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Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

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The years before 1890 featured the pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The North Indian tropical cyclone season has no bounds, but they tend to form between April and December, peaks in May and November. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. Below are the most significant cyclones in the time period. Because much of the North Indian coastline is near sea level and prone to flooding, these cyclones can easily kill many with storm surge and flooding. These cyclones are among the deadliest on earth in terms of numbers killed.

North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons

Before 18th century

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  • 1000 – A cyclone with hurricane force Winds struck North Cinque Island of Andaman Islands.[1]
  • 1480 – A cyclone deepened the channels of Rama's Bridge, making it no longer possible to walk from India to Sri Lanka.[2]
  • 1484 – A cyclone struck the Chittagong Coast of Bangladesh with hurricane force winds, killing 200,000 (Indian system 2,00,000) people.[a][1]
  • 1582 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Sundarbans and West Bengal which killed 200,000 people.[a] The severity lasted about five-hours, with the associated winds and thunderstorm destroying houses and boats along the coast near Bakerganj (presently in Barisal and Patuakhali). Only Hindu temples with a strong foundation were spared.[3]
  • 15 May 1618 – A tropical cyclone impacted Bombay and was described as "disastrous".[4] A Jesuit historian who witnessed the event described the activities of thunderstorms and whirlwind has raised waves so high.[5] This disaster were accompanied with Mumbai earthquake,[6] which resulted in 2,000 deaths.[7][8]
  • 10 November 1681 – A tropical cyclone affected Nagapattinam and many small vessels were lost. 14,000 people died in the storm.[1]
  • 1688 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Sundarbans and West Bengal.[citation needed]
  • September 1698 – A tropical cyclone struck Bombay.[4]
  • 1699 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Sundarbans, killing 60,000 people.[3]

18th century

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  • 18 April 1700 – A tropical cyclone made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, sinking vessels near the coast. One ship bound for Bengal was driven ashore.[1]
  • 30 November 1702 – A tropical cyclone struck Bombay and destroyed all the small boats of the island, and the mango, jack and palm trees were blown down. The wind destroyed almost the whole produce of the island and wrecked the greater part of the shipping. The cyclone was preceded with a plague outbreak.[4]
  • December 1706 – A tropical cyclone made landfall in Andhra Pradesh, killing many people in Kottapalam and the surrounding area.[1]
  • 18 December 1709 – A tropical cyclone struck Tamil Nadu. A large wave caused coastal inundation.[1]
  • 13–14 November 1721 – A tropical cyclone impacted Madras.[citation needed]
  • 7–12 October 1737 – A tropical cyclone impacted the Sundarbans and West Bengal and killed 3,000–300,000 people.[9][10]
  • 9 November 1740 - A tropical cyclone impacted Bombay.[4]
  • 11 September 1742 – A tropical cyclone struck Bombay forcing all the ships at harbour from their anchors. Royal ships called Somerset and Salisbury, were damaged in the tempest. The storm bought great devastation and was described as "The Records state that the gale was so excessive, 'as has not been exceeded in the memory of any one now on the spot'".[11][4]
  • 2 October 1747 – A tropical cyclone crossed the coast near Chennai.[1]
  • 31 October 1752 – A strong tropical cyclone affected Chennai and caused heavy rain lasting several days.[1]
  • 1760 – A tropical cyclone struck Khulna, devastating the coasts of western Bangladesh.[1]
  • 30 December 1760 – A tropical cyclone struck Pondicherry, killing somewhere between 200–11,000 people.[1]
  • 7 March 1762 – A tropical cyclone struck Bombay.[4]
  • 1763 – A tropical cyclone struck Noakhali, washing away people, houses, and cattle.[1]
  • 21 October 1763 – A tropical cyclone crossed the coast near Chennai.[1]
  • 1765 – A tropical cyclone devastated coastal Chittagong.[1]
  • 1767 - A tropical cyclone moved ashore modern-day Bangladesh near Bakerganj.[3] 30,000 people died in the storm.[1]
  • 1776 – A tropical cyclone affected Chittagong.[1]
  • 13 October 1779 – A tropical cyclone struck Masulipatam and killed 20,000.[1]
  • 20 May 1787 – A tropical cyclone struck Coringa (present-day Kakinada) and killed 20,000. Coastal inundation was worsened by tidal flooding.[1]
  • December 1789 – A tropical cyclone impacted Coringa, India and killed 20,000.[12][13]
  • 1789 – A tropical cyclone affected Bangladesh, killing 20,000.[a][1]
  • November 1799 – A tropical cyclone passed over Bombay.[4]

