Sadistic personality disorder
| Sadistic personality disorder | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Illustration showing the pleasure that sadistic people often have from hurting someone | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
| Symptoms | Cruelty, manipulation using fear, preoccupation with violence |
| Complications | Substance use disorder, marital, occupational and legal difficulties |
| Usual onset | Adolescence |
| Causes | Unclear |
| Risk factors | Childhood abuse |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms |
| Differential diagnosis | Antisocial personality disorder and Sexual sadism disorder |
| Personality disorders |
|---|
| Cluster A (odd) |
| Cluster B (dramatic) |
| Cluster C (anxious) |
| Not otherwise specified |
| Depressive |
| Others |
Sadistic personality disorder is an obsolete term for a proposed personality disorder defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior. People who fitted this diagnosis were thought to have a desire to control others and to have accomplished this through use of physical or emotional violence. The diagnosis proposal appeared in the appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R),[1] however it was never put to use in clinical settings and later versions of the DSM (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR, and DSM-5) had it removed. Among other reasons, psychiatrists believed it would be used to legally excuse sadistic behavior.
Comorbidity with other personality disorders
[edit]Sadistic personality disorder was thought to have been frequently comorbid with other personality disorders, primarily other types of psychopathological disorders.[2] In contrast, sadism has also been found in patients who do not display any or other forms of psychopathic disorders.[3] Conduct disorder in childhood, and Alcohol use disorder were thought to have been frequently comorbid with Sadistic personality disorder.[2][4] Researchers had difficulty distinguishing sadistic personality disorder from the other personality disorders due to high levels of comorbidity, hence another reason why it was eventually removed.[2]
Diagnostic criteria
[edit]According to the DSM-III-R, the diagnostic criteria were defined by a pervasive pattern of sadistic and cruel behavior that began in early adulthood. It was defined by four of the following.
- Has used physical cruelty or violence for the purpose of establishing dominance in a relationship (not merely to achieve some noninterpersonal goal, such as striking someone in order to rob him/her).
- Humiliates or demeans people in the presence of others.
- Has treated or disciplined someone under his/her control unusually harshly.
- Is amused by, or takes pleasure in, the psychological or physical suffering of others (including animals).
- Has lied for the purpose of harming or inflicting pain on others (not merely to achieve some other goal).
- Gets other people to do what he/she wants by frightening them (through intimidation or even terror).
- Restricts the autonomy of people with whom he or she has a close relationship, e.g., will not let spouse leave the house unaccompanied or permit teenage daughter to attend social functions.
- Is fascinated by violence, weapons, injury, or torture.
This behavior couldn’t have been better explained by sexual sadism disorder and it had to have been directed towards more than one person.[5]: 371
Differential diagnosis
[edit]| Diagnosis | Reason |
|---|---|
| Sexual Sadism Disorder | Sexual sadists will engage in sadistic behavior, however they do so for sexual pleasure, while people with Sadistic personality disorder do so for regular pleasure and to control others.[5]: 370 |
| Antisocial personality disorder | The diagnosis of Antisocial personality disorder requires a history of conduct issues in adolescence and childhood. While the diagnosis of sadistic personality disorder does not.[5]: 371 |
Millon's subtypes
[edit]Theodore Millon claimed there were four subtypes of sadism, which he termed enforcing sadism, explosive sadism, spineless sadism, and tyrannical sadism.[6][7][8][9][10]
| Subtype | Description | Personality traits |
|---|---|---|
| Spineless sadism | Including avoidant features | Insecure, bogus, and cowardly; venomous dominance and cruelty is counterphobic; weakness counteracted by group support; public swaggering; selects powerless scapegoats. |
| Tyrannical sadism | Including negativistic features | Relishes menacing and brutalizing others, forcing them to cower and submit; verbally cutting and scathing, accusatory and destructive; intentionally surly, abusive, inhumane, unmerciful. |
| Enforcing sadism | Including compulsive features | Hostility sublimated in the "public interest," cops, "bossy" supervisors, deans, judges; possesses the "right" to be pitiless, merciless, coarse, and barbarous; task is to control and punish, to search out rule breakers. |
| Explosive sadism | Including borderline features | Unpredictably precipitous outbursts and fury; uncontrollable rage and fearsome attacks; feelings of humiliation are pent-up and discharged; subsequently contrite. |
History
[edit]Sadistic personality disorder was developed as forensic psychiatrists had noticed many patients with sadistic behavior. It was introduced to the DSM in 1987 and it was placed in the DSM-III-R as a way to facilitate further systematic clinical study and research.[11] It was removed from the DSM for numerous reasons, including the fact it could be used to legally excuse sadistic acts. Sadistic personality disorder also shared a high rate of comorbidity with other disorders, implying that it was not a distinct disorder on its own.[12][13] Millon writes that "Physically abusive, sadistic personalities are most often male, and it was felt that any such diagnosis might have the paradoxical effect of legally excusing cruel behavior."[14] Researchers were also concerned about the stigmatizing nature of the disorder, and that it put patients at higher risk of abuse from prison guards.[15][16] Theorists like Theodore Millon wanted to generate further study on SPD, and so proposed it to the DSM-IV Personality Disorder Work Group, who rejected it.[6]
Sub-clinical sadism in personality psychology
[edit]There is renewed interest in studying sadism as a personality trait.[17][18] Sadism joins with subclinical psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism to form the so-called "dark tetrad’ of personality.[17][19]
See also
[edit]- Antisocial personality disorder, a personality disorder characterized by a long term pattern of disregard for, or violation of, the rights of others
- Bullying
- Evil Genes
- Malignant narcissism
- Psychopathy
- Sadism and masochism
- Schadenfreude
- Self-defeating personality disorder (masochistic personality disorder)
- Sexual sadism disorder
- Zoosadism
- Sociopathy
References
[edit]- ^ Hucker, Stephen J. Sadistic Personality Disorder
- ^ a b c "Sadistic Personality Disorder and Comorbid Mental Illness in Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients". Jaapl.org. 2006-01-01. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ Reidy; Zeichner; Seibert (2011). "Unprovoked Aggression: Effects of Psychopathic Traits and Sadism". Journal of Personality. 79 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00691.x. PMID 21223265.
