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Springbrook, Queensland

Coordinates: 28°11′02″S 153°15′32″E / 28.1838°S 153.2588°E / -28.1838; 153.2588 (Springbrook (town centre))
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Springbrook
Gold Coast, Queensland
Springbrook Plateau (left of image)
Springbrook is located in Gold Coast, Australia
Springbrook
Springbrook
Map
Coordinates28°11′02″S 153°15′32″E / 28.1838°S 153.2588°E / -28.1838; 153.2588 (Springbrook (town centre))
Population705 (2021 census)[1]
 • Density13.378/km2 (34.65/sq mi)
Established1906[2]
Postcode(s)4213
Area52.7 km2 (20.3 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
Location
LGA(s)City of Gold Coast
State electorate(s)Mudgeeraba
Federal division(s)McPherson
Localities around Springbrook:
Numinbah Valley Neranwood Austinville
Numinbah Valley Springbrook Austinville
Natural Bridge Numinbah (NSW) Tallebudgera Valley

Springbrook is a rural town and locality in the City of Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.[3][4] The locality borders New South Wales.[5]

In the 2021 census, the locality of Springbrook had a population of 705 people.[1]

Geography

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The plateau is covered in subtropical rainforest and crossed by many small creeks. The area has excellent views to the Gold Coast and is known for its cliffs, waterfalls and forest walks, most of which are protected in the Springbrook National Park.[citation needed]

Road access to this eastern Scenic Rim mountain is via Mudgeeraba along the Springbrook Road and from Numinbah Valley via Pine Creek Road. To the south of Springbrook is the Tweed Range, west is the Numinbah Valley and the Lamington Plateau. Both the Nimmel Range and Tamborine Mountain are to the north, as is Hinze Dam while the peak of Mount Nimmel is at the north eastern tip. The plateau is part of a biodiversity hot spot. It is part of the Scenic Rim Important Birdlife Area.[6] Pademelons are commonly seen by visitors.[citation needed]

Springbrook Plateau is the remains of the Tweed Volcano—now known as Mount Warning and the Tweed Valley.[7] The plateau is an undulating elevated patch that extends north from the southern, forested heights, close to Mount Cougal, just to the east. These subtropical rainforests are part of the Gondwana Rainforests of Australia and contain the rare Antarctic beech trees.[7] Springbrook plateau has been described as "the Switzerland of Queensland" and a unique wonder.[8] Springbrook was widely considered to be part of the McPherson Range.[8] As the area's geology was understood it has now come to be typically described as a distinct plateau landform.

The plateau is highly visible on the western horizon from the Gold Coast coastal strip. Springbrook Plateau is in the water catchment area for Tallebudgera Creek and the larger Nerang River dammed by the Hinze Dam, a significant part of the region's water supply infrastructure. Little Nerang Creek flows into [[Little Nerang Dam|Little Nerang Dam (28°08′52″S 153°17′03″E / 28.1477°S 153.2841°E / -28.1477; 153.2841 (Little Nerang Dam))]] in the north of the locality.[9] The Natural Bridge is a rock arch and waterfall on the western slopes of the plateau. A triangulation station is located close to Mount Thillinmam at Bilbrough Lookout. Mobile reception is generally poor at Springbrook.[10]

Mountains

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The locality of Springbrook contains the following mountains, passes, and gorges, from north to south:

Water features

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Purlingbrook Falls

The mountainous terrain gives rise to many waterfalls and other water features, including, from north to south:

Climate

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Due to its close proximity to the coast, the high elevations and subtropical latitude, Springbrook has a wet climate with mild temperatures. Rainfall at the now closed Upper Springbrook BOM rainfall station averaged 3,109 millimetres (122.4 in) annually over 90 years. Springbrook is the only place in subtropical Australia to exceed 3,000 millimetres (120 in) average rainfall making it probably the wettest place between Townsville and Tasmania.[citation needed]

Exceptionally rainy periods have been recorded in some wet years including; 900 millimetres (35 in) of rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period before an unnamed cyclone crossed the coast at Coolangatta on 20 February 1954.[39]

During a remarkable rainy period, Springbrook received 1,631 millimetres (64.2 in) in the month of June 1967.[40] In January 2013, 1,453 millimetres (57.2 in) of rain fell over a period of just 4 days, due to the remnants of Tropical Cyclone Oswald. [citation needed] In March 2017, 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) of rain fell[41] in part due to Cyclone Debbie, 789 millimetres (31.1 in) of which was recorded at Upper Springbrook on 31 March 2017, causing enough damage to cut off the two access routes into Springbrook and leaving many residents without electricity.[42]

