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Southern Railway 4501

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Coordinates: 35°3′43″N 85°15′1″W / 35.06194°N 85.25028°W / 35.06194; -85.25028
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Southern Railway 4501
Southern Railway No. 4501 idling at Summerville, Georgia, during a doubleheader excursion, November 3, 2024
Type and origin
Power typeSteam
BuilderBaldwin Locomotive Works
Serial number37085
Model12-48 1/4 E
Build dateOctober 1911
RebuilderSouthern Railway
Rebuild date1940s
Specifications
Configuration:
​
 • Whyte2-8-2
 • UIC1'D1'h
Gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Driver dia.63 in (1,600 mm)
Adhesive weight215,700 lb (97,800 kg)
Loco weight272,900 lb (123,800 kg)
Fuel typeCoal
Fuel capacityOld tender: 12 t (12 long tons; 13 short tons)
New tender: 16 t (16 long tons; 18 short tons), formerly 18 t (18 long tons; 20 short tons)
Water cap.Old tender: 8,000 US gal (30,000 L; 6,700 imp gal)
New tender: 13,000 US gal (49,000 L; 11,000 imp gal), formerly 12,500 US gal (47,000 L; 10,400 imp gal)
Boiler pressure205 psi (1.41 MPa), formerly 200 psi (1.38 MPa)
Feedwater heaterWorthington SA (added during its 2012-2014 overhaul)
CylindersTwo, outside
Cylinder size27 in × 30 in (686 mm × 762 mm)
Valve gearWalschaerts
Performance figures
Power output2,700 hp
Tractive effort53,900 lbf (239.8 kN)
Factor of adh.4.00
Career
OperatorsSouthern Railway
Kentucky and Tennessee Railway
Norfolk Southern Railway
Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum
ClassMs
Number in class1st of 182
Numbers
  • SOU 4501
  • K&T 12
  • L&N 1593
  • GMO 4382
NicknamesThe Big Engine (by K&T crews)[1]
The Green Mikado
RetiredJuly 1948 (1st retirement)
February 1964 (2nd retirement)
June 7, 1964 (3rd retirement)
September 20, 1998 (4th retirement)
RestoredOctober 7, 1948 (1st restoration)
June 6, 1964 (2nd restoration)
August 1966 (3rd restoration)
September 6, 2014 (4th restoration)
Current ownerTennessee Valley Railroad Museum
DispositionOperational
References:[2]
Mikado Locomotive No. 4501
Southern Railway 4501 is located in Tennessee
Southern Railway 4501
Southern Railway 4501 is located in the United States
Southern Railway 4501
Location2202 N. Chamberlain Ave., Chattanooga, Tennessee
Coordinates35°3′43″N 85°15′1″W / 35.06194°N 85.25028°W / 35.06194; -85.25028
Built1911
Built byBaldwin Locomotive Works
NRHP reference No.79002440
Added to NRHPMarch 28, 1979

Southern Railway 4501 is a preserved Ms class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotive. Built in October 1911 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, No. 4501 was the first of its wheel arrangement type for the Southern Railway (SOU). In July 1948, the locomotive was retired from the railway in favor of dieselization and was subsequently sold to the shortline Kentucky and Tennessee Railway (K&T) in Stearns, Kentucky, to haul coal trains.

When the K&T was dieselized in 1964, No. 4501 was purchased by a railfan named Paul Merriman for $5,000 of his own money, and he brought it to Chattanooga, Tennessee. Shortly thereafter, it was returned to service for main line excursion service on the Southern's steam program started by the company's president, W. Graham Claytor Jr. in 1966 through Merriman's 4501 Corporation.

Repainted in Southern's passenger Virginian green and gold paint scheme, No. 4501 operated as the main line steam excursion star of Southern's steam program until being replaced by larger steam locomotives in 1985. The locomotive returned to mainline excursion service in 1990 until 1994, when Southern's successor, Norfolk Southern (NS), discontinued the steam program due to rising insurance costs and decreasing rail network availability.

