Protohermes grandis
| Protohermes grandis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Protohermes grandis | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Megaloptera |
| Family: | Corydalidae |
| Genus: | Protohermes |
| Species: | P. grandis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Protohermes grandis (Thunberg, 1781)
| |
Protohermes grandis is a species of dobsonfly occurring in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, as well as South and North America, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, and New Zealand.[1] They are closely related to P. immaculatus.[2] They are the smallest species of Protohermes fly.[2]
Ecology/Description
[edit]P. grandis flies live in various ecosystems, ranging from streams to flatlands to forests to mountains.[3] Larvae live in clear water (ex. in streams).[3] They range in length from about 36 to 40 millimetres long and have a skinny body with 4 large wings.[3] The body is light yellow-brown in color, with the wings bearing yellow spots.[3] They are nocturnal, flying at night and resting during the day.[4]
Life history/lifecycle
[edit]P. grandis, as well as all other megalopterans, have larvae that live in aquatic environments, most often freshwater environments.[5] The larval life stage is fairly long (around 1 to 3 years), while the adult life stage is relatively short (around 4 to 7 days).[5] The life stage duration varies depending on the type of aquatic environment they live in.[6]
Behaviors
[edit]Feeding/foraging
[edit]Adult P. grandis flies feed on the nectar inside Japanese chestnut flowers, usually at night.[7] P. grandis fly larvae tend to eat larger prey as they grow and large larvae tend to avoid smaller prey, despite the fact that smaller prey can be found year-round.[8] However, when only small prey are available to eat, the size of the P. larvae decreases as they enter the pupal stage of the lifecycle, resulting in dwarfism.[9] P. grandis fly larvae utilize an "ambush" method of foraging, hiding and remaining motionless, which helps them avoid being attacked by predators.[10]
Reproductive
[edit]Eggs laid by female P. grandis flies are coated with substances secreted from glands in the female fly.[4] This prevents the eggs from being attacked by egg-eating predaceous animals such as ladybird beetles.[4] The various colors of the substances secreted by the female flies aids in crypsis of the eggs, causing them to blend into the surroundings and making them harder for predators to detect.[4]
Reproduction
[edit]P. grandis flies are sexually dimorphic, with male flies possessing spermatophores that they attach to the female fly during copulation.[11] This has a positive effect on reproductive output of the female fly.[11] Male P. grandis flies do not possess enlarged mandibles used to fight other males, but the mandibles are present in other P. species.[11] P. grandis flies require several days between subsequent matings, due to heavy investment of the spermatophore, compared to other species of Protohermes fly.[8]
Other uses
[edit]P. grandis flies are used to treat various lung, gut, and stomach problems.[12] They also have been used in traditional Japanese medicine.[13] Additionally, because P. grandis flies live in aquatic environments which are often polluted by things such as domestic sewage, they are used as indicators to assess water cleanliness in freshwater environments.[5] They are also used to assess things such as heavy metal contamination in rivers.[1] P. grandis flies are also sold in Japan as food souvenirs (zazamushi).[14] As well, extract from P. grandis flies has been shown to benefit the reproduction of mice, resulting in increased litter sizes and increased survival of offspring.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Ii, H.; Nishida, A. (2021). "EFFECTIVENESS OF USING RIVER INSECT LARVAE AS AN INDEX OF CU, ZN AND AS CONTAMINATIONS IN RIVERS, JAPAN". International Journal of Geomate. 12: 153–159.
- ^ a b Liu, X.; Hayashi, F.; Yang, D. (2006). "Systematics of the Protohermes xanthodes species-group in eastern Asia (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)". Entomological Science. 9: 399–409.
- ^ a b c d "Protohermes grandis (Dobsonfly) | Treasures of Mt. Takao | TAKAO 599 MUSEUM". www.takao599museum.jp. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
- ^ a b c d Yu, P.; Cao, C.; Liu, X.; Hayashi, F. (2023). "Adults of Alderflies, Fishflies, and Dobsonflies (Megaloptera) Expel Meconial Fluid When Disturbed". Insects. 14: 86.
- ^ a b c Wen, F.; Yang, J.; Huang, X.; Huang, X. (2022). "Analysis of Differential Gene Expression of the Aquatic Insect Protohermes costalis (Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Response to Cadmium Exposure". Environmental Entomology. 51: 815–823.
- ^ Takeuchi, Y.; Yamada, T. (2000). "Life History of the Dobsonfly Protohermes grandis in 4 Streams in Hyogo Prefecture, Western Japan". Japanese Journal of Limnology. 61: 241–250.
- ^ Suguira, N.; Shikata, K.; Miyazaki, S. (2023). "Notes on the foraging habits of adult Protohermes dobsonflies (Megaloptera: Corydalidae): Further evidence for anthophilous megalopterans". Entomological Science. 26: e12542.
- ^ a b Hayashi, F. (1993). "Male mating costs in two insect species (Protohermes, Megaloptera) that produce large spermatophores". Animal Behaviour. 45: 343–349.
- ^ Hayashi, F. (1994). Insect Life-Cycle Polymorphism. Springer.
- ^ "Radio Tracking and Activity Monitoring of the Dobsonfly Larva, Protohermes grandis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2024-12-04.
- ^ a b c Liu, X.; Hayashi, F.; Lavine, L.; Yang, D. (2015). "Is diversification in male reproductive traits driven by evolutionary tradeoffs between weapons and nuptial gifts?". Proceedings of Royal Society B. 282: 1–9.
- ^ Siddiqui, S.; Li, C.; Aidoo, O.; Fernando, I.; Haddad, M.; Pereira, J.; Blinov, A.; Golik, A.; Camara, J. (2023). "Unravelling the potential of insects for medicinal purposes – A comprehensive review" (PDF). Heliyon. 9: 1–37.
- ^ Tanaka, R.; Oda, M. (2009). "Cyclic Dipeptide of D-Ornithine obtained from the dobsonfly Protohermes grandis Thunberg". Bioscience, Biotechnology, & Biochemistry. 73: 1669–1670.
- ^ Césard, N.; Komatsu, S.; Iwata, A. (2015). "Processing insect abundance: trading and fishing of zazamushi in Central Japan (Nagano Prefecture, Honshū Island)". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11: 78.
- ^ Dong-me, Yang (2014). "Effects of Protohermes grandis Extract on Growth and Reproduction of Mice". Natural Product Research and Development.