Silbo Gomero
| Silbo Gomero | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Native to | Spain |
| Region | La Gomera |
Native speakers | 22,000 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero | |
|---|---|
| Country | Spain |
| Reference | 00172 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2009 (4th session) |
| List | Representative |
Silbo Gomero (Spanish: silbo gomero [ˈsilβo ɣoˈmeɾo], "Gomeran whistle"), also known as el silbo ("the whistle"), is a whistled register of Spanish used by inhabitants of La Gomera in the Canary Islands, historically used to communicate across the deep ravines and narrow valleys that radiate through the island. It enabled messages to be exchanged over a distance of up to five kilometres.[1] Due to its loudness, Silbo Gomero is generally used for public communication. Messages conveyed range from event invitations to public information advisories.[2] A speaker of Silbo Gomero is sometimes called a silbador ("whistler").
Silbo Gomero is a transposition of Spanish from speech to whistling. This oral phoneme-whistled phoneme substitution emulates Spanish phonology through a reduced set of whistled phonemes.[3] In 2009, UNESCO declared it a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity.[4]
History
[edit]
Little is known of the original Guanche language or the languages of the Canaries, but it is assumed that their phonological system must have been simple enough to allow an efficient whistled language.[1]: 9–10 Used by the island's original inhabitants, the Guanches, the whistled language existed before the arrival of Spanish settlers and was also spoken on el Hierro, Tenerife, and Gran Canaria. Silbo was adapted to Spanish during the Spanish settlement in the 16th century and was widely spoken throughout the period into the following 17th century.[citation needed] In 1976 Silbo barely remained on el Hierro, where it had flourished at the end of the 19th century.[1]: 8 Use of the language declined in the 1950s, one factor being the economic decline, which led many speakers to move away to seek better jobs.[5] Technological developments such as the telephone played a part in reducing the practicality and utility of the language. The language's earlier survival had been due to its role in overcoming distance and terrain, in addition to the ease with which it is learned by native speakers.[1]: 8 Most significantly, from the 1960s to 1980s, many people turned away from agriculture and so many middle-class families did not want their children to speak the language as it was negatively associated with the rural peasants.
In the late 1990s, language revitalization efforts began and initiatives from within the community started. By 1999, the revitalization of Silbo Gomero was furthered by education policies and other legislative measures. It now has official protection as an example of intangible cultural heritage.
Speakers
[edit]Many people in La Gomera speak Silbo Gomero, but their expression of the language deviates in minor ways that show the speaker's origins. According to a 2009 UNESCO report, all of La Gomera's inhabitants understand the language, but only those born before 1950 and the younger generations who attended school since 1999 can speak it.[4] Those born before 1950 were taught the language by their elders in their homes, and those who attended or are attending school since 1999 were taught it formally in school. Those born between 1950 and 1980 understand the language but are unable to speak it, as the language was hardly used and negatively viewed during their time of language acquisition.[4]
Revitalization
[edit]When this medium of communication was endangered in the late 20th century, revitalization efforts were generated at both community level and governmental level. A combination of initiatives from the La Gomeran community and policies implemented by the authorities saw Silbo Gomero being revitalized and maintained as a cultural asset. These revitalization efforts were well-documented by UNESCO as part of the proceedings for the selection of the 2009 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.[4]
Community initiatives
[edit]In a bid to preserve Silbo Gomero for the island's youth, expert whistlers sought to obtain authorization, which enabled them to teach the language on a free and voluntary basis at a dedicated centre. This initiative by the senior islanders garnered encouraging responses, with parent-teacher associations extending it to all schools. The first of many revitalization measures was thus adopted at the grassroots level, not by public or private entities, which reflected locals' attitude toward Silbo Gomero. Education policies implemented later were inspired as such: revitalization began at the grassroots and escalated to the highest government bodies.
Government policies
[edit]On 26 June 1997,[4] the Parliament of the Canary Islands approved a motion calling on the government to include Silbo Gomero as part of the school curriculum. Silbo Gomero then became a mandatory subject in primary and secondary education, as of July 1999. The provincial government was supportive in its implementation of education policy and also the establishment of a formalized Silbo Gomero curriculum through the publication of El Silbo Gomero, Materiales didácticos (Educational Materials on the Silbo Gomero).
