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Peng Zhen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Chinese name, the family name is Peng.
Peng Zhen
彭真
Peng in 1945
4th Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office
June 17, 1983 – April 8, 1988
Preceded byYe Jianying
Succeeded byWan Li
1st Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
In office
March 1980 – May 1983
Preceded byOffice Created
Succeeded byChen Pixian
First Secretary of the Beijing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
December 13, 1948 – May 1966
Preceded byOffice created
Succeeded byLi Xuefeng
Personal details
Born(1902-10-12)October 12, 1902
Houma, Shanxi, China
DiedApril 26, 1997(1997-04-26) (aged 94)
Beijing, China
Political partyChinese Communist Party (1923–1997)
SpouseZhang Jieqing
Peng Zhen
Chinese彭真
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPéng Zhēn
Wade–GilesP'eng Chen

Peng Zhen (pronounced [pʰə̌ŋ ʈʂə́n]; October 12, 1902 – April 26, 1997) was a leading member of the Chinese Communist Party. He led the party organization in Beijing following the victory of the Communists in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, but was purged during the Cultural Revolution for opposing Mao's views on the role of literature in relation to the state. He was rehabilitated under Deng Xiaoping in 1982 along with other 'wrongly accused' officials, and became the inaugural head of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission.

Biography

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In 1938, Peng Zhen was stationed in the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Region as the representative of the CCP's Northern Bureau
In 1965, Peng Zhen with Mao Zedong, Sihanouk, Liu Shaoqi on the Tiananmen Gate

Born in Houma, Shanxi province, Peng was originally named Fu Maogong (傅懋恭). He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1923 as a founding member of the Shanxi Province CCP. Arrested in 1929, he continued underground political activities while imprisoned. He was released from prison in 1935 and began organizing a resistance movement against the invading Japanese forces. Peng was important in developing the Second United Front during the Second Sino-Japanese War.[1]: 145  Around the same time, he was appointed the Organization Department Director of the North Bureau of CCP.

Peng also served on a number of positions as vice-president of the Central Party School and director of the CCP Policy Research Office. In 1945 he served in the history research committee and the organizing committee of the CCP's 7th National Congress.

In September 1945 Peng was sent by Mao Zedong to take up overall leadership of the CCP in Northeast China. He was accompanied by Lin Biao who was to assist Peng with directing military operations against the Nationalists. Peng decided that the CCP could hold the 3 big cities of the Northeast: Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin. When the Nationalists under the command of Du Yuming attacked in November 1945, the Communists were forced back. Peng was removed as the CCP leader in the northeast after further failure by Lin Biao's forces in March 1946 led to the Communists retreat back to Harbin.[2]

Peng was a member of the CCP Central Committee starting from 1944 as well as a member of the Secretariat of the CCP Central Committee. He also held the positions of First Secretary of the Beijing Municipal Committee, and Mayor of Beijing from 1951 to 1966. In addition to being mayor, he was a high-ranking member of the Politburo from 1956 to 1966. In June 1960, he attended Bucharest Conference of Representatives of Communist and Workers Parties, countering Soviet leader Khrushchev during the conference.

Peng was appointed head of the Five Man Group in charge of preparing a "cultural revolution", but he fell out of favor with Mao Zedong in April 1966 when he attacked Mao's belief that all literature should support the state. He was accused of being an associate to Wu Han's counter-revolutionary clique and deposed at a May 1966 conference in what became the opening act of the Cultural Revolution. Lu Dingyi, Luo Ruiqing and Yang Shangkun were also deposed.

Peng survived the Cultural Revolution, and was eventually rehabilitated under Deng Xiaoping. He subsequently became Secretary of the Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission, a post he already held from late 1950s in the capacity of leader of a Central Politics and Law Leading Group. Beginning in 1983, as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Sixth National People's Congress, he sought to increase the NPC's power. He used the NPC as a base to oppose reform.[3]: 196  In January 1987, Peng Zhen played a pivotal role in Hu Yaobang's resignation as General Secretary by attack and criticizing Hu during a meeting. Peng left Politburo after the 13th Party Congress in November 1987 and retired from politics in March 1988 after Wan Li took over his position as Chairman of Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

During the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, Peng Zhen supported the declaration of martial law in Beijing and the removal of Zhao Ziyang.

Peng Zhen died on April 26, 1997, from blood cancer aged 94, two months after the death of former vice premier Deng Xiaoping, and was eulogized with high honours by the highest organs of the party and the state. His official obituary declared him a "great proletarian revolutionary, politician, and outstanding expert in the affairs of the state; unswerving Marxist, instrumental in laying the foundations of legal institution in our country, and excellent leader of the party and state." The obituary also curiously made mention of his support of Deng Xiaoping's 1992 "southern tour" which re-ignited economic reforms after relative stagnation following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[4]

He was considered one of the Eight Elders of the CCP.[citation needed]

Awards and honors

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Opper, Marc (2020). People's Wars in China, Malaya, and Vietnam. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. doi:10.3998/mpub.11413902. ISBN 978-0-472-90125-8. JSTOR 10.3998/mpub.11413902.
  2. ^ Tanner, Harold M. (2012). "Big Army Groups, Standardisation, and Assaulting Fortified Positions: Chinese Ways of Warfare and the Transition from Guerilla to Conventional War in China's Northeast, 1945 - 1948". Journal of Chinese Military History. One (Two): 111–113.
  3. ^ Joseph Fewsmith, China since Tiananmen, Cambridge University Press. 2009
  4. ^ "彭真同志逝世讣告".
  5. ^ 柬埔寨国王赠予毛主席周总理最高勋章. People's Daily. 1956-02-09: 1.
  6. ^ 象征中朝人民互相支持并肩作战的伟大友谊 朝最高人民会议授予彭真一级国旗勋章. People's Daily. 1962-05-03: 1.

Sources

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Further reading

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  • Pitman B. Potter, From Leninist Discipline to Socialist Legalism: Peng Zhen on Law and Political Authority in the PRC, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (March 13, 2003), hardcover: 272 pages, ISBN 0804745005 ISBN 978-0804745000
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Government offices
Preceded by Mayor of Beijing
1951–1966 		Succeeded by
Wu De
Acting
Assembly seats
New title Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
1954–1965 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Secretary-General of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
1979–1980 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
1983–1988 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by Head of the Central Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party
Acting from 1944–1945
1944–1953 		Succeeded by
New title Secretary of the CCP Beijing Committee
1948–1966 		Succeeded by
Secretary of the CCP Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission
1980–1982 		Succeeded by
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