No. 4501 then continued to operate for the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Merriman was a founding member of TVRM, alongside Robert "Bob" Soule, and he had donated No. 4501 from his personal property to the museum in 1975. Repainted into its original freight black livery in 1996, the locomotive was retired when its boiler ticket certificate expired in 1998.

With the upcoming of Norfolk Southern's 21st Century Steam Program and the success of TVRM's Southern Railway 630, the restoration on No. 4501 began in 2012 and was completed in 2014, with period upgrades such as a feedwater heater and mechanical stoker added in which most of No. 4501's contemporaries received in the 1940s, but the locomotive itself never received. As of 2024, No. 4501 operates in tourist excursion service at TVRM, traditionally on the longer special trips to Summerville, Georgia, throughout the year and TVRM's Missionary Ridge Local and Evening Ridge Runner excursions as needed during the weekends.

History

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Design

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Between 1911 and 1917, 182 Ms class 2-8-2 "Mikado" type steam locomotives were built by the Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company, and the Lima Locomotive Works, to haul freight trains for the Southern Railway (SOU) and were numbered in the 4501-4635, 6250-6284, and 6600-6611 series.[3][4] They were designed with 63 in (1,600 mm) diameter driving wheels and an operating boiler pressure of 200 psi (1.38 MPa), and they were able to generate 53,900 lb (24.4 tonnes) of tractive effort.[2]

Their tenders had a capacity of 12 tonnes (12,000 kg) of coal and 8,000 US gallons (30,000 L) of water.[5] Some of the Ms locomotives were equipped with Walschaerts (Nos. 4501-4603, 4624-4635) and Southern valve gears (Nos. 4604-4623).[5][6] In the 1940s, some of the locomotives were re-equipped with Worthington feedwater heaters, mechanical stokers, larger sand domes, larger tenders, and multiple-bearing crossheads to improve their performances.[6][7]

Revenue service on the SOU and K&T

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No. 4501 was built by Baldwin in October 1911 at a cost of $23,182 as the first of its wheel arrangement type for the Southern Railway.[2][8] It was assigned to haul freight trains on many different divisions of the SOU system in Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana.[1] In July 1948, the No. 4501 locomotive was retired from revenue service and was sent to be stored at SOU's Princeton Shops in Princeton, Indiana.[1]

On October 7 of the same year, the Kentucky and Tennessee Railway (K&T), headquartered in Stearns, Kentucky, purchased No. 4501 for $8,225 and renumbered it as their No. 12 locomotive.[1][8] No. 12 worked on the K&T hauling coal trains until February 1964, when the K&T purchased three ALCO S-2 diesel locomotives from the Denver and Rio Grande Western. No. 12, along with K&T's other steam locomotives, were consequently retired from revenue service.[1][8]

First restoration and excursion service

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Shortly after the locomotive's retirement, railfan Paul H. Merriman purchased No. 12 for the 4501 Corporation with $5,000 of his own money and renumbered it back to 4501.[1][8] On June 6, 1964, after No. 4501 moved under its own power to Chattanooga from the K&T, an initial restoration was undergone by Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) volunteers at the facilities of the Lucey Boiler Company in Chattanooga near the TVRM's storage facilities, which were at the time located on former Western Union Company trackage.[1]

"It’s a good thing to let another generation know what a steam locomotive is."

— W. Graham Claytor Jr., during the inaugural trips of Southern Railway No. 4501 in August 1966[9]

No. 4501 was disassembled for an extensive overhaul, with the thin cab floor, the rotted ash pan, and the rusty smokebox front replaced.[10] The dented cab roof was straightened and a radio antenna was installed.[10] The cylinder cocks were reworked, and the throttle was lapped with a new air line run to the repacked reversing gear.[10] No. 4501 was repainted in the Southern passenger Virginian green and gold paint scheme, paying homage to the Ps-4 locomotives that were also painted in the livery.[10][11] After the restoration was completed in August 1966, the No. 4501 locomotive pulled its inaugural excursion train between Chattanooga and Richmond, Virginia, officially kicking off the SOU's new steam excursion program.[10][12][13]