In addition to the compulsory learning of Silbo Gomero at the primary and secondary level, an Island School of Silbo Gomero was established for post-secondary students who wish to continue to train in Silbo Gomero until they become accredited professional instructors. Students of the Island School work to become capable of teaching Silbo Gomero not only to their fellow citizens, but also to tourists who visit La Gomera. This facilitates the sustainability of the revitalization and also works towards language maintenance.
Thereafter, the Ministry of Education, Universities, Culture and Sport of the Canary Islands developed a staff training plan in order to ensure that the elderly expert whistlers can be replaced in the near future by qualified professional teachers with relevant diplomas. This comprised the provision of training courses on proficiency in, and teaching of, Silbo Gomero. The training plan was launched in 2007, with the participation of 18 teachers.[4]
Besides the implementation of education policies, the authorities also sought to strengthen the corpus of Silbo Gomero by developing a project to digitize all recorded audio material. Local, national and worldwide distribution of documentaries on Silbo Gomero were also made. The government also raised the status of Silbo Gomero by selecting it via the National Historical Heritage Council to represent Spain in the nominations for inclusion on the 2009 Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
Cultural heritage
[edit]Members of the Gomeran community treasure Silbo Gomero as part of the island's identity, and use the whistled language in traditional rituals and festivities on the island. These include "bajadas", which are processions dedicated to the Virgin or the patron saints of the community.
On 15 March 1999,[4] Silbo Gomero was declared as part of the historical ethnographic heritage of the Canary Islands. The annual celebration of "School Encounters with Silbo Gomero" was also inaugurated in La Gomera. In 2005, the monument to Silbo Gomero was inducted in Garajonay National Park.
Tourism
[edit]
Silbo Gomero is not used only by Gomerans; visitors to the island can be exposed to it too, in restaurants that provide demonstrations for tourists. Minister of Tourism of La Gomera, Fernando Mendez, has said that whistling is essential to La Gomera's tourism industry.[5]
Features
[edit]
According to different studies, Silbo Gomero has between two[4] and four[6][7][8] vowels and between four[4] and ten[6][9] consonants. It is a whistled form of a dialect of Canarian Spanish.[1]: 54 Silbo replaces each vowel or consonant with a whistling sound. Whistles are distinguished according to pitch and continuity. As with other whistled forms of non-tonal languages, Silbo works by retaining approximately the articulation of ordinary speech, so "the timbre variations of speech appear in the guise of pitch variations".[1]: v
Silbo Gomero is a complex language to learn, with its whistling techniques requiring physical precision and a strength of the body parts used to produce the language that can only be acquired with practice. Silbo Gomero uses the tongue, lips, and hands, differing greatly from conventional language, which uses the mouth cavity to blend and contrast several acoustic frequencies. The whistling mechanism, in contrast, is limited to a single basic pitch between 1,000 and 3,000 hertz. The physical precision comes in the whistler's ability to vary the frequencies at different speeds and start and stop the production of the sound waves. This technique is handed down within La Gomera's community, with unchanged teaching methods that date to the late 19th century.[4] The same pitch can represent many sounds, so Silbo has many fewer phonemes than Spanish. This means that communication can be ambiguous; context and word choice are important for effective communication.[10]
Vowels
[edit]Silbo Gomero's vowels are described roughly as sustained lines of high and low frequency that are distinct from each other.
| Pitch | General representation | Vowels of the spoken language represented |
|---|---|---|
| High frequency | /i/ | /i/ and /e/ |
| Low frequency | /a/ | /a/, /o/, /u/ |
The high-frequency /i/ represents the /i/, /e/ vowels of the spoken language being whistled, while the low-frequency whistle of /a/ represents the vowels /a/, /o/, /u/. It is said that it is not possible to produce any vowels with intermediary frequencies because the whistling mechanism does not have the same functions as the vocal mechanism.[4] In 1978, Ramón Trujillo of the University of La Laguna theorized that Silbo Gomero has only two vowels. His work, containing almost 100 spectrograms, concludes that the language has two vowels and four consonants.[3] In Trujillo's work, Silbo's vowels are given one quality, that of pitch, either high or low. But a more recent study gives a statistical analysis of Silbo's vowels showing that four vowels are statistically distinguished in production and perception.[6][7] In 2005, Annie Rialland of the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle published an acoustic and phonological analysis of Silbo based on new materials, showing that not only gliding tones but also intensity modulation plays a role in distinguishing Silbo's sounds.[9]
Trujillo's 2005 collaboration with Gomeran whistler Isidro Ortiz and others revises his earlier work, finding that four vowels are indeed perceived,[8]: 63 and describes in detail the areas of divergence between his empirical data and Classe's phonetic hypotheses. Despite Trujillo's 2005 work acknowledging the existence of four vowels, his 2006 bilingual work El Silbo Gomero. Nuevo estudio fonológico[11] inexplicably reiterates his two-vowel theory. Trujillo's 2006 work directly addresses many of Rialland's conclusions, but it seems that at the time of that writing he was unaware of Meyer's work.
