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Sanctuary (1961 film)

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Sanctuary
Directed byTony Richardson
Written by
Based onSanctuary and Requiem for a Nun
by William Faulkner
Produced byDarryl F. Zanuck
Starring
CinematographyEllsworth Fredericks
Edited byRobert L. Simpson
Music byAlex North
Distributed by20th Century Fox
Release date
  • April 18, 1961 (1961-04-18)
Running time
90 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$1,915,000[1]

Sanctuary is a 1961 drama film directed by Tony Richardson. The film, based on the William Faulkner novels Sanctuary (1931) and Requiem for a Nun (1951), is about the black maid of a white woman who kills the latter's newborn in order to give her employer a way out of a predicament, and then faces the death penalty.[2]

Plot

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In 1928, in the county of Yoknapatawpha, Mississippi, Nancy Mannigoe, a 30-year-old black woman, is condemned to death for the willful murder of the infant son of her white employer Mrs. Gowan Stevens, the former Temple Drake. On the eve of the scheduled execution, Temple tries to save Nancy by telling her father, the governor, of the events leading up to the murder.

Six years earlier, Temple was a pleasure-loving college girl carrying on a flirtatious romance with young Gowan Stevens. One night, Gowan got drunk and took her to a backwoods still where she was raped by Candy Man, a Cajun bootlegger. The next morning, although in a state of semi-shock, she willingly submitted to more of his lovemaking, and then agreed to live with him in a New Orleans brothel. Nancy became her personal maid, and Temple reveled in her new life, until Candy Man was reported killed in an auto accident and Temple was forced to go home. Marriage to Gowan followed; but for Temple it was a dull life, and she hired Nancy as a servant to remind her of the brothel life she had loved so much. Suddenly, Candy Man returned, and Temple decided to abandon her home and marriage and once more run off with him. To bring Temple to her senses and prevent her from ruining her life, Nancy sacrificed the infant child by smothering it to death.

Though shocked by the candor of his daughter's confession, the governor is unable to grant a pardon for Nancy. The next morning Temple visits Nancy in her cell. As the two women beg each other's forgiveness, Temple realizes that it is only through Nancy's sacrifice that she has been able to find salvation.

E. Pauline Degenfelder of Worcester Public Schools estimated that thirty percent of the plot takes place in the present time with the remainder in flashback; of that seventy percent flashback material, she attributed forty percent to the original novel, eight percent to the sequel novel, and the remainder to "a transition between Sanctuary and Requiem".[3] The Lee Goodwin/Tommy element is not included.[4] A car accident was used as a plot device for Temple to be discovered as, due to the absence of the aforementioned element,[5] Horace Benbow is not in this version and therefore cannot track her down.[6]

Cast

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  • Lee Remick as Temple Drake
    • Even though Temple is formally known as "Mrs. Gowan Stevens", she still calls herself by her maiden name. Gene D. Phillips of Loyola University of Chicago stated that internally she still perceives herself to be "an irresponsible adolescent" and undeserving of a reputation of being a responsible wife.[5] Degenfelder argued that this film does not have a consistent Temple as it tried but failed to reconcile the two different Temples from the novels, and that the resulting character was "weak".[3] In addition, while that film was, according to the reviewer, trying to have a dual nature like with the first film, she felt that Temple is "unconvincing" in the "vamp" role.[7]
  • Odetta as Nancy Mannigoe
    • Phillips described the character as "the focal point of the entire action of the combined stories."[4] In the portions adapted from the first novel, Nancy takes the role originally used by the character Ruby Lamar. This film works in a foreshadowing where Nancy says that Candy Man's still building is not suitable for a child to live in, which plays into the later scene where Nancy kills Temple's child to prevent the baby from being corrupted.[8]
  • Yves Montand as Candy Man
    • He is an amalgamation of characters from both source novels: Popeye, Red, and Pete (Red's brother).[3] Phillips wrote that Candy's "French accent gives him an exotic quality" attracting Temple to him; the film has the character originate in New Orleans to match the change.[9] Phillips stated that the merging of Pete into Candy Man means the film is made "more tightly into a continuous narrative" from the plots of the two original works, and also that the film does not have to make efforts to establish a new character towards the film's end.[10] According to Degenfelder, the new character name is a reference to his sexual allure and his job illegally transporting alcohol, as "candy" also referred to alcohol.[8] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that Candy Man sounds like Charles Boyer.[11]
  • Bradford Dillman as Gowan Stevens
  • Harry Townes as Ira Bobbitt
  • Howard St. John as Governor Drake
    • He is an amalgamation of the governor and Judge Drake (Temple's father) from the original works.[3] Phillips wrote that making the governor her father is "possibly to explain quickly and plausibly her easy access to a man in this position".[4]
  • Jean Carson as Norma
  • Reta Shaw as Miss Reba
  • Strother Martin as Dog Boy
  • William Mims as Lee
  • Marge Redmond as Flossie
  • Jean Bartel as Swede

