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1984 Summer Olympics boycott

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Countries that boycotted the 1984 Games are shaded blue
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1984 Summer Olympics

The boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles followed four years after the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. The boycott involved 14 Eastern Bloc satellite states and allies, led by the Soviet Union, which initiated the boycott on May 8, 1984. Boycotting countries organized another major event, called the Friendship Games, in July and August 1984. Although the boycott led by the Soviet Union affected Olympic events that were normally dominated by the absent countries, 140 nations still took part in the games, which was a record at the time.[1][2]

Leadup to boycott

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Since the announcement by President Carter of the US boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980, there was fear from US officials that a reciprocal boycott could occur during the 1984 Games, scheduled for Los Angeles. The Soviets for their part gave sparsely few indications that this would happen, and indeed, from formalized talks which occurred over the course of three years, indicators seemed to point towards Soviet attendance. Only in the last few months before the Games began did a sense of non-participation come about through Soviet statements and actions.[3]

In December 1983, a meeting of officials representing the 1984 LA Games and 14 members of the Soviet National Olympic Committee (NOC) took place in Los Angeles, resulting in the signing of a protocol agreement concerning Soviet expectations for participation.[4]: 172, 179  At that time, the chairman of the Soviet NOC, Marat Gramov, communicated his view of the upcoming Summer Games as being positive, and that he "saw no reason why the Soviet Union should not participate."[5]: 18  One month later in January 1984, a second Soviet delegation visited Los Angeles to meet with the International Olympic Committee Executive Commission. This meeting was also viewed positively, with no mention of boycotts being made at that time.[4]: 172  A final, positively-viewed meeting was held during the IOC's 87th Session on February 5, 1984, in Sarajevo, three days before the start of the Sarajevo Winter Olympic Games. During that meeting, Soviet IOC member Konstantin Andrianov offered congratulations to the organizing committee of the upcoming Los Angeles Games, saying they were doing "a great job."[6]: 98–99  Soviet general secretary Yuri Andropov died four days later on February 9.

In March 1984, the Soviet's proposed-Olympic attaché, Oleg Yermishkin, was denied an entry visa from the US State Department, which identified him as an operational officer of the KGB.[7][8] On April 9, the Soviet National Olympic Committee released their first statement voicing criticisms concerning the preparations of the Los Angeles Olympic Games. The Soviets asked for an additional meeting of the IOC Executive Commission in order to ascertain that the US would "obey the principles of the Olympic Charter."[9]

The meeting requested by the Soviet Union was held on April 24, 1984 at the IOC main office in Lausanne. Peter Ueberroth attended as representative of the LA 1984 Games, with Marat Gramov representing the Soviets. At the press conference Gramov revealed for the first time that the "Soviet NOC had received declarations and letters from various nationalistic and terrorist groups and organizations with threats."[5]: 19 

On April 29, 1984, Gramov sent a letter to the Communist Party Central Committee in which he described the risk of anti-Soviet organizations using violence during the Games, therefore potentially encouraging participating Soviet athletes to come to their side. The document also included a statement that "participation in the Games would be difficult if the hostile activities were not ceased," and that the absence of the Soviet Union and other developing countries would "bring the first 'commercial Olympics' to economic catastrophe," and concluded that "if the [safety] conditions were not fulfilled, we will resign from participating."[10]

Announcement of boycott

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The Soviet Union announced its intentions to boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics on May 8, 1984,[11] claiming "security concerns and chauvinistic sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria being whipped up in the United States."[11] A US official said the country had ignored suggestive comments by the Soviet Union in the weeks building up to the announcement and that, in spite of all the indications, the United States was "absolutely dumbfounded" when the official announcement arrived.[12]

After the announcement, six more Soviet Eastern Bloc satellites joined the boycott, including Bulgaria, East Germany (on May 10),[13] Mongolia and Vietnam (both May 11),[14] Laos, and Czechoslovakia (both May 13). Meanwhile, China formally confirmed that it would be present at the games in Los Angeles.[15]

Later, the Soviet-dominated Afghanistan also announced its withdrawal, becoming the eighth country to join the boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics.[16] Then, Hungary (May 16) and Poland (May 17) became the ninth and tenth Communist countries to join the boycott. Hungary claimed the lives of its athletes would be put in danger if they were to spend time in Los Angeles. On the other hand, Poland said that the United States was engaging in a "campaign aimed at disturbing the Games".[17][18]

