[51] Consequently, many work permits for Britain were awarded to the displaced population of Mirpur.[52] Close to 50,000 Pakistanis from Mirpur emigrated to northern England between 1965 and 1970.[53][54] Those who emigrated during this time were aided by the 1948 British Nationality Act, which allowed people from British Commonwealth countries, such as Pakistan, to travel and settle in Britain as they were considered British citizens.[51]

1971 to present

[edit]

The availability of a large-scale labor force from Pakistan resulted from a combination of economic, social, and institutional factors at home. By 1970, Pakistan was passing through a serious economic and political crisis, which eventually led to the secession of East Pakistan in 1971. The rapid economic development of the 1950s and 1960s could not be sustained by 1970, and a wave of nationalization of business and industry was unfolding under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. This led to slower large-scale industrialization due to a new wave of industrial unrest and disaffection between industrialists and Bhutto's government, which favored the nationalization of banking, large-scale trading, and industry.

Rural-to-urban migration into Karachi slowed during the 1970s and 80s and was replaced by a rising wave of international migration to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, or Libya. The profile of the workforce and their places of origin followed the established patterns of internal migration routes. These included people from NWFP, northern Punjab (Potohar Plateau), the Seraiki belt in southern Punjab, and the hill tracts of Azad Jammu & Kashmir. Institutionally, a network of information chains to seek work and the channels for remitting money to families back in Pakistan already existed. The majority of migrants were young males who sought work abroad while families remained in Pakistan. These channels soon expanded and adapted to new requirements and conditions.[55] During the 1960s and 1970s, the remaining Pakistani Jewish community of 2000 began emigrating to Israel and settled in Ramla.[56]

Today's Pakistani diaspora is substantial, with over 9 million Pakistanis residing abroad, including an estimated 4 million in the Persian Gulf region. This represents a significant portion of the population seeking opportunities beyond their homeland. Emigration trends indicate a continued outflow, with 325,142 individuals departing in the first half of 2024 alone. The year 2015 witnessed a peak in outbound migration, as 946,571 Pakistanis left the country primarily in pursuit of employment and enhanced career prospects.[57]

The expatriate labor force in the Persian Gulf has followed a "circulating work force" pattern. Workers come in, work for a few years, periodically visit Pakistan for short or long breaks, and then return permanently.

Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development

[edit]
Main article: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development
Further information: Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment

The Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development is a ministry of the Government of Pakistan that oversees matters concerning Overseas Pakistanis and human resource development in Pakistan. Pir Syed Sadaruddin Shah Rashidi is the current minister.[58] The ministry was created in June 2013 from a merger of the Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis[59][60] and the Ministry of Human Resource Development,[61] which was established in 2008. The Bureau of Emigration & Overseas Employment appoints Community Welfare Attachés (CWA) around the world to establish and maintain close contacts with foreign firms in need of manpower for their ventures in different countries, and to aid in the welfare of overseas Pakistanis. CWAs are currently located in:[62]

Overseas Pakistanis Foundation

[edit]

The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation (OPF) was established in July 1979, with its head office in Islamabad and regional offices in all provincial capitals as well as Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The objective of the OPF is to advance the welfare of Pakistanis working or settled abroad and their families in Pakistan by identifying their problems and contributing to their solutions. These include health care, financial aid, foreign exchange remittance, and education.[63] The Overseas Pakistanis Foundation operates more than 24 schools in and across Pakistan, offering preschool, primary, secondary, and preparation for local SSC and the international GCE education. Most of its students opt to take the GCE O and AS/A Levels organized by the CIE of UCLES. It has also established international projects in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and the United Kingdom. The head office of the OPF schools is located in Islamabad, administering the system through six main regional offices:

Relations with Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Foreign relations of Pakistan

Millions of Pakistanis emigrated to various countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Unlike European immigrants who settled permanently in the new world, many Pakistanis who emigrated considered themselves "sojourners", who left to earn money abroad but not to settle, or were students who intended to return to Pakistan upon completing their degree programs.