In 1969, No. 4501 was upgraded with a larger tender that was originally used behind a Central of Georgia 2-10-2,[14] before being used for a maintenance-of-way wreck train in Georgia.[15] The new tender carried 18 tonnes (18,000 kg) of coal and 12,500 US gallons (47,000 L) of water, which significantly improved the locomotive's range and allowed it to accommodate longer distance runs.[14][a] In November that same year, during the 75th anniversary of the Southern Railway, an event called the Steam-O-Rama took place in Anniston, Alabama, on the Birmingham-Atlanta mainline.[17] It featured No. 4501, Savannah and Atlanta (S&A) No. 750, which had been restored by the National Railway Historical Society's (NRHS) Atlanta Chapter,[18] and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) A3 No. 4472 Flying Scotsman, which was in the course of its US tour at the time.[17]

No. 4501 leads the Smoky Mountain Special excursion near Paint Rock, North Carolina, on May 30, 1970

Throughout the summer of 1973, at the request of Trains magazine editor David P. Morgan and officials from the Chicago and North Western (C&NW), No. 4501 operated outside of Southern Railway property to pull a series of excursion trips in the Midwestern United States on trackage owned by the C&NW, the Milwaukee Road (MILW), the Illinois Central (IC), the Rock Island (RI), and the Norfolk and Western (N&W).[19][20][21] Arrangements were also made for No. 4501 to pull that year's Schlitz Circus World Museum (CWM) train on June 29, on the CN&W main line between Baraboo and Madison, Wisconsin, and on the MILW main line to Milwaukee.[20][21][b] The SOU generously allowed the CWM to use the locomotive free of charge.[21][22] From July 4 to July 9, No. 4501 pulled a long-distance excursion, called "The Independence Limited", between Chicago and Washington, D.C.[23] During that journey, No. 4501 traveled over Western Maryland (WM) trackage.[23]

In 1975, Paul Merriman donated the title of No. 4501 to the TVRM.[24] On September 1, 1977, No. 4501 travelled from Durham, North Carolina to Roanoke, Virginia, to participate in that year's NRHS Convention.[25] On September 3, No. 4501 pulled a NRHS doubleheader excursion behind Texas and Pacific 610 on the N&W from Roanoke to Lynchburg.[25][26] Upon arrival in Lynchburg, No. 4501 pulled eleven cars solo on the SOU main line to Altavista, and then it returned to Roanoke via N&W's former Virginian trackage.[25][26] Another doubleheader excursion with No. 610 was planned on September 5, but pilot truck issues sidelined No. 610 in Roanoke, and No. 4501 had to pull the excursion with two diesel locomotives to Charlottesville.[25][26]

On March 28, 1979, No. 4501 became listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[2] On April 11, 1981, the locomotive suffered a cracked front flue sheet at Dalton, Georgia, while pulling an excursion trip from Atlanta to Chattanooga.[27][28] A diesel locomotive pulled the remainder of the trip while No. 4501 was towed back to the Irondale Workshop in Birmingham, Alabama, for a long-term rebuild, lasting until November 1984.[28][29] Following the rebuild, No. 4501 received a newly welded tender tank with the coal capacity decreased to 16 tonnes (16,000 kg) and the water tank capacity increased to 13,000 US gallons (49,000 L).[14] The tender's former Andrews pilot trucks were replaced with modern roller bearing trucks.[29]

At the end of the 1985 operating season, the locomotive was retired from mainline excursion service and moved back to the TVRM due to SOU's successor, Norfolk Southern (NS), expanding the steam program with larger N&W locomotives, 4-8-4 J class No. 611 and 2-6-6-4 A class No. 1218, to haul the longer and heavier excursion trains.[30] Five years later, in 1990, No. 4501 returned to mainline excursion service to operate on trackage that was off limits to the two N&W locomotives.[31]

On November 3, 1991, during the 25th anniversary of the Southern steam program, No. 4501 was triple-headed with Nos. 611 and 1218 on an excursion train of 28 passenger cars from Chattanooga to Atlanta.[32] At Ooltewah, Tennessee, No. 4501 towed some cars for a complete round trip, turning around at Cleveland, Tennessee.[32] Concurrently, the two N&W locomotives completed the rest of the trip to Atlanta.[32]