Flora and Fauna

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Springbrook has a rich biodiversity that is among the highest diversity of flora, fauna and fungi in Subtropical Australia. Habitat types include Montane Sclerophyll Forests dominated by temperate eucalyptus trees such as New England Blackbutt (Eucalyptus campanulata) and Blue Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus oreades) both of which are near their Northern limit of distribution. Rocky outcrops and cliffs support Montane Heath shrublands dominated by Tea Trees Leptospermum variable and L. petersonii, Mountain Bottlebrush Melaleuca montana and Cliff Bottlebrush M. comboynensis. The Giant Rosette Plant Doryanthes palmeri is present on cliffs. Many threatened and endemic flora species are present notably the Endangered Springbrook Leatherwood Eucryphia jinksii which is endemic to the region and otherwise only found within the nearby Numinbah Nature Reserve in northern New South Wales.

Four main types of Rainforest occur on Springbrook; Dry Rainforest, Subtropical Rainforest, Warm Temperate Rainforest and small patches of Cool Temperate Rainforest on the highest peaks. The dominance and diversity of trees varies between rainforest types.[43] Dry rainforest occurs in small patches on the Northern and Western sections of Springbrook and features Hoop Pine Araucaria cunninghamii, Cinnamon Myrtle Backhousia myrtifolia, Yellow Tulip Drypetes deplanchei and Lace Bark Brachychiton discolor. Subtropical rainforest favors the rich red basaltic soils of the main plateau over 100 tree species can be present however, signature species of this type include White Booyong Argyrodendron trifoliolatum, Black Booyong Argyrodendron actinophyllum, Strangler Figs Ficus spp. and Giant Stinging Tree Dendrocnide excelsa. Much of this forest type was cleared for agriculture in the early 20th century.[citation needed]

Warm Temperate Rainforest grows on low fertility soils derived from Rhyolite and has fewer tree species than subtropical types. Dominant trees of the warm temperate rainforest include Coachwood Ceratopetalum apetalum, Callicoma Callicoma serratifolia and occasionally Springbrook Leatherwood Eucryphia jinksii. Cool Temperate Rainforest is restricted to a single area above 1000m altitude near the Best of All Lookout. This forest type features Antarctic Beech Nothofagus moorei trees are likely to be thousands of years old and are covered in mosses, orchids and filmy ferns which thrive in the moist cloudy micro-climate. The highest altitude rainforests on Springbrook meet the definition of Subtropical Montane Cloud Forests.[citation needed]

The Springbrook plateau is very rich in native animals including; marsupials, frogs, birds, lizards, snakes and invertebrates such as Spiny Freshwater Crayfish. Paddymelon Wallabies are among the most commonly sighted marsupials but Bettongs, Bandicoots, Swamp Wallabies are also common ground dwelling mammals. Arboreal mammals include mountain brushtail and ring tailed possums and the rare Eastern Pygmy Possum has also been recorded. Frogs include the threatened Fleay's Barred Frog Mixophyes fleayi, Marsupial Frog Assa darlingtonii and Mountain Frog Philoria loveridgei. Birds are abundant and diverse, the most noteworthy being perhaps Albert's Lyrebird and a true bird of paradise the Paradise Riflebird. Three species of Bowerbird are present being the Satin, Regent and Green Catbird.

Reptiles include the Border Leaf Tailed Gecko (Saltuarius swainii) The Land Mullet Skink, Stephen's Banded Snake, Eastern Tiger Snake, Carpet Python, Red Bellied Black Snake.[citation needed]

Invertebrates include the Lamington Spiny Crayfish Euastacus sulcatus and the Smaller Springbrook Crayfish Euastacus maidae. A new species of Phasmid Stick Insect was recently discovered at Springbrook and Named Parapodacanthus ailaketoae. Large flightless ground beetles include on the higher Springbrook plateau Nurus perater and at lower elevations at Mt Cougal, Tallebudgera and Natural Bridge Nurus moorei. The striking blue and red Mountain Katydid Acripeza reticulata and Tim Tam Bug Zopherosis georgei that resembles a chocolate biscuit have also been recorded at Springbrook.[citation needed]

History

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Springbrook was originally known as the Numinbah Plateau.[44]