- ^ Reich, James (1993). "Prevalence and characteristics of sadistic personality disorder in an outpatient veterans population". Psychiatry Research. 48 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90077-T. PMID 8272448. S2CID 24066628.
- ^ a b c Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-III-R. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 1987. ISBN 978-0-89042-018-8.
- ^ a b Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV and Beyond, p. 482
- ^ Theodore Millon; Carrie M. Millon; Sarah Meagher (June 12, 2012). Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Seth Grossman, Rowena Ramnath. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 512–515. ISBN 978-1-118-42881-8.
- ^ Million, Theodore, D.Sc. "Personality Subtypes: Sadistic Personality Subtypes". Institute for Advanced Studies in Personology and Psychopathology. Archived from the original on 2017-06-21. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "The Sadistic Personality, Variations of the Sadistic Personality". Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2018-09-22. ALPF Medical Research
- ^ Theodore Millon; et al. (8 November 2004). Personality Disorders in Modern Life (2nd ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-66850-3.
- ^ Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology, p. 744
- ^ McNamara, Damian (2004-04-01). "Proposals for DSM-V need high evidence threshold: diagnostic research conferences planned". Clinical Psychiatry News. 32 (4): 1–3.
- ^ Fink, Paul J. (2006-09-01). "Treating antisocial personality disorder". Clinical Psychiatry News. 34 (9): 18–19.
- ^ Personality Disorders in Modern Life 2nd Ed. p.512.
- ^ Foulkes, Lucy (March 13, 2019). "Sadism: Review of an elusive construct". psyarxiv.com. Archived from the original on 2022-07-24. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
- ^ Sprock, J. (2015). DSM-III and DSM-III-R. In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology (eds R.L. Cautin and S.O. Lilienfeld).
- ^ a b Buckels, E. E.; Jones, D. N.; Paulhus, D. L. (2013). "Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism". Psychological Science. 24 (11): 2201–9. doi:10.1177/0956797613490749. PMID 24022650. S2CID 30675346.
- ^ O'Meara, A; Davies, J; Hammond, S. (2011). "The psychometric properties and utility of the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale (SSIS)". Psychological Assessment. 23 (2): 523–531. doi:10.1037/a0022400. PMID 21319907.
- ^ Chabrol H.; Van Leeuwen, N.; Rodgers, R. & Sejourne, N. (2009). "Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency". Personality and Individual Differences. 47 (7): 734–739. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.06.020. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2016-08-14.
- Blaney, P. H., Millon, T. (2009). Oxford Textbook of Psychopathology. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Davis, R., Millon, T. (2000). Personality Disorders in Modern Life. Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Livesley, J. (1995). The DSM-IV Personality Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Million, T. (1996). Disorders of Personality DSM-IV and Beyond. New York: Wiley-Interscience Publication.
- Myers W.C.; Burket R.C.; Husted D.S. (2006). "Sadistic personality disorder and comorbid mental illness in adolescent psychiatric inpatients". Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online. 34 (1): 61–71. PMID 16585236. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15.
- Pacana, G. (2011, March 2). Sadists and sadistic personality disorder.
- Reich J (1992). "Prevalence and characteristics of sadistic personality disorder in an outpatient veterans population". Psychiatry Research. 48 (3): 267–276. doi:10.1016/0165-1781(93)90077-t. PMID 8272448. S2CID 24066628.
External links
[edit]- "Provisional Psychological Profile of Washington, D.C.-Area Sniper" provides some theoretical descriptions of the sadistic personality, which, in addition to being a "white man", were traits concluded by the author to describe the D.C. sniper attacks shooter.