Little Pakistan

[edit]
Main article: Little Pakistan
The New York City Metropolitan Area, including New York City, Central New Jersey, as well as Long Island in New York, is home to the largest Pakistani American population.

Little Pakistan is a general name for an ethnic enclave primarily populated by Pakistanis or people of Pakistani ancestry abroad.

Pakistan International School

[edit]
Main article: Pakistan International School

Pakistan International Schools are schools based outside Pakistan that promote the national curriculum. These schools fall under the jurisdiction of the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and mainly cater to students who are not nationals of the host country, such as children of the staff of international businesses, organizations, embassies, missions, or missionary programs.[64] For overseas Pakistani families, these schools provide continuity in education from Pakistan, as most prefer to stay within the same curriculum, especially for older childrenchildren.[65] Pakistan International Schools typically use curricula based on the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education and offer both Urdu and English language classes.

From the Middle East

[edit]
Main article: Arabs in Pakistan

Since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, there has been a large population of Pakistanis in the Middle East, mainly in Saudi Arabia. However, since the 1990s, many have opted for countries like the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Kuwait. Pakistanis who immigrated to these countries or were born there tended to stay close to Pakistani culture. Many "International Pakistan Schools" were opened to cater to the large population and allow them to study under the same boards as students in Pakistan. As a result, those returning to Pakistan from the Middle East have found it much easier to adjust. Pakistanis from the Middle East can be found throughout the country today, usually fluent in Urdu, English, and their regional language. They are most likely involved in trading, media, telecommunications, banking, and aviation.

From Europe

[edit]
Main article: British people in Pakistan

Since the 1990s, a large number of Pakistanis who settled in Europe have been returning to Pakistan. Those born in Europe have also maintained close links to Pakistani culture. However, there are instances where children did not learn Urdu while growing up or were not accustomed to Pakistani culture. As a result, those returning from Europe experience "culture shocks". Returnees from Norway and Denmark are mostly settled around Kharian in Punjab province, whereas those from northern England (Bradford) can be found in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (mainly Mirpur), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and upper Punjab (Jhelum, Chakwal, Attock, and Rawalpindi).

From America

[edit]
Main articles: Americans in Pakistan and Canadians in Pakistan

Historically, only a small number of Pakistanis from Canada and the United States have returned to Pakistan. While they frequently visit during the summer and winter vacations, permanent settlement was not popular among them until 2001. However, since the September 11 terrorist attacks and the Financial crisis of 2007–2010, many Pakistani-Americans and Pakistani-Canadians have begun to return. The population of returning expatriates from the Americas, who often have excellent credentials, has increased significantly due to new job opportunities in Pakistan.[66] Many of these returnees can be found in major cities such as Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi/Islamabad, Faisalabad, and Peshawar, as well as in smaller cities and towns like Sialkot. Those returning from North America generally find it easier to secure jobs in Pakistan and are involved in a wide range of fields, including healthcare, engineering, law, banking, information technology, mass media, and industry.

Remittances

[edit]
Remittances sent by year ($US billion)[67][68][69][70][71][72][73]
Year Remittance ($ billion)
2003
4.23
2004
3.87
2005
4.17
2006
4.61
2007
6.51
2008
7.81
2009
8.91
2010
9.32
2011
11.21
2012
13.19
2013
13.90
2014
15.80
2015
18.72
2016
19.92
2017
22.30
2018
19.9
2019
21.7
2020
23.1
2021
29.4
2022
31.2
2023
27

Population by country

[edit]
A map showing the distribution and population of Pakistan diaspora by country.

Population of Pakistanis abroad, by country, according to the 2019-20 Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development Yearbook,[2] or other estimates (if indicated).