The timbered plateau was settled relatively late with both the area's inaccessibility and timber reserve status acting as deterrents.[45] In 1906, the area ceased to be a timber reserve and was opened for agricultural settlement.[44] In the same year the first group of settlers, including James Hardy, arrived from northern New South Wales and referred to the new settlement as Springwood. However it was changed to Springbrook to avoid confusion with mail deliveries to another Springwood located in the Blue Mountains.[46] Following the request of postal officials to change the name to avoid confusion with another location in New South Wales, the area became known as Springbrook.[47][48]

Dairying was encouraged but the settlers found farming difficult and instead cleared for the land for timber.[2] By the 1930s Springbrook was almost completely cleared of trees.[46]

Springbrook State School opened on 25 April 1911.[49] A memorial to the pioneering settlers of the area was built in 1961 to celebrate 50 years since opening of the Springbrook State School.[50] The school closed in 1971.[49]

Tourism has been the major industry since the 1920s, with many guesthouses opening during this period.[2] A decent road up the mountain was built in the mid 1920s with the first car reaching the settlement in June 1926.[51][52]

Wunburra State School opened circa 1935 after relocating the then-closed Bonogin Creek State School building.[53] Wunburra State School closed circa 1942.[49]

The first declaration of a national park on the plateau was Warrie National Park in 1937.[44]

By 1947, a community hall had been built.[2]

The post office was closed in 1958.[54]

A new Springbrook State School opened on 23 January 1984 at a new site in a new building.[49]

Springbrook National Park rainforest, 2016

Beginning in 2005, the Beattie Government and Bligh Government spent $40.15  million purchasing 45 properties covering 705 hectares (1,740 acres) in Springbrook. The aim is to restore critical habitat to world heritage status and eventually expand the Springbrook National Park. The recovery process is conducted by the Australian Rainforest Conservation Society and led by Aila Keto. The land purchases have been criticised because of a lack of accountability, for pushing up land values and negatively affecting tourism by reducing the number of accommodation places, restaurants and cafes.[55]

The Settlement picnic area, 2016

In 2008, Springbrook was the site for a trial that involved 200 distributed, wireless sensors that can monitor natural conditions such as humidity, temperature, light, rainfall, fog, water quality and sound.[56] The cutting edge technology was developed by the CSIRO to assist research into the restoration of natural vegetation.[citation needed]

Demographics

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In the 2016 census, the locality of Springbrook had a population of 659 people.[57]

In the 2021 census, the locality of Springbrook had a population of 705 people.[1]

Heritage listings

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Springbrook has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Education

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Springbrook State School is a government primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 2327 Springbrook Road (28°11′25″S 153°15′52″E / 28.1902°S 153.2645°E / -28.1902; 153.2645 (Springbrook State School)).[63][64] In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 28 students with 7 teachers (3 full-time equivalent) and 6 non-teaching staff (2 full-time equivalent).[65]

There is no secondary school in Springbrook. The nearest government secondary school is Robina State High School in Robina to the north-east.[5]

Amenities

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Apple Tree Park, 2016

Springbrook Community Centre is at 3-11 Carricks Road (28°11′42″S 153°16′08″E / 28.1950°S 153.2689°E / -28.1950; 153.2689 (Springbrook Community Centre)).[66] Co-located with the community centre is the volunteer Springbrook Ambulance Station.[67][68]

St Teresa's Catholic Community meets in private homes, but this practice has been suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is part of the Burleigh Heads Catholic Parish within the Archdiocese of Brisbane.[69]

The Springbrook Mudgeeraba branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the Bill Deacon Pavilion, Mudgeeraba Showgrounds at 115 Mudgeeraba Road, Worongary.[70]

Attractions

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Springbrook National Park is a major attraction in the area. Bush camping is not permitted in the national park.[71] There is one camping area in Carricks Road.[71] Springbrook is the eastern end of the Gold Coast Hinterland Great Walk. This mountain hike links to O'Reilly's Rainforest Retreat via Binna Burra.[72]

There are many lookouts in the locality, including, from north to south:

