Scombridae
| Scombridae Temporal range:
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scombriformes |
| Suborder: | Scombroidei |
| Family: | Scombridae Rafinesque, 1815 |
| Subfamilies | |
The mackerel, tuna, and bonito family, Scombridae, includes many of the most important and familiar food fishes. The family consists of 51 species in 15 genera and two subfamilies. All species are in the subfamily Scombrinae, except the butterfly kingfish, which is the sole member of subfamily Gasterochismatinae.[1]
Scombrids have two dorsal fins and a series of finlets behind the rear dorsal fin and anal fin. The caudal fin is strongly divided and rigid, with a slender, ridged base. The first (spiny) dorsal fin and the pelvic fins are normally retracted into body grooves. Species lengths vary from the 20 cm (7.9 in) of the island mackerel to the 4.58 m (15.0 ft) recorded for the immense Atlantic bluefin tuna.
Scombrids are generally predators of the open ocean, and are found worldwide in tropical and temperate waters. They are capable of considerable speed, due to a highly streamlined body and retractable fins. Some members of the family, in particular the tunas, are notable for being partially endothermic (warm-blooded), a feature that also helps them to maintain high speed and activity. Other adaptations include a large amount of red muscle, allowing them to maintain activity over long periods. Scombrids like the yellowfin tuna can reach speeds of 22 km/h (14 mph).[2]
Classification
[edit]Jordan, Evermann, and Clark (1930) divide these fishes into the four families: Cybiidae, Katsuwonidae, Scombridae, and Thunnidae,[3] but taxonomists later classified them all into a single family, the Scombridae.[4][5]
The World Wildlife Fund and the Zoological Society of London jointly issued their "Living Blue Planet Report" on 16 September 2015 which states that a dramatic fall of 74% occurred in worldwide stocks of scombridae fish between 1970 and 2010, and the global overall "population sizes of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish fell by half on average in just 40 years".[6]
Extant genera
[edit]The 51 extant species are in 15 genera and two subfamilies – with the subfamily Scombrinae further grouped into four tribes, as:
- Family Scombridae
- Subfamily Gasterochismatinae
- Genus Gasterochisma
- Subfamily Scombrinae
- Tribe Scombrini – mackerels
- Genus Rastrelliger
- Genus Scomber
- Tribe Scomberomorini – Spanish mackerels
- Genus Acanthocybium
- Genus Grammatorcynus
- Genus Orcynopsis
- Genus Scomberomorus
- Tribe Sardini – bonitos
- Genus Sarda
- Genus Cybiosarda
- Genus Gymnosarda
- Tribe Thunnini – tunas
- Genus Allothunnus
- Genus Auxis
- Genus Euthynnus
- Genus Katsuwonus
- Genus Thunnus
- Tribe Scombrini – mackerels
Fossil genera
[edit]The following fossil genera are known:[7]
- Genus †Aramichthys (fossil; middle Eocene of Syria)[8]
- Genus †Eoscomber (fossil; early Eocene of Senegal)
- Genus †Eoscombrus (fossil; late Eocene of California)[9]
- Genus †Godsilia (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
- Genus †Landanichthys (fossil; middle Paleocene of Angola)[10]
- Genus †Palaeocybium (fossil; Eocene to Oligocene of the United States and parts of Europe)
- Genus †Pseudauxides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
- Genus †Scombrinus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
- Genus †Thunnoscomberoides (fossil; early Eocene of Italy)
- Genus †Wetherellus (fossil; early Eocene of England)
- Subfamily Scombrinae
- Tribe †Eocoelopomini
- †Eocoelopoma (early Eocene of England & Turkmenistan)
- †Palaeothunnus (early Eocene of Turkmenistan)
- Tribe Scombrini
- †Auxides (early Eocene of Senegal, Turkemenistan, much of Europe, and California)
- Tribe †Eocoelopomini
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Orrell, T.M.; Collette, B.B; Johnson, G.D. (2006). "Molecular data support separate Scombroid and Xiphioid Clades" (PDF). Bulletin of Marine Science. 79 (3): 505–519. Retrieved 28 October 2012.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Svendsen, Morten B. S.; Domenici, Paolo; Marras, Stefano; Krause, Jens; Boswell, Kevin M.; Rodriguez-Pinto, Ivan; Wilson, Alexander D. M.; Kurvers, Ralf H. J. M.; Viblanc, Paul E.; Finger, Jean S.; Steffensen, John F. (2016-10-15). "Maximum swimming speeds of sailfish and three other large marine predatory fish species based on muscle contraction time and stride length: a myth revisited". Biology Open. 5 (10): 1415–1419. doi:10.1242/bio.019919. ISSN 2046-6390. PMC 5087677. PMID 27543056.
- ^ David Starr Jordan, Barton Warren Evermann and H. Walton Clark (1930). Report of the Commission for 1928. U.S. Commission for Fish and Fisheries, Washington, D.C.
- ^ "Gasterochisma melampus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 18 April 2006.
- ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Family Scombridae". FishBase. January 2006 version.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2015-09-16.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "PBDB Taxon". paleobiodb.org. Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (France); naturelle (France), Muséum national d'histoire (1959). Notes et mémoires sur le Moyen-Orient. Vol. t.7 (1959). Paris: Muséum national d'histoire naturelle.
- ^ David, Lorre R. (1946). "Some Typical Upper Eogene Fish Scales from California". Contributions to Paleontology. IV.
- ^ Friedman, Matt; V. Andrews, James; Saad, Hadeel; El-Sayed, Sanaa (2023-06-16). "The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying "Patterson's Gap" in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018". Geologica Belgica. doi:10.20341/gb.2023.002. ISSN 1374-8505.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Scombridae at Wikimedia Commons- Skaphandrus.com Scombridae