In 1994, NS executives announced that they would discontinue their steam program due to serious safety concerns, rising insurance costs, the expense of maintaining steam locomotives, and decreasing rail network availability due to a surge in freight traffic.[33][34] No. 4501 made its last public NS mainline excursion trip on April 30, planned to be from Birmingham to Columbus, Georgia. But it was taken off at Alexander City, Alabama, due to overheated bearings, and NS GP59 diesel locomotive No. 4610 finished the rest of the trip.[33][35] On May 25, No. 4501 returned to TVRM, where it subsequently underwent some repairs.[35][36]

After Norfolk Southern ended their steam program in late 1994, No. 4501 remained at TVRM, and beginning in October 1995, when its repairs were completed, it solely hauled the museum's excursion trains through north Georgia on the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway shortline.[37][38] In October 1996, the locomotive was repainted back to its original freight black livery for TVRM's 35th anniversary.[37]

It continued to operate until it was removed from service on September 20, 1998, due to the expiration of its boiler ticket.[37] TVRM quickly determined that No. 4501 required a thorough rebuild to obtain a new boiler ticket, and at the time, the museum did not have enough funds for it.[39] No. 4501 was then retired while the museum concentrated their efforts and investment on rebuilding SOU 2-8-0 No. 630, and Ex-U.S. Army 2-8-0 No. 610 subsequently covered TVRM's excursion schedules.[39][40]

Second restoration and excursion service

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No. 4501 in storage at TVRM's Soule Shops in 2006

In June 2010, NS announced that they would run excursions with Nos. 4501 and 630, as part of their new 21st Century Steam program.[41] In March 2011, No. 630 returned to service pulling tourist trains for the TVRM and some of the first mainline excursion trips for the new steam program.[42] With No. 630 in operating condition, the restoration of No. 4501 began at TVRM's Soule Shops in 2012.[43]

During No. 4501's restoration around 2013, the locomotive received upgrades to its trailing wheels that included the addition of roller bearings to help guide the locomotive through curved tracks.[44] A Worthington SA type feedwater heater replica from a China Railways QJ Class 2-10-2 was installed on No. 4501 to improve the locomotive's performance.[44] Its tender received a mechanical stoker from Canadian National 5288, a 4-6-2 steam locomotive that was also on display at TVRM, but would later be sold to the Colebrookdale Railroad in 2023.[45][46] These modifications increased the locomotive's operating boiler pressure from 200 psi (1.38 MPa) to 205 psi (1.41 MPa), which created a slight increase in tractive effort.[47] The Armstrong lubricators that spring-loaded the driving wheels were replenished by an automatic lubricator from the North Yorkshire Moors Railway in North Yorkshire, England.[44]

No. 4501 preparing to depart East Chattanooga station with the Summerville Steam Special excursion on October 4, 2014

On September 6, 2014, No. 4501 was steamed up for the first time in 18 years, and it made its debut at TVRM's 2014 Railfest.[48][49][50] The locomotive made a test run from Chattanooga to LaFayette, Georgia, on the Chattooga and Chickamauga Railway line on September 25, in preparation for TVRM's upcoming annual Summerville Steam Special on October 4 that year.[51]

On May 1, 2015, No. 4501 returned to the Norfolk Southern main line for the first time in 21 years and successfully completed a test round trip from TVRM to Cleveland, Tennessee.[52][53] On June 26, No. 4501 began to participate in the 21st Century Steam program, running the Radford Rambler excursion from Bristol to Radford, Virginia.[53][54] On June 27, the locomotive pulled the Lonesome Pine Special excursion from Bristol to Bulls Gap, Tennessee, and ran the Radford Rambler again on June 28.[53][54] On September 12 and 13, No. 4501 hauled a round trip excursion from Chattanooga to Cleveland, during TVRM's 2015 Railfest,[53][54] but on Sunday, the locomotive was taken off the excursion due to some poor coal damaging its firebox grates.[55] Two weeks later, the locomotive pulled the Nancy Hanks Special excursion from Macon to Tennille, Georgia.[53][54][56]

