Pandarikulam
Pandarikulam
பண்டாரிகுளம் පණ්ඩාරිකුලම් | |
|---|---|
 Road connecting Vavuniya and Pandarikulam | |
  Pandarikulam  Pandarikulam  Pandarikulam | |
| Coordinates: 8°45′14″N 80°28′56″E / 8.75389°N 80.48222°E | |
| Country | Sri Lanka |
| Province | Northern Province |
| District | Vavuniya |
| Urban Council | Vavuniya Urban Council |
| Weather | |
| Named for | Pandara Wanniyan |
| Government | |
| • Type | Urban Council |
| • Body | Grama Niladhari |
| • GS | S. Rahulprasadh |
| • Local Authority Member | K. Sumanthiran |
| Area | |
| • Total | 15.3 km2 (5.9 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 104 m (341 ft) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 7,065[1] |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone) |
| Postal Code | 43000 |
| Area code | 024 |
Pandarikulam (Vavuniya-03 or officially designated as 214E) emerges as a distinctive suburban enclave within the expanding precincts of Vavuniya, situated in the northern region of Sri Lanka. It is characterised by a unique allure that distinguishes it from the surrounding villages assimilated during the town's progressive expansion.[citation needed] The nomenclature "Pandarikulam" is reflected in both Tamil as பண்டாரிகுளம் (Paṇṭārikuḷam) and Sinhala as පණ්ඩාරිකුලම් (Paṇḍārikulam).
This suburban locale, officially denominated as Vavuniya-03 or 214E, has become an integral component of the urban fabric as Vavuniya has expanded its geographical confines. Nestled at a distance of approximately 1 km (0.62 mi) from the centre of Vavuniya, Pandarikulam epitomises the dynamic trajectory of the town's growth. Its strategic positioning on the periphery of Vavuniya offers a harmonious synthesis of urban proximity and the serene ambiance associated with suburban living.[2][3]
As one of the villages subsumed into Vavuniya during its expansion, Pandarikulam encapsulates the essence of a community in transition, adapting to the urban milieu while preserving its distinctive identity. The evolution of this suburb mirrors broader transformations in northern Sri Lanka, where the confluence of tradition and modernity manifests in a mosaic of cultural nuances.[4]
Pandarikulam, with its amalgamation of tradition and progress, stands as a microcosm reflecting the overarching narrative of Vavuniya's development. This suburban enclave beckons exploration not merely for its geographical proximity to the heart of Vavuniya but also for the intricate narratives woven into its thoroughfares, illustrating the dynamic currents of life in this evolving town in northern Sri Lanka.[5]
Etymology
[edit]The etymology of the village's name, Pandarikulam, provides a fascinating insight into its historical evolution. Originally referred to as Karunkaliyadithoddam in Tamil (கருங்காலியடித்தோட்டம்), which translates to 'Ebony Garden' in English, the nomenclature reflects the presence of Ebony trees in the region.
During the era of the Vanni kings, the village gained prominence as it was bestowed upon the citizens of "Pandaram." These individuals were known for their religious practices, particularly for constructing garlands and participating in worship ceremonies at Shaivaite temples dedicated to the goddess Mari.
Over time, historical records from Vavuniya reveal a transformation in the village's name. Pandarakulam underwent a renaming process, eventually becoming "Pandarikulam." This change is attributed to the heroic figure, King Pandaravanniyan, whose influence and significance in the area led to the adoption of his name for the village.
Therefore, the etymology of Pandarikulam encapsulates the transition from its original designation based on the presence of Ebony trees and the association with the Pandaram citizens to its subsequent renaming inspired by the heroism of King Pandaravanniyan during the reign of the Vanni kings.[6]
Location
[edit]Pandarikulam is a locality situated approximately 1 kilometer (0.62 miles) away from Vavuniya. This location is characterised by its geographical boundaries, being surrounded by neighboring areas. To the north, Pandarikulam shares its border with Kurumankadu, while to the east, it is adjacent to Vairavarpuliyankulam. On the western side, Ukkulankulam forms the boundary, and to the south lies Pandarikulam South.
History
[edit]Pandarikulam, situated in the Vavuniya district, boasts a rich and diverse history that spans centuries, marked by the influences of various kingdoms and cultures. The area's historical narrative begins with its governance under Tamil Kings during the Yaka and Naga periods in ancient Sri Lanka. Notably, numerous tanks were constructed, and Naga Sacred Guard Stones adorned with inscriptions were strategically placed, reflecting the Tamil kings' profound impact on the region.
With the advent of the Sinhalese to Sri Lanka, Pandarikulam became part of the Rajarata kingdom. The city experienced a revival of Saivism and Tamil culture following the Chola invasion. Subsequently, during the Pandyas' invasion of Sri Lanka and the defeat of the Cholas by the Pandyas in Tamil Nadu, Vavuniya, including Pandarikulam, fell under Pandya rule. However, with the dispersion of the Pandyas during the Vijayanagara invasion, the Vanni, who had arrived with the Cholas, asserted their independence from the Pandyas, forming the submissive Vanni Nation.