Country Article Overseas Pakistani population World Region Total population in the region
 Indonesia Pakistanis in Indonesia 8,645 (2020 estimate)[6] Southeast Asia 109,488
 Malaysia Pakistanis in Malaysia 85,013 (2020 estimate)[6][13]
 Thailand Pakistanis in Thailand 6,500
 Singapore Pakistanis in Singapore 4,562 (2012)[74]
 Myanmar Pakistanis in Burma 3,101 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Brunei Pakistanis in Brunei 893 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Vietnam Pakistanis in Vietnam 622 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Philippines Pakistanis in Philippines 451 (2020 census)[75]
 Cambodia Pakistanis in Cambodia 350
 East Timor Pakistanis in East Timor 301 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Laos Pakistanis in Laos 50
 Japan Pakistanis in Japan 22,118 (2022 official)[76] East Asia 69,738
 Hong Kong Pakistanis in Hong Kong 18,178 (2021 census)[77]
 China Pakistanis in China 15,000
 Taiwan Pakistanis in Taiwan [c] 259 (2022 official)[79]
 South Korea Pakistanis in South Korea 13,990 (2019 official)[80]
 North Korea Pakistanis in North Korea 172 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Mongolia Pakistanis in Mongolia 21 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Bhutan Pakistanis in Bhutan 21 (2020 estimate)[6] South Asia 1,035,444
 Bangladesh Pakistanis in Bangladesh 11,196 (2011 census)[81]
 India Pakistanis in India 918,982 (2011 census)[4]
 Afghanistan Pakistanis in Afghanistan 102,500 (2020 estimate)[6]
   Nepal Pakistanis in Nepal 1,212 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Sri Lanka Pakistanis in Sri Lanka 1,083 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Maldives Pakistanis in Maldives 450
 Saudi Arabia Pakistanis in Saudi Arabia 2,714,684 West Asia 4,911,820
 United Arab Emirates Pakistanis in the United Arab Emirates 1,600,000
 Kuwait Pakistanis in Kuwait 339,033 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Oman Pakistanis in Oman 250,092 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Qatar Pakistanis in Qatar 235,505 (2020 estimate)[6][8]
 Bahrain Pakistanis in Bahrain 117,000
 Jordan Pakistanis in Jordan 16,500
 Iran Pakistanis in Iran 14,320 (2016 census)[82]
 Libya Pakistanis in Libya 6,000
 Cyprus Pakistanis in Cyprus 4,000
 Yemen Pakistanis in Yemen 3,024 (2017 estimate)[83]
 Syria Pakistanis in Syria 481
 Lebanon Pakistanis in Lebanon 721 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Iraq Pakistanis in Iraq 688 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Georgia Pakistanis in Georgia 27[2]
86 (2002 census)[84]
 Azerbaijan Pakistanis in Azerbaijan 274 (2022 official)[85]
Turkey Türkiye Pakistanis in Türkiye 17,290 (2021 official)[86]
 Uzbekistan Pakistanis in Uzbekistan 357 Central Asia 2,824
 Kazakhstan Pakistanis in Kazakhstan 350
 Kyrgyzstan Pakistanis in Kyrgyzstan 2000
 Tajikistan Pakistanis in Tajikistan 103 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Turkmenistan Pakistanis in Turkmenistan 14
 Sudan Pakistanis in Sudan 2,000 Africa 70,766
 Algeria Pakistanis in Algeria 2,500
 Mauritania Pakistanis in Mauritania 50
 Morocco Pakistanis in Morocco 176 (2017 estimate)[83]
 Egypt Pakistanis in Egypt 619 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Tunisia Pakistanis in Tunisia 500
 South Africa Pakistanis in South Africa 11,157 (2016 official)[87][88]
 Kenya Pakistanis in Kenya 10,000
 Uganda Pakistanis in Uganda 5,000
 Mozambique Pakistanis in Mozambique 4,423 (2020 estimate)[89]
 Tanzania Pakistanis in Tanzania 3,050
