Phyllocnistis
| Phyllocnistis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Phyllocnistis maxberryi | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Lepidoptera |
| Family: | Gracillariidae |
| Subfamily: | Phyllocnistinae |
| Genus: | Phyllocnistis Zeller, 1848 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Phyllocnistis is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.
Description
[edit]Adult
[edit]Adults of the genus Phyllocnistis are very small moths with wingspans generally not exceeding 5 mm. Both fore- and hindwings are lanceolate and predominantly white. The forewings are marked with yellow to orange, longitudinal and oblique striae, often bordered by gray or black. A few species are known to possess much darker or strikingly color patterns. The compound eyes of Phyllocnistis are reduced, with an interocular index (vertical eye diameter/minimum interocular distance) of approximately 0.9. The maxillary palpi are the most reduced among Gracillariidae, being barely evident as vestigial, non-segmented lobes at the base of the elongate proboscis. The wing venation is also reduced.
Larvae
[edit]The larvae of Phyllocnistis are among the most specialized Lepidoptera. Four instars appear to be the norm, with the first three instars possessing a sapfeeding morphology and behavior. Sapfeeding instars create a long serpentine, subepidermal mine on either the upper or lower surfaces of the host leaf. A few species also form subepidermal mines on stems and various fruits, including avocado. A characteristic, median frass trail extends the length of the mine, usually as a dark, unbroken line. The fourth instar is a highly specialized, apodal, non-feeding instar whose primary function is to spin the cocoon, at the mine terminus, prior to pupation.
Pupae
[edit]In contrast to the conservative morphology of the larval and adult stages, the pupae of Phyllocnistis are structurally diverse, particularly with regard to the development of the frontal process (cocoon-cutter) of the head. In addition, the mid-dorsal areas of abdominal terga 3–7 possess a mostly symmetrical cluster of recurved spines that frequently differ in their arrangement and form among species.[1]
Ecology
[edit]Phyllocnistis can be found on many host plants, and have been noted on plants from at least 20 families.[2] One well-known species is the citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella), a pest of plants in the family Rutaceae, especially citrus.[3]
Species
[edit]As of 2012, about 126 Phyllocnistis species have been described. This is probably a fraction of the true diversity of the genus, especially in the tropics, where there may be hundreds of species yet to be collected.[2]
- P. abatiae E. M. Hering, 1958
- P. acmias Meyrick, 1906
- P. ampelopsiella Chambers, 1871
- P. amydropa Meyrick, 1934
- P. argentella (Bradley, 1957)
- P. argothea Meyrick, 1933
- P. atractias Meyrick, 1906
- P. atranota Meyrick, 1906
- P. aurilinea Zeller, 1877
- P. baccharidis E. M. Hering, 1958
- P. bourquini Pastrana, 1960
- P. breynilla Liu & Zeng, 1989
- P. canariensis M. Hering, 1927
- P. cassiella Ghesquière, 1940
- P. chlorantica Seksyaeva, 1992
- P. chrysophthalma Meyrick, 1915
- P. cirrhophanes Meyrick, 1915
- P. citrella Stainton, 1856
- P. citronympha Meyrick, 1926
- P. cornella Ermolaev, 1987
- P. diaugella Meyrick, 1880
- P. dichotoma Turner, 1947
- P. diplomochla Turner, 1923
- P. dorcas Meyrick, 1915
- P. drimiphaga Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
- P. echinodes Meyrick, 1926
- P. embeliella Liu & Zeng, 1989
- P. endoxa Meyrick, 1926
- P. ephimera Turner, 1926
- P. eurymochla Turner, 1923
- P. exaeta Meyrick, 1926
- P. exiguella van Deventer, 1904
- P. extrematrix Martynova, 1955
- P. finitima Braun, 1927
- P. habrochroa Meyrick, 1915
- P. hagnopa Meyrick, 1920
- P. hapalodes Meyrick, 1906
- P. helicodes Meyrick, 1916
- P. humiliella van Deventer, 1904
- P. hyperbolacma (Meyrick, 1931)
- P. hyperpersea Davis and Wagner, 2011
- P. insignis Frey & Boll, 1876
- P. intermediella Busck, 1900
- P. iodocella Meyrick, 1880
- P. labyrinthella (Bjerkander, 1790)
- P. leptomianta Turner, 1923
- P. liquidambarisella Chambers, 1875
- P. liriodendronella Clemens, 1863
- P. longipalpa Davis and Wagner, 2011
- P. loxosticha Bradley, 1965
- P. lucernifera Meyrick, 1935
- P. magnatella Zeller, 1873
- P. magnoliella Chambers, 1878
- P. maxberryi Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
- P. meliacella Becker, 1974
- P. micrographa Meyrick, 1916
- P. minimella van Deventer, 1904
- P. nepenthae M. Hering, 1931
- P. nymphidia Turner, 1947
- P. oxyopa Meyrick, 1918
- P. perseafolia Davis and Wagner, 2011
- P. pharetrucha Meyrick, 1921
- P. phrixopa Meyrick, 1926
- P. populiella Chambers, 1875
- P. psychina Meyrick, 1906
- P. puyehuensis Davis, 1994
- P. ramulicola Langmaid & Corley, 2007
- P. rotans Meyrick, 1915
- P. saligna (Zeller, 1839)
- P. sciophanta Meyrick, 1915
- P. selenopa Meyrick, 1915
- P. sexangula Meyrick, 1915
- P. signata Meyrick, 1915
- P. spatulata Meyrick, 1928
- P. stereograpta Meyrick, 1934
- P. subpersea Davis and Wagner, 2011
- P. symphanes Meyrick, 1926
- P. synglypta Meyrick, 1918
- P. tectonivora Meyrick, 1936
- P. temperatior Meyrick, 1936
- P. tethys Moreira & Vargas, 2012
- P. titania Meyrick, 1928
- P. toparcha Meyrick, 1918
- P. triortha Meyrick, 1906
- P. triploca Meyrick, 1928
- P. tropaeolicola Kawahara, Nishida & Davis, 2009
- P. unipunctella (Stephens, 1834)
- P. valentinensis M. Hering, 1936
- P. vitegenella Clemens, 1859
- P. vitella Ermolaev, 1987
- P. vitifoliella Chambers, 1871
- P. voutei M. Hering, 1932
- P. wampella Liu & Zeng, 1985
- P. wygodzinskyi E. M. Hering, 1958
- P. xenia M. Hering, 1936
References
[edit]- ^ Davis, D. R. and D. L. Wagner. (2011). Biology and systematics of the New World Phyllocnistis Zeller leafminers of the avocado genus Persea (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). ZooKeys 97, 39–73.
- ^ a b Brito, R.; Goncalves, G. L.; Vargas, H. A.; Moreira, G. R. (2012). "A new species of Phyllocnistis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) from southern Brazil, with life-history description and genetic comparison to congeneric species" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3582: 1–16. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3582.1.1.
- ^ Heppner, J. B. Phyllocnistis citrella. EENY-38. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1998, revised 2013.
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 1.0 license.
External links
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