No. 4501 was planned to run the Piedmont Limited round trip excursion from Atlanta to Toccoa, Georgia, on October 3 and 4, 2015, but it was canceled on October 1 due to Hurricane Joaquin, making the locomotive's career for the 21st Century Steam program short-lived.[53][57][58] Norfolk Southern officially ended their 21st Century Steam program, while No. 4501 remained at TVRM to continue excursion operations and became the main motive power for its annual Summerville Steam Special excursion from Chattanooga to Summerville, Georgia.[53][59][60]

On March 12 and 13, 2018, Nos. 4501 and 630 participated in Lerro Productions' Southern Railway photo charter, where they hauled a mixed freight train consist at the TVRM section on the former day and the Summerville branch line on the latter day.[61] In September 2019, No. 4501 was temporarily masqueraded as Louisville and Nashville J-3 Mikado No. 1593 for the Louisville & Nashville Railroad Historical Society annual convention.[62][63] On September 7, 2024, No. 4501 was temporarily masqueraded as Gulf, Mobile and Ohio No. 4382, as part of a Founder's Day night photo session.[64]

Appearances in media

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ No. 4501's original tender would eventually be rebuilt and used behind Southern Railway 630 in 2011.[14][16]
  2. ^ This was the final time a steam locomotive pulled the CWM's train before the annual Circus event was halted for a twelve-year hiatus.[20][22]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g Wrinn (2000), pp. 4–7.
  2. ^ a b c d Carver, M.A. (September 1978). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form – Mikado Locomotive No. 4501". National Park Service. Archived from the original on February 24, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  3. ^ Drury (2015), p. 295.
  4. ^ Drury (2015), pp. 297–298.
  5. ^ a b Ranks & Lowe (1966), p. 65.
  6. ^ a b Ranks & Lowe (1966), pp. 54–56.
  7. ^ Ranks & Lowe (1966), p. 67.
  8. ^ a b c d Boyd (2000), pp. 35–37.
  9. ^ Keefe, Kevin (January 16, 2018). "Mileposts: Railroading, like the movies, has memorable quotes". Classic Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on April 14, 2018. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e Wrinn (2000), pp. 13–15.
  11. ^ Boyd (2000), p. 38.
  12. ^ Boyd (2000), p. 39.
  13. ^ Gruber, John (November 21, 2011). "Southern 4501's first excursion". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d Ray (2014), p. 27.
  15. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 26.
  16. ^ "Smoke & Cinders: Volume 49, Number 1; First Quarter 2010" (PDF). Smoke & Cinders. Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 29, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  17. ^ a b Wrinn (2000), pp. 30–32.
  18. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 8.
  19. ^ Wrinn (2000), pp. 39–41.
  20. ^ a b c "Trains, July 2000". Trains. Kalmbach Media. July 2000. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  21. ^ a b c Nelson (2013), p. 99
  22. ^ a b Nelson (2013), p. 100
  23. ^ a b Paulus (2010)
  24. ^ "Arrivals & Departures - Changes Hands". Trains. Vol. 35, no. 11. Kalmbach Publishing. September 1975. p. 12. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d "Railnews - The National Railway Historical Society". Railfan. Vol. 2, no. 2. Carstens Publications. February 1978. pp. 14–15.
  26. ^ a b c Wrinn (2000), p. 51
  27. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 57.
  28. ^ a b Wrinn (2000), pp. 115–116.
  29. ^ a b Wrinn (2000), p. 69.
  30. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 74.
  31. ^ Wrinn (2000), p. 89.
  32. ^ a b c Wrinn (2000), pp. 90–91.
  33. ^ a b Wrinn (2000), p. 100.
  34. ^ Philips, Don (October 29, 1994). "Norfolk Southern plans to end nostalgic steam locomotive program". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  35. ^ a b Craft, John (1994). "1994 US Excursion Schedules". SteamCentral. Archived from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  36. ^ Wrinn, Jim (January 1995). "Railroad News - Norfolk Southern drops its fires". Trains. Vol. 55, no. 1. Kalmbach Publishing. p. 17. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
  37. ^ a b c Wrinn (2000), pp. 109–110.
  38. ^ "Railroad News Photos - Back in Business". Trains. Vol. 56, no. 2. Kalmbach Publishing. February 1996. p. 30. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  39. ^ a b "Preservation Points - Southern 4501 mothballed". Trains. Vol. 59, no. 12. Kalmbach Publishing. December 1999. pp. 117–118. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
  40. ^ Crisp, Adam (December 13, 2010). "100-year-old train engine being rebuilt". Chattanooga Times Free Press. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