During the Dutch occupation, King Pandaravanniyan valiantly led forces that fiercely resisted the Dutch invaders in coastal Sri Lanka. Despite the Dutch attempts to overcome him on the battlefield, Pandaravanniyan's determination remained unyielding. Frustrated by their inability to defeat him, the Dutch devised a treacherous plot to assassinate the king. In a brutal act, they hung Pandaravanniyan's lifeless body in public view, intending to instill fear and suppress rebellious sentiments among the people. This macabre event served as a chilling inspiration for many ancient villages, including Pandarikulam, named in honor of the fallen king.
In 1796, facing increasing challenges, the Dutch handed over coastal Sri Lanka to the British, marking a significant turning point for Pandarikulam. The village had witnessed the defeat of Pandaravanniyan by the Dutch and subsequently fell under British control. Dutch Lieutenant Von Driberg, reflecting on the events, expressed that he had never encountered a hero as remarkable as Pandaravanniyan in his lifetime.
Adding to the historical narrative, there exists a myth in the current-day Vanni region suggesting that one of the villages starting with the name "Pandara" is the final burial place of the heroic king.
In the post-colonial era, following Sri Lanka's independence, Pandarikulam faced demographic shifts due to migration driven by the Sinhalese oppression and the repercussions of war. Despite being heavily affected, the city has remarkably recovered.[7]
Demographics
[edit]Pandarikulam is primarily a Tamil-speaking suburb, with a predominantly Tamil-speaking population. The majority of residents identify as Hindu Shaivaites, while a smaller portion of the Tamil community adheres to Christianity. Despite the religious diversity, a church in the area is under the care of Hindu Shaivaite families, exemplifying a harmonious coexistence. The Sinhalese population in Pandarikulam is minimal, consisting mostly of policemen, numbering less than 10 individuals. These Sinhalese residents typically speak Tamil as their second language and practice Buddhism. Additionally, a Muslim minority, who follow Islam, is not permanently settled in Pandarikulam; instead, they reside in a nearby Muslim village and operate fish shops in the area.
Religions In Pandarikulam
Historical place
[edit]Pandarikulam, a region with significant historical importance, boasts two notable landmarks. The first is the Pandarikulam Muthumari Amman Kovil, a Hindu temple steeped in antiquity and revered as one of the oldest pilgrimage sites for the ancient Vanni people in the Vavuniya district. Positioned as the inaugural temple among the four directional temples constructed in ancient Vavuniya, its purpose was to safeguard the local populace from diseases and invoke rain for agricultural prosperity.
Dedicated to the goddess Mari Amman, this temple holds a special place in folklore, asserting that those who intricately weave garlands for this divine abode also weave them for King Pandaravanniyan. The temple, situated as the western guard temple, stands as a testament to the cultural and spiritual heritage of the region.
Another noteworthy historical site in Pandarikulam is the remnants of a step arch, dating back to the British colonial era in Ceylon. During the construction of the railroad connecting Colombo to Jaffna, Vavuniya emerged as a pivotal location for steam engine water replenishment. Notably, Vavuniya gained recognition for its abundance of tanks, with the Vairavarpuliyankulam near the Vavuniya railway station being one such prominent example. However, due to its considerable depth and lack of safety for water extraction, an alternative water source was sought.
Adjacent to Vairavarpuliyankulam, Pandarikulam presented itself as the closest and most suitable tank, characterised by its shallowness and ample water reserves. During the construction of the railway, enslaved individuals were employed for the arduous task of water extraction. To facilitate their rest periods, the step arch was erected as a testament to the labor-intensive endeavors undertaken during that era.[8]
Education
[edit]Pandarikulam, located in Vavuniya, is home to a diverse array of educational institutions that contribute significantly to the region's academic landscape. Notable among these is Vipulanantha College,[9] a government-funded school renowned for its exceptional performance in both sports and education. Despite facing challenges such as the absence of a dedicated sports ground, Vipulanantha College stands as one of the top-performing schools in Vavuniya, often considered a rival to Vavuniya Tamil Madya Maha Vidyalayam.
The educational spectrum in Pandarikulam includes specialised institutions like the Maths Centre, catering to students seeking additional support and enrichment in mathematics. The Education Development Institute (EDI) plays a pivotal role in enhancing educational development, likely offering a variety of courses aimed at improving teaching methods and student learning outcomes.
- Lincoln English Academy is recognised for its expertise in English language education, particularly in IELTS preparation, providing valuable assistance to individuals aspiring to excel in English proficiency exams. Columbus Best Institute (CBI), a private institution, is presumed to offer academic and extracurricular programs to students seeking additional educational support.