Meyer suggests that there are four vowel classes: /i/, /e/, /a/, /u, o/. But Meyer also says there are five perceived vowels with significant overlap. Rialland and Trujillo agree that the harmonic of the whistle matches the second formant of the spoken vowels. Spoken /a/'s F2 and whistled /a/'s H1 match in their frequency (1480 Hz). But there is a disconnect in harmonics and formants near the frequency basement. Spoken speech has a wide range of F2 frequencies (790 Hz to 2300 Hz), but whistles are limited to between 1200 and 2400 Hz. Vowels are therefore shifted upward at the lower end (maintaining 1480 Hz as /a/), increasing confusion between /o/ (spoken F2 freq. 890 Hz, whistled <1300 Hz) and /u/ (spoken freq 790 Hz, whistled <<1300 Hz). In whistling the frequency basement must be raised to the minimum whistle harmonic of 1000 Hz, reducing frequency spacing in the vowels, which increases misidentification of the lower vowels.
Consonants
[edit]Silbo Gomero's consonants are modifications of the vowel-based "melody line" or "vocal line". They may rise or fall, and can be modified by being broken, continuous or occlusive. The four main consonants in a 1978 analysis are listed as follows:[4]
| Pitch | General representation | Consonants of the spoken language represented |
|---|---|---|
| continuous high pitch | ⟨y⟩ | /l/, /ʎ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /d/ and /j/ |
| broken high pitch | ⟨ch⟩ | /t͡ʃ/, /t/, /s/ |
| continuous low pitch | ⟨g⟩ | /ɡ/, /b/, /m/, /j/ and /h/ |
| broken low pitch | ⟨k⟩ | /k/ and /p/ |
The documentation on the official Silbo Gomero page on the UNESCO website is in line with Trujillo's 1978 study. Trujillo suggested that the consonants are either rises or dips in the "melody line" that can be broken or continuous. Further study by Meyer and Rialland suggests that vowels are stripped to their inherent class of sound, which is communicated in the whistle in these ways: voice (/k/ vs /ɡ/) is transmitted by the whistled feature [-continuity]. A silent pause in the whistle communicates [+voice] (/ɡ/), while a [+continuous] consonant gives the quality [-voice] (/k/). Placement of the consonant (dental, palatal, fricative) is transmitted in whistle by the loci, the sharpness or speed, of the formant transitions between vowels. Consonant classes are simplified into four classes. Extra high loci (near vertical formant loci) denotes affricates and stridents, rising loci denotes alveolar, medial (loci just above the vowel formant) denotes palatal, and falling (low loci) denotes pharyngeal, labial, and fricative. This gives eight whistled consonants, but including tone gradual decay (with intensity falling off) as a feature on continuous and interrupted sounds gives 10 consonants. In these situations gradual decay is given [+voice], and continuous is given [+liquid].[6][9]
The representation of /s/ is treated as a broken high pitch in Silbo, though in the spoken language, /s/ is a continuous high pitch consonant. There are two reasons for this anomaly. First, in functional terms, /s/ is high in frequency, and thus extremely useful. Second, as the continuous high-pitched consonant of Silbo already represents many other consonants of the spoken language (/l/, /ʎ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ɾ/, /r/, /d/ and /ʝ/), it would be very confusing to add to that list. Thus, as the broken high-pitched consonant does not fully represent /t͡ʃ/ and /t/, it can represent the frequently used /s/.[4]
Cognitive features
[edit]Studies have shown that Silbo Gomero speakers process the whistled register in the same way as standard spoken language. Studies by Manuel Carreiras of the University of La Laguna and David Corina of the University of Washington published in 2004 and 2005 involved two participant groups of Spanish speakers. One group spoke Silbo and one did not. Results obtained from monitoring the participants' brain activity by functional magnetic resonance imaging show that while non-speakers of Silbo merely process Silbo as whistling, Silbo speakers process the sounds in the same linguistic centers of the brain that process Spanish sentences.[12]
Others
[edit]Moviemaker and photographer Francesca Phillips wrote and directed a 26-minute documentary on the usage of Silbo Gomero in La Gomera, Written in the Wind (2009). The movie won Best Short Documentary in Anthropology at The World Mountain Documentary Festival held in Qinghai, China in 2010.[13]
Romanian moviemaker Corneliu Porumboiu directed the 2019 movie The Whistlers, in which Silbo features prominently.[citation needed]
French singer Féloche dedicated a song to Silbo.[citation needed]
There are other examples of transposition of an oral natural language into a pitch string. When quickly spoken, Yoruba vowels are assimilated and consonants elided, so the linguistic information is carried by the tone system, which can therefore be transposed into talking drums.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f Busnel, René-Guy; Classe, André (1976). Whistled Languages. Communications and Cybernetics. Vol. 13. Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-46335-8. ISBN 978-0-387-07713-0.