  41. ^ "Mainline steam excursions could return to Norfolk Southern rails soon". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. June 30, 2010. Archived from the original on July 6, 2020. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  42. ^ "Southern Railway 630". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  43. ^ Haman, Ansley (March 31, 2012). "Southern Railway 4501 back on track". Times Free Press. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
  44. ^ a b c Wrinn, Jim (September 4, 2013). "Southern Railway 4501 is coming together at Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on February 20, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  45. ^ "Canadian National Railway 5288". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.
  46. ^ Laepple, Wayne (April 10, 2023). "Colebrookdale Trust will acquire locomotive from Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum". Trains. Kalmbach Media. Archived from the original on April 27, 2023. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  47. ^ Ray (2014), p. 22.
  48. ^ "TVRM's Historic Steam Locomotive #4501 Is Ready For Tennessee Valley Railfest". Chattanoogan.com. August 27, 2014. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  49. ^ "No. 4501 to debut Sept. 6-7 at Railfest in Chattanooga". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. August 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  50. ^ a b Edwards, Lynda (September 6, 2014). "A century of steam: Rare locomotive built in 1911 has been reborn following three-year restoration". Times Free Press. Archived from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  51. ^ O'Bryant, Josh (September 28, 2014). "Restored railroad engine steams through LaFayette on shakedown run". Chattanoogan.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  52. ^ "VIDEO: Southern No. 4501 steams on main line". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. May 1, 2015. Archived from the original on May 8, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2021.
  53. ^ a b c d e f g "Norfolk Southern 21st Century Steam Specials". RailServe.com. Archived from the original on October 27, 2016. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  54. ^ a b c d "21st Century Steam". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Archived from the original on June 14, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  55. ^ Scholl, Greg (October 21, 2019). "Mainline Steam Spectacular DVD". Archived from the original on June 12, 2021. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
  56. ^ Timmerman, Jeremy (September 27, 2015). "Nancy Hanks steam engine in Macon draws passengers, spectators of all ages". Macon.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  57. ^ "Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Archived from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
  58. ^ "Hurricane forces excursion trains to cancel". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. October 2, 2015. Archived from the original on November 10, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  59. ^ Gunnoe, Chase (December 22, 2015). "NS steam operations to focus exclusively on No. 611 next season". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  60. ^ "Summerville Steam Special". Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  61. ^ "Southern Railway Photo Charter". Lerro Photography. Lerro Productions. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  62. ^ "Southern 4501 to get makeover into L&N engine". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. August 7, 2019. Archived from the original on August 8, 2019. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  63. ^ Flanary, Ron (August 7, 2019). "SR 4501 masquerades as L&N 1593". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 10, 2021.
  64. ^ "Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum's Founders Day nighttime photo session". Chattanooga Times Free Press. September 9, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
  65. ^ a b c d Wrinn (2000), pp. 28–29.
  66. ^ "Steam News Photos". Trains. Vol. 31, no. 5. Kalmbach Publishing. March 1971. p. 17. Retrieved July 4, 2024.
  67. ^ "Smoke & Cinders: Volume 37, Number 4; Fourth Quarter 1998". Smoke & Cinders. Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum. 1998. p. 2. Archived from the original on June 8, 2001. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
  68. ^ a b "Railroad News - Steam becomes rocket science on 4501 movie set". Trains. Vol. 58, no. 7. Kalmbach Publishing. July 1998. p. 21. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
  69. ^ "New Southern 4501 documentary highlights locomotive's history, caretakers". Trains. Kalmbach Publishing. September 12, 2016. Archived from the original on November 12, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2018.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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