- Tamil Valakam and Ideal are also part of the educational landscape in Pandarikulam, with the former likely contributing to the promotion and preservation of Tamil language and culture. The nature of the *Ideal* institute is unspecified, while I Guide lacks detailed information on its specific focus and offerings.
A recent trend in Pandarikulam reveals a notable influx of private tuition centers, attracted by the advantageous location that combines proximity to the town with a less busy yet highly populated Suburb atmosphere. This shift underscores the growing recognition of Pandarikulam as an emerging educational hub, reflecting the commitment to fostering academic excellence in the region.
Transportation
[edit]Pandarikulam, situated in the vicinity of Vavuniya, is accessible through various transportation hubs, facilitating connectivity to this vibrant locality.
- Vavuniya Railway Station: The primary railway link to Pandarikulam is through the well-connected Vavuniya Railway Station. Although Pandarikulam itself lacks a dedicated railway station, the Vavuniya Railway Station is conveniently located within approximately 1 km of Pandarikulam, ensuring easy access for commuters. This strategic proximity enhances the accessibility of Pandarikulam, providing a vital rail connection to and from the region.
- Vavuniya Airport: While Vavuniya is equipped with an airport, it's noteworthy that the Vavuniya Airport is currently inactive. Despite this, alternative transportation options, particularly buses, offer a practical means of reaching Pandarikulam. Commuters can opt for buses that traverse the route to Ukkulankulam via Pandarikulam, providing a reliable and accessible mode of transportation to and from the region.
- Vavuniya Bus Stand: Another crucial transportation hub facilitating access to Pandarikulam is the Vavuniya Bus Stand. Commuters can avail themselves of bus services that operate on routes passing through Pandarikulam. Of particular note is the route to Ukkulankulam via Pandarikulam, offering a convenient and well-connected bus service for those traveling to and from Pandarikulam.[10]
Weather
[edit]| Climate data for Pandarikulam | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F | 86 | 90 | 95 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 91 | 88 | 82 | 93 |
| Mean daily minimum °F | 72 | 72 | 73 | 77 | 79 | 81 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 77 | 73 | 73 | 76 |
| Average precipitation inches | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.9 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 1.9 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 6.7 | 47.5 |
| Mean daily maximum °C | 30 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 38 | 38 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 33 | 31 | 28 | 34 |
| Mean daily minimum °C | 22 | 22 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 25 | 23 | 23 | 25 |
| Average precipitation mm | 75 | 55 | 48 | 112 | 79 | 34 | 49 | 63 | 80 | 198 | 244 | 170 | 1,207 |
| Average precipitation days | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 82 |
| Source: Department of Meteorology Sri Lanka[11] | |||||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ Kularatne, Ranil K. A. (2015). "Case study on municipal solid waste management in Vavuniya township: Practices, issues and viable management options". Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 17 (1): 51–62. Bibcode:2015JMCWM..17...51K. doi:10.1007/s10163-013-0225-7. S2CID 110062399.
- ^ Arudpragasam, A. R. (1996). The traditional homeland of the Tamils. The missing pages of Sri Lankan history (1. print. and publ ed.). Kotte, Sri Lanka: Kanal Publications. ISBN 978-955-9424-00-0.
- ^ Eberhardt, Piotr (2009). "Polish precursors to the idea of the political unification of Europe". Geographia Polonica. 82 (2): 35–44. doi:10.7163/gpol.2009.2.3. ISSN 0016-7282.
- ^ "Sri Lanka", The Statesman’s Yearbook Companion, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 786–787, 2019, doi:10.1057/978-1-349-95839-9_1479, ISBN 978-1-349-95838-2, retrieved 3 December 2023
- ^ Gnapiragasam, Jeganathan (2019). Perum Oorum (in Tamil). Vavuniya. pp. 44 to 55. ISBN 978-624-95247-0-5.
- ^ "Kadirgamar, Hon. Lakshman, (12 April 1932–12 Aug. 2005), President's Counsel, 1991; MP Sri Lanka; Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sri Lanka, 1994–2001 and since 2004", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u22581, retrieved 3 December 2023
- ^ R., J. H. (November 1932). "United States Geographic Board: First Report on Foreign Geographic Names". The Geographical Journal. 80 (5): 458. Bibcode:1932GeogJ..80..458R. doi:10.2307/1784245. ISSN 0016-7398. JSTOR 1784245.
- ^ Gnanaseelan, J (2004). Farmers' Survival Strategies in an Ethnic Conflict Situation in Two Villages in Vavuniya District of Sri Lanka (Thesis). University of Sri Jayewardenepura. doi:10.31357/fhssmst.2004.00628.
- ^ "Parkinson, Rt Rev. Mgr Henry, (1852–22 June 1924), Rector of St Mary's College, Oscott", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u201374, retrieved 3 December 2023
- ^ "Purnell, Charlotte, (died 20 June 1944), Surgeon English Mission Hospital, Amman", Who Was Who, Oxford University Press, 1 December 2007, doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u230723, retrieved 3 December 2023
- ^ "Home English".