On May 23, Cuba became the eleventh country to announce its participation in the boycott,[19] making front-page news in the United States because it was a "serious blow to boxing and baseball".[20] South Yemen was the twelfth country to remove itself from the event (May 27); the Los Angeles Times stated that this was due to their "Marxist connections".[21] North Korea was the thirteenth nation to boycott the 1984 Olympics.[22] Ethiopia became the first African state to participate in the boycott, followed by Angola.[23] Having not participated in the Olympics since 1972 and under Thomas Sankara's revolutionary government, Upper Volta announced on 13 July 1984 its withdrawal in opposition to the United States' alleged support for South Africa, which was implementing apartheid at the time, as well as the England rugby union team visiting South Africa for a friendly match.[24][25] Upper Volta's name would be changed to Burkina Faso during the Olympics.

Iran had earlier decided to boycott the games because of "United States interference in the Middle East, its support for the regime occupying Jerusalem, and the crimes being committed by the U.S.A. in Latin America, especially in El Salvador".[26] Iran and Albania were the only countries to boycott both the 1980 Moscow and the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics. Libya also boycotted the Olympics after Libyan journalists were refused entry into the United States in July, after Libya announced the ban upon US exports to Libya in 1983 and a renewal of bans upon travel to Libya by holders of US passports.[27] Libya and Ethiopia were the only nations to not attend both the 1976 Montreal and 1984 Los Angeles Games.

In addition, Albania did not attend any games from 1976 to 1988, and was the only country that boycotted the 1976, 1980 and 1984 Olympics, although there was no official explanation for its absence at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. Politically, Albania allied with China after the Sino-Soviet split, remaining antagonistic towards the Soviet Union; however, it also opposed China's rapprochement with the United States in the late 1970s, resulting in the Sino-Albanian split. A similar antagonism towards both superpowers had existed in Iran since 1979. This resulted in Iran and Albania boycotting both the 1980 and 1984 Olympics independently without endorsing the boycott on the opposing side.

Athletes from the one Eastern Bloc country that did attend the 1984 games in Los Angeles—Romania—received a standing ovation at the Opening Ceremonies upon making their Coliseum entrance. Romania ended up finishing third in overall medal count at the Games.[28][29] In a written correspondence with Romanian President Ceaușescu, President Reagan offered his personal thanks to Romania for their attendance, saying he "sincerely appreciated Romania’s important contribution to the Los Angeles Olympics and the Olympic movement."[30]

Revenge hypothesis

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Jimmy Carter declared that the United States would boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow, with 65 other countries joining the boycott.[31] This was the largest Olympic Games boycott ever. In 1984, three months before the start of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, the Soviet Union declared it would "not participate" in the Games. The Soviets cited various reasons, namely the supposed commercialization of the games which, in their opinion, went against the principles of the Olympic movement (indeed the XXIII Olympiad ended up being the first Olympics since 1932 to make a profit by a host country) and a claimed lack of security for their athletes. The issue of commercialization did gather some criticism from foreign delegations, who were unfamiliar with this trend in the Olympic movement. However, the IOC later recognized the Games "a model for future Olympics" due to a surplus of US$223 million for the hosts, exclusively private funding (unlike Moscow Olympics that were state-funded), and relying on existing venues instead of building new ones.[32][33] The majority viewed the boycott as more of a retaliatory move by the Soviets.[34]

Most of the world's media also interpreted the Soviet boycott as retaliation for the US boycott of the 1980 Moscow Games,[35][36] which had been in response to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan,[35] whereas the Soviet media repeated the government line that the boycott was a safety measure to protect their own athletes. Despite this assertion, a timeline of when the Soviets began their push to boycott the Olympics suggests that the decision may have been inspired by changes in the Soviet leadership more so than by security concerns. Leonid Brezhnev, who was general secretary during the Moscow Olympics, was the leader most affected and publicly embarrassed by the US-led boycott. Brezhnev died in 1982, and was replaced by the more liberal Yuri Andropov. During this time of Andropov's leadership, both in the Soviet Union and in other communist countries, preparations by those countries individual Olympic coordinating committees continued to progress with all-apparent intention of attending the 1984 games.[6]: 99–100  However, with Andropov's death in February 1984, the role of general secretary was taken over by the more radical Konstantin Chernenko, who had been a close ally of Brezhnev's, and thus more amenable to feelings of antipathy towards the Americans for the 1980 boycott.[37] After Chernenko's succession as leader, a vast change in the Soviet attitude towards the Games could be seen, suggesting that the Soviet decision to boycott was uncertain till at least four months before the Olympics began, and was influenced by the change in leadership from Andropov to Chernenko.[6]: 101 