Early 19th century

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  • 1807 – A tropical cyclone impacted West Bengal and killed 90,000 people.[citation needed]
  • 1822 - A cyclone struck Bangladesh and killed 40,000 people.[14]
  • 1831 – An intense tropical cyclone impacted Odisha.[15]
  • October 31, 1831 - A severe cyclonic storm moved ashore Barisal in Bangladesh with a storm surge of 2.12 m (7.0 ft), killing 22,000 people and over 50,000 cattle.[3]
  • 1833 – A tropical cyclone impacted West Bengal and killed around 50,000 people, with a record low of 891 millibars in North Indian Ocean, lowest over Indian Ocean.[16]
  • 15 June 1837 - A cyclone struck Mumbai that destroyed 400 houses.[11]
  • 1847 – A tropical cyclone impacted Bengal where it caused 75,000 human deaths and killed 6000 cattle.[17][3]
  • 1854 - A tropical cyclone struck Bombay causing considerable damage.[4]

1839 India cyclone

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Main article: 1839 Coringa cyclone

A tropical cyclone impacted Andhra Pradesh, India, on 25 November 1839 and killed around 300,000 people.[18]

Late 19th century

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1864 Calcutta cyclone

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Main article: 1864 Calcutta cyclone
The 1864 Calcutta cyclone

On 5 October a powerful cyclone hit near Calcutta, India, killing around 300,100 people.[19] The anemometer in the city was blown away during the cyclone. Over 100 brick homes and tens of thousands of tiled and straw huts were leveled. Most ships in the harbor (172 out of 195) were either damaged or destroyed.[20] The cyclone of 1864 destroyed the ports at Khejuri and Hijli.[21]

November 1867 Great Calcutta cyclone

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The anemometer in the city was blown away during the cyclone. A lack of storm surge minimized the overall damage from this system.[20]

October 1874 Bengal cyclone

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This severe cyclone killed 80,000 people and caused significant damage.[17]

October 1876 Backerganj cyclone

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Main article: 1876 Bengal cyclone

On 31 October a cyclone hit the Meghna River Delta area of India. The storm surge killed 100,000, and the disease after the storm killed another 100,000.[citation needed]

1877 season

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Season summary

1878 season

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Season summary

1879 season

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Season summary

1880 season

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Season summary

June 1885 Aden cyclone

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A cyclone had formed near the Laccadive Islands on 24 May 555 kilometres (345 mi) west of southern India. The SS Mergui encountered the cyclone off the Horn of Africa, 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Socotra on 1 June and reported it stronger than the tropical cyclone which struck Calcutta in 1864. Just before midnight on the night of 1 June the Diomed reported winds of hurricane force and a pressure of 984 millibars (29.1 inHg). The ship Peshawar reported a westerly hurricane at the east end of the Gulf of Aden towards midnight on the night of 2 June. At noon on 3 June the Tantallon reported a pressure of 943 millibars (27.8 inHg) near 12.5N 45.5E. On 3 June the German corvette Augusta, the French dispatch boat Renard, and the British ship SS Speke Hall were lost in the storm in the Gulf of Aden. The system continued westward and shrank in as it moved into the entrance of the Red Sea, crossing the coast of Djibouti. It became the first north Indian ocean tropical cyclone in history to transit the Gulf of Aden with full hurricane intensity and held the record of westernmost landfalling North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone ever.[22]

1885 Odisha cyclone

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An intense cyclone struck Odisha.[15] It killed one person.

1888 Gujarat cyclone

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Main article: 1888 Arabian Sea cyclone