- ^ Racoma, Bernadine (11 February 2014). "Silbo Gomero: The Whistled Language". Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b Trujillo Carreño, Ramón (1978). El silbo gomero: análisis lingüístico [The Gomeran Whistle: Linguistic Analysis]. Translated by Brent, Jeff. Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain: Editorial Interinsular Canaria. ISBN 84-85543-03-3. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero". Intangible Cultural Heritage. UNESCO.
- ^ a b Plitt, Laura (11 January 2013). "Silbo Gomero: A whistling language revived". BBC News. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
- ^ a b c d Meyer, Julien (2005). Description typologique et intelligibilité des langues sifflées, approche linguistique et bioacoustique [Typological description and intelligibility of whistled languages, a linguistic and bioacustic approach] (PDF) (PhD) (in French). Université Lumière Lyon 2. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b Meyer, Julien (2008). "Typology and acoustic strategies of whistled languages: Phonetic comparison and perceptual cues of whistled vowels". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 38 (1): 69–94. doi:10.1017/S0025100308003277. S2CID 55852067.
- ^ a b Trujillo Carreño, Ramón; Morera Pérez, Marcial; Guarro Pallás, Amador; Padrón Brito, Ubaldo; Ortiz Mendoza, Isidro; Botanz Parra, Rogelio; Darias Darias, Eugenio (2005). El silbo gomero. Materiales didácticos (PDF). Programas de innovación educativa. Consejería de Educación, Cultura y Deportes. ISBN 84-689-2610-8. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ a b c Rialland, Annie (2005). "Phonological and phonetic aspects of whistled languages". Phonology. 22 (2): 237–271. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.484.4384. doi:10.1017/S0952675705000552. S2CID 18615779.
- ^ Pereira, Diana (18 July 2013). "Silbo Gomero, a language of whistles". Archived from the original on 8 December 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
- ^ Trujillo Carreño, Ramón (2006). El silbo gomero. Nuevo estudio fonológico (Edición bilingüe español-inglés). Cuadernos de dialectología de la Academia Canaria de la Lengua. Academia Canaria de la Lengua. ISBN 978-8-4960-5936-8. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
- ^ Carreiras M, Lopez J, Rivero F, Corina D (2005). "Linguistic perception: neural processing of a whistled language". Nature. 433 (7021): 31–32. Bibcode:2005Natur.433...31C. doi:10.1038/433031a. PMID 15635400. S2CID 31727535.
- ^ Phillips, Francesca (writer, director, camerawoman); Perera, Rigoberto (voice-over actor); Miles, Michael (cameraman); Bradshell, Michael (editor); Daltry, Stephen (composer) (2009). Written in the Wind (Motion picture) (in Spanish and English). Phillips, Francesca. Retrieved 9 July 2023.
External links
[edit]- silbo-gomero.com – Jeff Brent's homepage
- Silbo Gomero – The Whistling Language. Archived 13 February 2005 at the Wayback Machine.
- BBC4 interviews Isidro Ortiz & J.Brent – 26 August 2008