Among those subscribing to the "revenge hypothesis" was Peter Ueberroth, the chief organizer of the 1984 L.A. Games, who expressed his views in a press conference after the boycott was announced,exactly on the date that the Olympic torch relay started on United States. Ueberroth also stated that the Soviet-led boycott might have been avoided if organizers of the Summer Games had communicated with Konstantin Chernenko when he took over his country's leadership, saying "In retrospect, we can be criticized for not recognizing that change in leadership, from an Andropov to Chernenko," and that the organizing committee "should have tried to redouble our efforts to make certain there were no problems that could have opened the door to the Soviet-led boycott by 14 nations," adding that "we have tried in every possible way to not have 1980 happen again in 1984, but it did happen."[38]

U.S. President Ronald Reagan later stated his belief that the Soviets feared some of their athletes might defect. As well, the Reagan Administration agreed to meet all of the demands of the Soviet Union in turn for the Soviet Bloc's attendance at the 1984 Olympics, marking an exception to Reagan's generally "hawkish" Cold War foreign policy.[39] As more countries withdrew, the IOC announced on the deadline week that it would consider extending the deadline for entry into the Olympics.[40] The three top medal winners from the 1980 Games (which was the subject of a boycott by sixty-seven nations) in Moscow were among the boycotters, and media analysis noted this would weaken the field of competitors in a number of sports.[41] However, it was later disclosed that both the Soviet Union and East Germany boosted their performances with the help of state-run steroid programs.[42][43][44]

Officials at the US State Department linked the KGB to a series of hate leaflets purporting to be from the Ku Klux Klan which were sent to the Olympic organizing committees in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Malaysia and China, all countries which failed to join the Soviet boycott. State Department spokesman Alan Romberg said the leaflets "bear all the hallmarks of a disinformation campaign" and noted the thrust of the messages in the leaflets "dovetails neatly with the Soviet justification for their withdrawal" from the Summer Games. The leaflets, which were sent before the Games began and contained messages threatening those countries athletes, reportedly used stilted syntax, suggesting they were written by non-native speakers of English.[45]

Soviet doping plan

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Documents obtained in 2016 revealed the Soviet Union's plans for a statewide doping system in track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated prior to the country's decision to boycott the Games, the document detailed the existing steroids operations of the program, along with suggestions for further enhancements. The communication, directed to the Soviet Union's head of track and field, was prepared by Sergei Portugalov of the Institute for Physical Culture. Portugalov was also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of the Russian doping program prior to the 2016 Summer Olympics.[43] Bryan Fogel, director of the 2017 film Icarus, has said that stricter doping controls might have been the main reason for the Soviet boycott.[46]

Boycotting countries

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Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.

All the Asian countries above also boycotted the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.

Four other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:

Further to this, Kampuchea did not yet have its recognized National Olympic Committee and was not authorized to send athletes.

Non-boycotting socialist countries

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Fifteen communist and socialist-leaning countries (nine from Africa) did not join the Soviet-led boycott and instead sent teams to the 1984 Summer Olympics.[48]

  •  Algeria
  •  Benin
  •  Burma
  •  China was somewhat hostile towards the Soviet Union at the time, but had been experiencing a cordial relationship with the United States. In 1980, China had sent a team to the Winter Olympics in the United States, while boycotting the Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union.
  •  Congo
  •  Guinea
  •  Guinea-Bissau
  • Madagascar Madagascar
  •  Mali
  •  Mozambique
  •  Nicaragua
  •  Romania was the only member of the Warsaw Pact that did not boycott the Games, drawing a loud cheer from the crowd when its delegation appeared at the opening ceremonies. Its leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu he publicly demonstrated opposition to several Soviet policies and took an open position on these issues.;In 1985,he was awarded the Olympic Order due this he publicly demonstrated opposition to several Soviet policies and took an open position on these issues.
  •  Seychelles
  •  Somalia In 1978,USSR and Somalia had broken relations with the Soviet Union after the latter's support for Ethiopia in the Ethio-Somali War.
  •  Yugoslavia was a non-aligned country that acted independently of the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia shared friendly relations with both the Soviet Union and the United States.One of the reasons for the country not boycotting the Games may have been the United States' help in organizing the 1984 Winter Olympics.