Horace Benbow, Lee Goodwin, and Tommy do not appear in this version.[4]

Degenfelder wrote that the merging of characters results in "ludicrous coincidence" being a feature of the plot.[3]

Production

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Richard D. Zanuck produced the film.[12] He made it an adaptation of both Faulkner novels because there were more commercial opportunities and because he believed the sequel novel alone could not be properly adapted into a film.[13] Zanuck acquired the filming rights to both novels, and as part of this he spent $75,000 on the rights to The Story of Temple Drake as he was required to do so to get the said rights to the original novel.[3]

James Poe wrote the script,[11] using an outline and prologue made by Zanuck because the latter was unable to contact Faulkner through employees sent to visit the author.[3]

Richardson stated that he wished to work on the film partly due to the depiction of the 1920s and 1930s United States in the original script, but he disliked the editing process for American films at the time and therefore he disliked the completed film.[9]

Reception

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Phillips characterized the reaction from the general audiences and from film critics as "lukewarm".[9]

Crowther wrote that the film "no more reflects or comprehends the evil in the Faulkner stories or the social corruption suggested in them than did" the previous adaptation, and that Sanctuary was a "melodrama of the most mechanical and meretricious sort" that lacked the explanation for Temple's behavior.[11] Crowther praised Remick's acting.[11]

Degenfelder argued that the source material was poorly combined and adapted, with the work "woefully deficient in movement", resulting in "an artistic disaster".[3] In addition she felt this version was misogynistic.[7]

Phillips argued that the film does have "much of the flavor of Faulkner" and that it would be difficult to depict the original novel's events in a film that would be acceptable for general audiences.[9] Phillips argued that the black and white filming, versus color, was "in keeping with the stark atmosphere of Faulkner's somber tale."[9]

See also

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Works cited

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  • Degenfelder, E. Pauline (Winter 1976). "The Four Faces of Temple Drake: Faulkner's Sanctuary, Requiem for a Nun, and the Two Film Adaptations". American Quarterly. 28 (5): 544–560. doi:10.2307/2712288. JSTOR 2712288.
  • Phillips, Gene D. (Summer 1973). "Faulkner And The Film: The Two Versions Of "Sanctuary"". Literature/Film Quarterly. 1 (2). Salisbury University: 263–273. JSTOR 43795435.
  • Phillips, Gene D. (2001). Fiction, Film, and Faulkner: The Art of Adaptation. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1572331662.

References

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  1. ^ Solomon, Aubrey (1989). Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1.
  2. ^ "Sanctuary (1961)". Turner Classic Move Database.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Degenfelder 1976, p. 554.
  4. ^ a b c d e Phillips 1973, p. 269: Note that the article says "Ira Stevens" is the new name even though credits state the name is "Ira Bobbitt".
  5. ^ a b Phillips 2001, p. 82.
  6. ^ Phillips 1973, pp. 269–270.
  7. ^ a b Degenfelder 1976, p. 555.
  8. ^ a b Phillips 2001, p. 80.
  9. ^ a b c d e Phillips 1973, p. 271.
  10. ^ Phillips 2001, pp. 82-83.
  11. ^ a b c d Crowther, Bosley (February 22, 1961). "The Screen: 'Sanctuary':Adaptation of Faulkner Novels Has Premiere". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  12. ^ Degenfelder 1976, p. 553.
  13. ^ Degenfelder 1976, pp. 553–554.
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