In November a cyclonic storm with hurricane-force winds struck Gujarat causing a ship SS Vaitarna to loss at sea, presumably sunk, killing more than 740 people.[23][24][25][26][27][28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "A new Catalogue of Tropical Cyclones". Researchgate.net. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  2. ^ "Rama's Bridge Between India and Sri Lanka Before 1480 – Brilliant Maps".[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ a b c d e Irin Hossain; Ashekur Rahman Mullick (September 2020). "Cyclone and Bangladesh: A Historical and Environmental Overview from 1582 to 2020". International Medical Journal. 25 (6). Retrieved January 20, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h "'The bay was strewn with shipwrecks': A short history of Mumbai storms in the 18th, 19th centuries". Scroll.in. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  5. ^ "27". Summary of Amitav Ghosh's The Great Derangement (ebook). Everest Media LLC. June 22, 2022. ISBN 9798822539822. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  6. ^ Elsevier Science (September 15, 2013). F. Shroder Jr, J.; Sorkhabi, Rasoul (eds.). Earthquake Hazard, Risk and Disasters. 9780123964724. p. 110. ISBN 9780123964724. Retrieved 25 November 2023. cyclones as earthquakes, as has occurred in Mumbai in 1618 and Kolkata in 1737 (Bilham, 1994; Bilham and Gaur, 2013).
  7. ^ Thomas Belden Butler (1856). "The Weather". The Philosophy of the Weather And a Guide to Its Changes (ebook). D. Appleton; Originally from the Bavarian State Library. p. 243. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  8. ^ Hamilton Lanphere Smith; American Association for the Advancement of Science; Cleveland Academy of Natural Science (1853). The Annals of Science Being a Record of Inventions and Improvements in Applied Science · Volumes 1-2. Southern Regional Library Facility Universitas California. p. 187. Retrieved 25 November 2023. 1618 , May 26. Bombay . Hurricane and earthquakes , 2000 lives lost . " --
  9. ^ "Historical records of 12 most devastating cyclones, which formed in the Bay of Bengal and made landfall on the East coast of India". National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project. Archived from the original on June 5, 2010. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  10. ^ Bilham, Roger (1 October 1994). "The 1737 Calcutta earthquake and cyclone evaluated" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 84 (5): 1650–1657. Bibcode:1994BuSSA..84.1650B. doi:10.1785/BSSA0840051650. S2CID 130396862.
  11. ^ a b Sharmila Ganesan Ram. "Bombay's tryst with cyclones". The Times of India. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  12. ^ "Frightful Cyclone at Masulipatam". Bell's Life in Sydney and Sporting Chronicle. 4 February 1865. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  13. ^ Yashwanth Ramesh Gollapinni (17 January 2024). "Coringa, a bustling port city of Andhra lost in historic cyclone". dakshinapatha.com. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
  14. ^ Damen, Michiel. "Cyclone Hazard in Bangladesh". Academia.edu. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b P. Chittibabu; S. K. Dube; J. B. Macnabb; T. S. Murty; A. D. Rao; U. C. Mohanty; P. C. Sinha (February 2004). "Mitigation of Flooding and Cyclone Hazard in Orissa, India". Natural Hazards. 31 (2): 455–485. Bibcode:2004NatHa..31..455C. doi:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000023362.26409.22. ISSN 0921-030X. S2CID 129718601.
  16. ^ Longshore, David (2010-05-12). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones, New Edition. Infobase. ISBN 9781438118796.
  17. ^ a b Dipankar C. Patnaik; N. Sivagnanam (November 2007). "Disaster Vulnerability of Coastal States: A Short Case Study of Orissa, India". Social Science Research Network: 4. SSRN 1074845.
  18. ^ "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF). NOAA. April 6, 2008. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  19. ^ Gastrell, J. E.; Henry F. Blanford (1866). Report On The Calcutta Cyclone Of The 5th October 1864. Calcutta: Government Of Bengal. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
  20. ^ a b "Calcutta". 1902 Encyclopedia. 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
  21. ^ "Cyclones and floods at Contai (page 4)". contai.info. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2011-08-02.
  22. ^ David Membery (July 2002). "Monsoon Tropical Cyclones: Part 2". Weather. 57 (7). Royal Meteorological Society: 247–255. Bibcode:2002Wthr...57..246M. doi:10.1256/004316502760195911.
  23. ^ Ved, Mahendra (23 April 2012). "India, too, had sinking of 'Vilji' 124 years ago". New Straits Times. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2015.
  24. ^ Vashi, Ashish (6 May 2010). "Gujarat saw a Titanic in 1888". The Times of India. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  25. ^ Khambhayata, Lalit (2012-04-03). "સવાસો વર્ષ પહેલાં ડૂબેલી ગુજરાતી 'ટાઈટેનિક'હાજી કાસમની વીજળી!". Sandesh Gujarati Newspaper (in Gujarati). Retrieved 2015-06-05.
  26. ^ Ramavat, Shishir (13 November 2013). "ટેક ઓફ : હાજી કાસમ તારી વીજળી વેરણ થઈ". Sandesh (Ardhsaptahik) (in Gujarati). Retrieved 3 June 2015.
  27. ^ Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Edward Stanford. 1892. p. 228.
  28. ^ Pathak, Maulik (2012-08-13). "Old man and the sea". livemint.com/. Retrieved 2015-06-05.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c A 2014 study[1] considers this reported round figure to be unrealistic.

General references

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  • "Cyclone, Hurricane, White squall, Typhoon.". The Cyclopaedia of Indian And Of Eastern And Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial, and Scientific, 3rd Edition. Vol. I. London: Bernard Quaritch. 1885. pp. 866–868. Retrieved 2009-08-15.
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