Alternative events

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The Soviets organized the Friendship Games, a full-scale multi-sport event, for boycotting countries.[49] The Games were contested in 22 Olympic disciplines (all except association football and synchronized swimming), and in non-Olympic table tennis, tennis, and sambo wrestling. The Soviet Union dominated the medal table, winning 126 gold and 282 total medals.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "No Boycott Blues". olympic.org. Retrieved January 6, 2017.
  2. ^ Doder, Dusko (May 9, 1984). "Soviets Withdraw From Los Angeles Olympics". The Washington Post.
  3. ^ "Three Years of Encouraging Talks Between Soviet and Olympic Organizers Comes to a Halt". UPI. May 9, 1984.
  4. ^ a b Hill, Christopher R. (1996). Olympic Politics: Athens to Atlanta, 1896-1996. Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719044519. OCLC 770774743.
  5. ^ a b Reich, Kenneth (May 21, 1984). "Doleful Days for the Games". Sports Illustrated. Vol. 60, no. 20.
  6. ^ a b c Kobierecki, Michał Marcin (September 1, 2015). "Boycott of the Los Angeles 1984 Olympic Games as an Example of Political Play–Acting of the Cold War Superpowers". Polish Political Science Yearbook. 44 (1): 93–111. doi:10.15804/ppsy2015008. S2CID 55665999.
  7. ^ Pick, Hella; Jackson, Harold; Reed, Christopher (May 9, 1984). "Russians Cite Threats For Games Boycott". The Guardian.
  8. ^ Guttman, Allen (2002). The Olympics, A History of the Modern Games. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780252027253. OCLC 47176993.
  9. ^ Wilson, Wayne (2004). "Los Angeles 1984". In Findling, John E.; Pelle, Kimberly D. (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 211–212. ISBN 9780313322785. OCLC 52418065.
  10. ^ Miller, David (2008). The Official History of the Olympic Games and the IOC: Athens to Beijing, 1894-2008. Edinburgh: Mainstream. p. 275. ISBN 9781845961596. OCLC 183917051.
  11. ^ a b Burns, John F. (May 9, 1984). "Moscow Will Keep Its Team From Los Angeles Olympics". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46039. Archived from the original on April 18, 2023.
  12. ^ East Germany withdraws from Summer Games. The Evening Independent – May 10, 1984.
  13. ^ Markham, James M. (May 11, 1984). "East Germany Joins Soviet in Boycotting Games". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46041. Archived from the original on August 20, 2014.
  14. ^ Vietnam and Mongolia Also Withdraw From Olympics. Philadelphia Inquirer. May 12, 1984 – A07 National.
  15. ^ Reich, Kenneth (May 13, 1984). "Czechs and Laotians Join Boycott: China Confirms It Will Take Part in Summer Olympics". LA Times. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011.
  16. ^ "Afghanistan Joins Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46044. Reuters. May 14, 1984 [May 13, 1984]. p. A6. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021.
  17. ^ Hungary 9th to Join Boycott of Olympics. Los Angeles Times. May 16, 1984. A1.
  18. ^ Barnard, William R. "Poland 10th to join Olympic boycott: Romania only Soviet ally still in Games". The Deseret News.
  19. ^ "Cuba Joins Boycott of Olympics". The Washington Post. May 24, 1984. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
  20. ^ Maxwell, Evan. "Cuba Joins Olympic Boycott: Serious Blow to Boxing and Baseball" Archived November 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. May 24, 1984.
  21. ^ "Marxist South Yemen Becomes 12th Country to Drop Out of L.A. Games". Los Angeles Times. May 27, 1984. A27.
  22. ^ "North Korea Joins The Olympic Boycott". The New York Times. Vol. 132, no. 45758. June 3, 1984. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024.
  23. ^ Reich, Kenneth. "Angola Becomes 15th Nation to Join Olympic Boycott" Archived March 25, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Los Angeles Times. Jun 27, 1984. B3.
  24. ^ Genova, James (November 2022). Making New People Politics, Cinema, and Liberation in Burkina Faso, 1983–1987. East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press. pp. 87, 215. ISBN 9781609177096.
  25. ^ AF Press Clips 1984. United States Department of State. Bureau of African Affairs. February 2, 1984. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  26. ^ "Iran Announces Boycott of the 1984 Olympics". The New York Times. Vol. 132, no. 45758. August 2, 1983. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024.