 Nigeria Pakistanis in Nigeria 2,050
 Mali Pakistanis in Mali 1,500
 Zimbabwe Pakistanis in Zimbabwe 700
 Malawi Pakistanis in Malawi 515
 Burundi Pakistanis in Burundi 500
 Rwanda Pakistanis in Rwanda 500
 Liberia Pakistanis in Liberia 500
 Botswana Pakistanis in Botswana 464 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Lesotho Pakistanis in Lesotho 419 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Mauritius Pakistanis in Mauritius 378
 Zambia Pakistanis in Zambia 350
 Djibouti Pakistanis in Djibouti 300
 South Sudan Pakistanis in South Sudan 250
 Ethiopia Pakistanis in Ethiopia 240
 Namibia Pakistanis in Namibia 173 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Madagascar Pakistanis in Madagascar 138
 Senegal Pakistanis in Senegal 122
 Congo DR Pakistanis in Democratic Republic of the Congo 115
 Gambia Pakistanis in Gambia 109
 Eritrea Pakistanis in Eritrea 100
 Sierra Leone Pakistanis in Sierra Leone 86 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Ghana Pakistanis in Ghana 76 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Angola Pakistanis in Angola 75
 Somalia Pakistanis in Somalia 72 (2017 estimate)[83]
 Niger Pakistanis in Niger 68
 Ivory Coast Pakistanis in Ivory Coast 66
 Réunion (France) Pakistanis in Réunion 45 (2015 census)[84]
 Guinea Pakistanis in Guinea 29 (2014 census)[84]
 Seychelles Pakistanis in Seychelles 28
 Comoros Pakistanis in Comoros 14
 Guinea Bissau Pakistanis in Guinea Bissau 10
 Brazil Pakistanis in Brazil 2,348 (2022 official)[90] Latin America 4,220
 Chile Pakistanis in Chile 653 (2017 census)[91]
 Mexico Pakistanis in Mexico 331 (2020 census)[92]
 Ecuador Pakistanis in Ecuador 225
 Peru Pakistanis in Peru 153 (2017 official)[93]
 Panama Pakistanis in Panama 99 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Dominican Republic Pakistanis in Dominican Republic 75 (2010 census)[94]
 Uruguay Pakistanis in Uruguay 75
 Argentina Pakistanis in Argentina 64 (2010 census)[84]
 Bolivia Pakistanis in Bolivia 40
 Venezuela Pakistanis in Venezuela 40
 Colombia Pakistanis in Colombia 37 (2018 census)[95]
 Paraguay Pakistanis in Paraguay 30
 Guatemala Pakistanis in Guatemala 26 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Nicaragua Pakistanis in Nicaragua 14
 Puerto Rico (USA) Pakistanis in Puerto Rico 10 (2021 census)[96]
 United States Pakistani American 684,438 (2023 American Community Survey)[97] Northern America 987,698
 Canada Pakistani Canadian 303,260 (2021 official census)[7]
 Trinidad and Tobago Pakistanis in Trinidad and Tobago 88 Caribbean 209
 Bermuda (UK) Pakistanis in Bermuda 29 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Guyana Pakistanis in Guyana 25
 Suriname Pakistanis in Suriname 25
 Grenada Pakistanis in Grenada 21
 Cayman Islands (UK) Pakistanis in Cayman Islands 11 (2019 official)[98]
 Barbados Pakistanis in Barbados 10
 United Kingdom British Pakistanis,
Pakistanis in London		 United Kingdom: 1,662,286 (2011 official UK census)[3][b]
England: 1,570,287 (2021 census)[99]
Scotland: 49,381 (2011 census)[3]
Wales: 17,535 (2021 census)[99]
Northern Ireland: 1,596 (2021 census)[100] 		Europe 2,305,327
 Germany Pakistanis in Germany 140,000 (2022 official)[9]
 Italy Pakistanis in Italy 134,492 (2021 official)[10]
 Spain Pakistanis in Spain 114,693 (2023 official)[11]
 Norway Pakistanis in Norway 46,300 (2023 official)[14]
 Greece Pakistanis in Greece 34,177 (2011 official census)[15]
 France Pakistanis in France 29,387 (2019 official)[16]
 Sweden Pakistanis in Sweden 27,292 (2022 official)[17]
