Portal:Mexico

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. It shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spanish expansion enforced Christianity, spread the Spanish language, and exploited rich silver deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato. The colonial era ended in the early nineteenth century with the Mexican War of Independence. (Full article...)

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The Battle of Lipantitlán, also known as the Battle of Nueces Crossing, was fought along the Nueces River on November 4, 1835 between the Mexican Army and Texian insurgents, as part of the Texas Revolution. After the Texian victory at the Battle of Goliad, only two Mexican garrisons remained in Texas, Fort Lipantitlán near San Patricio and the Alamo Mission at San Antonio de Béxar (modern-day San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas). Fearing that Lipantitlán could be used as a base for the Mexican army to retake Goliad and angry that two of his men were imprisoned there, Texian commander Philip Dimmitt ordered his adjutant, Captain Ira Westover, to capture the fort.

The commander of Fort Lipantitlán, Nicolás Rodríguez, had been ordered to harass the Texian troops at Goliad. Rodríguez took the bulk of his men on an expedition; while they were gone, Westover's force arrived in San Patricio. On November 3, a local man persuaded the Mexican garrison to surrender, and the following day the Texians dismantled the fort. Rodríguez returned as the Texians were crossing the swollen Nueces River to return to Goliad. The Mexican soldiers attacked. After a short period, the Mexicans retreated. One Texian was injured, 3–5 Mexican soldiers were killed, and 14–17 were wounded. (Full article...)

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Laredo Borderplex

Laredo–Nuevo Laredo (UN/LOCODE: USLRD & MXNLD) is one of six transborder agglomerations along the U.S.-Mexican border. The city of Laredo is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the northern bank of the Rio Grande and Nuevo Laredo is located in the Mexican State of Tamaulipas in the southern bank of the river. This area is also known as the Two Laredos or the Laredo Borderplex. The area is made up of one county in the U.S (Webb County in Texas) and three municipalities in Mexico (Nuevo Laredo Municipality in Tamaulipas, Hidalgo Municipality in Coahuila, and Anáhuac Municipality in Nuevo León). Two urban areas (the Laredo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Zona Metropolitana Nuevo Laredo [Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Zone]), three cities, and 12 towns make the Laredo–Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan area. The two sides of the Borderplex are connected by four International Bridges and an International Railway Bridge. The Laredo–Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan area has a total of 636,516 inhabitants according to the INEGI Census of 2010 and the United States Census estimate of 2010. According to World Gazetteer this urban agglomeration ranked 157th largest in North and South America in 2010 with an estimated population of 675,481. This area ranks 66th in the United States and 23rd in Mexico. (Full article...)

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Prostitute, Tijuana

image credit: Tomas Castelazo

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Ángel de Oro in July 2020

Miguel Ángel Chávez Velasco (born August 18, 1988), better known by his ring name Ángel de Oro (Spanish for "Angel of Gold" or "Golden Angel"), is a Mexican professional wrestler who works for the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He is currently a double champion in CMLL, as he is the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Champion and the World Tag Team Champion, both in his first reign.

In 2018, he was defeated in a Luchas de Apuestas (mascara contra mascara; "mask vs. mask") match by El Cuatrero, and was forced to unmask and be identified. He is a second-generation luchador, the son of Apolo Chávez and the brother of the luchador Niebla Roja, who also works for CMLL. From 2008 to 2011, Ángel de Oro was part of a group called Los Ángeles Celestiales ("The Celestial Angels") alongside his brother (then billed as Ángel de Plata) and Ángel Azteca Jr., but after his brother changed his ring persona, that group has been phased out. After many years of portraying a tecnico ("Good guy") wrestling character, Ángel de Oro and his brother turned rudo and aligned themselves with El Terrible, eventually forming Los Nuevos Ingobernables. (Full article...)

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Official portrait, 1982

Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado (Spanish pronunciation: [miˈɣel de la maˈðɾið uɾˈtaðo]; 12 December 1934 – 1 April 2012) was a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) who served as the 59th president of Mexico from 1982 to 1988.

Inheriting a severe economic and financial crisis from his predecessor José López Portillo as a result of the international drop in oil prices and a crippling external debt on which Mexico had defaulted months before he took office, De la Madrid introduced sweeping neoliberal policies to overcome the crisis, beginning an era of market-oriented presidents in Mexico, along with austerity measures involving deep cuts in public spending. In spite of these reforms, De la Madrid's administration continued to be plagued by negative economic growth and inflation for the rest of his term, while the social effects of the austerity measures were particularly harsh on the lower and middle classes, with real wages falling to half of what they were in 1978 and with a sharp rise in unemployment and in the informal economy by the end of his term. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari

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In the news

8 May 2024 –: Rolling blackouts occur in several cities in Mexico amid an ongoing heatwave in the country. (The New York Times)
3 May 2024 –: Mexican authorities locate the bodies of three tourists, one American and two Australians, in Baja California, where they were reported missing in April. Three people have been arrested and are being questioned in relation to the case. (Reuters) (BBC News); U.S. Representative Henry Cuellar is indicted for accepting nearly $600,000 worth of bribes from an Azerbaijan-controlled company and a Mexican bank. (AP)
3 May 2024 – Israel–Hamas war protests: Students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico hold pro-Palestine solidarity encampments and protests. (France24)
29 April 2024 – Ecuador–Mexico relations: 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador; Ecuador files a complaint against Mexico at the International Court of Justice over Mexico's move to grant political asylum to former Ecuadorian vice-president Jorge Glas. (AP)

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In the United States, Mexican Coca-Cola, or Mexican Coke (Spanish: Coca Cola de Vidrio, English: Glass Coca-Cola, or Coca-Cola in a glass bottle) or, informally, "Mexicoke", refers to Coca-Cola produced in and imported from Mexico. The Mexican formula that is exported into the U.S. is sweetened with white sugar instead of the high-fructose corn syrup used in the American formula since the early 1980s. Some tasters have said that Mexican Coca-Cola tastes better, while other blind tasting tests reported no perceptible differences in flavor.

Mexican Coke should not be confused with the domestic version of Coca-Cola sold in Mexico, which since 2017 may contain the artificial sweetener sucralose, with a can containing one-third less sugar than the export product. (Full article...)

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Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 2Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 3Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 4Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from History of Mexico)
Image 5La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt). Miguel Cabrera, around 1700. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 6Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 7Viceroy José de Iturrigaray (from History of Mexico)
Image 8El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 9Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from History of Mexico)
Image 10General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 11Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Olmec colossal (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 14President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 16President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 17A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 19"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk (from History of Mexico)
Image 20Portrait and book by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Baroque poet and writer. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 21President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Plutarco Elías Calles (from History of Mexico)
Image 23Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 26Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 27Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 28Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 29Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 30Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 31President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 32Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 33The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from History of Mexico)
Image 35Liberación (Liberation). Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 36Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 37The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Agustín de Iturbide the first Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 39Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from History of Mexico)
Image 40Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (from History of Mexico)
Image 41Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from History of Mexico)
Image 42Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 43Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 45Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 46La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes). Saturnino Herrán. 1910-1912. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 47A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 49Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 50U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 51"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 52Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 55Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 57Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 58Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 59Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 601985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 61Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 62Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 63The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 64General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 65A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Exconvento (Ex-convent), by José María Velasco. 1860. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 68Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from History of Mexico)

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