  27. ^ Ronen, Yehudit (1986). "Libya (Al-Jamhāhīriyaa al-'Arabiyya al-Lībiyya ash-Sha'biyya al-Ishtirākiyya)". Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1983-1984. Vol. 8. The Moshe Dayan Center. p. 595. ISBN 978-965-224-006-4. OCLC 923179052.
  28. ^ Leavy, Jane (July 23, 1984). "Romania: No Boycott, A Winning Presence". The Washington Post.
  29. ^ Yake, D. Byron (July 29, 1984). "'84 Olympics: Gala trumpets in Games". Beaver County Times. AP. p. A1, A10. Retrieved August 28, 2020. The Romanians, the only Eastern bloc nation to defy the Soviet boycott, were greeted with a standing ovation.
  30. ^ Taylor, Melissa Jane; Rasmussen, Kathleen B., eds. (2023). "Letter From President Reagan to Romanian President Ceausescu / January 24, 1985". Foreign Relations of the United States 1981-1988 Eastern Europe (PDF) (Report). Vol. 10. p. 370 (print) p. 411 (pdf).
  31. ^ Gwertzman, Bernard (January 22, 1980). "Carter Bids Heads of 100 Governments Back Olympic Stand". The New York Times. Vol. 129, no. 44470.
  32. ^ Lindsey, Robert (August 12, 1984). "Success of Games in Los Angeles Likely to Change Future Olympics". The New York Times. Vol. 133, no. 46134. Archived from the original on December 8, 2024.
  33. ^ "Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics - Athletes, Medals & Results". Olympics.com. April 24, 2018.
  34. ^ Wilson, Harold Edwin Jr. (1993). "Prelude to the 1984 Olympic Games: The Soviet Boycott and Eastern Europe". The Golden Opportunity: A Study of the Romanian Manipulation of the Olympic Movement During the Boycott of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games (Ph.D. thesis). Columbus: Ohio State University. pp. 74–79. ISBN 9798207933658. ProQuest 304081191.
  35. ^ a b Tyner, Howard A. U.S. Olympic boycott of 1980 led to Soviet decision of 1984 Archived March 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Chicago Tribune. May 9, 1984. D13.
  36. ^ "L'actualité du sport en continu". L'Équipe (in French). Archived from the original on May 11, 2014. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  37. ^ Edelman, Robert Simon (January 2, 2015). "The Russians Are Not Coming! The Soviet Withdrawal from the Games of the XXIII Olympiad". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 32 (1): 34. doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.958669. S2CID 159789042.
  38. ^ "Ueberroth: Soviet-Led Boycott Would Have Been Avoided, Had Organizers Communicated With Chernenko". UPI. June 15, 1984.
  39. ^ Congelio, Brad (2014). Before The World Was Quiet: Ronald Reagan, Cold War Foreign Policy, And The 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Summer Games (Ph.D. thesis). London, Ontario, Canada: University of Western Ontario. ISBN 9798841597070.
  40. ^ Reich, Kenneth. Olympic Entry Deadline Might Be Extended Archived October 26, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. The LA Times. May 30, 1984. OC3.
  41. ^ ‘East Germany Joins L.A. Olympics Boycott’. Sarasota Herald-Tribune – May 11, 1984.
  42. ^ Vinokur, Boris (April 15, 1980). "How the Russians break the Olympic rules". The Christian Science Monitor.
  43. ^ a b Ruiz, Rebecca R. (August 13, 2016). "The Soviet Doping Plan: Document Reveals Illicit Approach to '84 Olympics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021.
  44. ^ Aleksandrov, Aleksei; Grebeniuk, Ivan; Runets, Volodymyr (July 22, 2020). "The 1980 Olympics Are the 'Cleanest' in History. Athletes Recall How Moscow Cheated the System". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  45. ^ "U.S. says Soviets sent leaflets". UPI. July 11, 1984.
  46. ^ "Bryan Fogel Talks 1984 Summer Olympics Boycott". jimrome.com (Podcast). Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
  47. ^ Butler, Nick (May 16, 2014). "Czech Olympic Committee Apologizes To Athletes Who Missed Los Angeles 1984 Due To Boycott". Czech News Agency. ProQuest 1523708824. Archived from the original on December 13, 2024.
  48. ^ "Olympic Games Los Angeles 1984". olympics.com. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved February 14, 2023.
  49. ^ "Ten East Bloc Countries Agree to Hold Their Own Summer Games". UPI. May 24, 1984.
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