 Netherlands Pakistanis in the Netherlands 27,261 (2022 official)[18]
 Denmark Pakistanis in Denmark 26,714 (2023 official estimate)[19]
 Belgium Pakistanis in Belgium 19,247 (2012 official estimate)[101]
 Republic of Ireland Pakistanis in Ireland 12,891 (2016 official census)[102]
 Portugal Pakistanis in Portugal 10,828 (2022 official)[103]
 Austria Pakistanis in Austria 5,914 (2021 census)[104]
 Finland Pakistanis in Finland 4,726 (2022 official estimate)[105]
  Switzerland Pakistanis in Switzerland 3,217 (2020 official estimate)[106]
 Ukraine Pakistanis in Ukraine 2,000
 Russia Pakistanis in Russia 1,878 (2015 official)[107]
 Hungary Pakistanis in Hungary 1,719 (2022 official)[16]
 Poland Pakistanis in Poland 1,318
 Romania Pakistanis in Romania 1,032 (2020 estimate)[16]
 Czech Republic Pakistanis in Czech Republic 979 (2022 official)[108]
 Estonia Pakistanis in Estonia 555 (2021 census)[109]
 Malta Pakistanis in Malta 549 (2020 estimate)[6]
 Albania Pakistanis in Albania 491 (irregular foreigners) (2019 official)[110]
 Bulgaria Pakistanis in Bulgaria 456 (2022 official)[16]
 Luxembourg Pakistanis in Luxembourg 206 (2020 official)[111]
 Latvia Pakistanis in Latvia 144 (2023 official)[112]
 Iceland Pakistanis in Iceland 137 (2022 official)[113]
 Slovakia Pakistanis in Slovakia 130 (2020 official)[16]
 Belarus Pakistanis in Belarus 120
 Lithuania Pakistanis in Lithuania 51 (2021 census)[84]
 Slovenia Pakistanis in Slovenia 41 (2022 official)[114]
 Serbia Pakistanis in Serbia 28
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Pakistanis in Bosnia and Herzegovina 25
 Moldova Pakistanis in Moldova 16 (2021 official)[115]
 Croatia Pakistanis in Croatia 10
 Australia Pakistani Australian 103,120 (2022 official census)[116] Oceania 111,122
 New Zealand Pakistani New Zealander 6,135 (2018 census)[117]
 Fiji Pakistanis in Fiji 1,867 (2020 estimate)[6]
Total overseas Pakistani population ~9,956,000

See also

[edit]

Diasporas of Pakistani ethnic groups

[edit]

Other

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ calculated total for collected data of population by country, from different sources (censuses, migration data, etc.). See statistics by country.
  2. ^ a b This census figure may not include recent immigrants or people of partial Pakistani ancestry.
  3. ^ [78]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Saudi Arabia 2022 Census" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  2. ^ a b c d "Year Book, 2019–20" (PDF). ophrd.gov.pk/. Islamabad: Ministry of Overseas Pakistanis and Human Resource Development. p. 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  3. ^ a b c "2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom". ons.gov.uk. Office for National Statistics (ONS). 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  4. ^ a b "Population classified by place of birth and sex. Census of India". censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  5. ^ Jessica S. Barnes and Claudette E. Bennett (October 2022). "ASIAN ALONE OR IN ANY COMBINATION BY SELECTED GROUPS. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B02018". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "International Migrant Stock 2020". un.org. United Nations, Population Division. 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population". statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada. 29 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
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Bibliography

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