Although not in Springbrook, the Best of All Lookout (28°14′32″S 153°15′54″E / 28.2422°S 153.2650°E / -28.2422; 153.2650 (Best Of All Lookout)) is only accessible from Repeater Station Road in Springbrook. It overlooks the Tweed Valley directly south of Springbrook.[82] Purlingbrook Falls are Goomoolahra Falls are popular with tourists.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Springbrook (SAL)". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 28 February 2023. Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ a b c d Queensland Environmental Protection Agency (2000). Heritage Trails of the Great South East. State of Queensland. p. 26. ISBN 0-7345-1008-X.
  3. ^ "Springbrook – town in City of Gold Coast (entry 31986)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  4. ^ "Springbrook – locality in City of Gold Coast (entry 46087)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b c "Queensland Globe". State of Queensland. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  6. ^ "Scenic Rim". Sites – Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs). Birdlife International. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  7. ^ a b Springbrook National Park: Visitor Information. Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service. 1994.
  8. ^ a b "SPRINGBROOK". The Central Queensland Herald. Rockhampton, Qld. 19 February 1931. p. 27. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ^ "Little Nerang Dam – reservoir in City of Gold Coast (entry 19647)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  10. ^ "Springbrook National Park: FAQ". Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h "Mountain peaks and capes - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 12 November 2020. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  12. ^ "Mount Wunburra – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 38221)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  13. ^ "Mount Nimmel – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 24253)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Salmons Saddle – pass in the City of Gold Coast (entry 29468)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  15. ^ "Fairview Mountain – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 12145)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  16. ^ "The Pinnacle – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 34061)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  17. ^ "The Canyon – gorge in the City of Gold Coast (entry 33892)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  18. ^ "Mount Thillinmam – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 34220)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  19. ^ "Springbrook Mountain – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 31987)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  20. ^ "Mount Mumdjin – mountain in Gold Coast City (entry 23404)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  21. ^ "Horseshoe Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 16298)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  22. ^ "Tinninaba Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 28004)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  23. ^ "Purling Brook Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 27683)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  24. ^ "Hell Hole – waterhole in City of Gold Coast (entry 15675)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  25. ^ "Gooroolba Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 14332)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Poonyahra Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 27314)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  27. ^ "Poondahra Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 27310)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  28. ^ "Blackfellow Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 3034)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  29. ^ "Ngarri-Dhum Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 24188)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  30. ^ "Kadjagooma Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 17533)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  31. ^ "Bijungoolahra Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 2559)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  32. ^ "Boojerahla Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 3621)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  33. ^ "Reads Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 28106)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  34. ^ "Boojerooma Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 3623)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  35. ^ "Bilbrough Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 2564)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  36. ^ "Rush Creek Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 29341)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  37. ^ "Tamarramai Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 33223)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  38. ^ "Twin Falls – waterfall in City of Gold Coast (entry 35567)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  39. ^ Damien Larkins (20 February 2014). "The Great Gold Coast Cyclone - February 1954". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  40. ^ "The Winter storms of June 1967". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.
  41. ^ "Daily Rainfall 2017 Springbrook Road". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  42. ^ "Cyclone Debbie: Evacuations in Gold Coast, Logan, Beenleigh amid record floods". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 March 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  43. ^ Webb, Len (1 October 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests". Journal of Ecology. 47 (3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570. doi:10.2307/2257290. JSTOR 2257290.
  44. ^ a b c "Springbrook National Park; Nature, culture and history". Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  45. ^ "Springbrook history". City of Gold Coast Council. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  46. ^ a b "Springbrook history". Archived from the original on 16 January 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  47. ^ "SPRINGBROOK PIONEERING". Tweed Daily. Vol. XII, no. 176. New South Wales, Australia. 29 July 1925. p. 4. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  48. ^ "CLOSER SETTLEMENT". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LXIV, no. 15, 536. 28 October 1907. p. 2. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  49. ^ a b c d Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
  50. ^ "Springbrook Pioneers Memorial". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  51. ^ "OVERLAND'S ACHIEVEMENT". The Brisbane Courier. No. 21, 344. 23 June 1926. p. 17. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  52. ^ "Motors and Motorists. How the First Motor Car Climbed Springbrook Queensland's Neglected Motorist's Paradise Described". The Brisbane Courier. No. 21, 350. 30 June 1926. p. 17. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  53. ^ "PUBLIC WORKS". The Courier-Mail. Brisbane: National Library of Australia. 24 August 1934. p. 23. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  54. ^ "Post Office Springbrook". Phoenix Auctions. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  55. ^ Kate Dennehy (21 June 2009). "'Secretive deals' threaten Springbrook". Brisbane Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  56. ^ "Wireless sensors to measure Springbrook rainforests". EPA Bulletin. The State of Queensland. 6 November 2008. Retrieved 16 December 2008. [dead link‍]
  57. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Springbrook (SSC)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 20 October 2018. Edit this at Wikidata
  58. ^ Gold Coast Local Heritage Register - N to Z, pp. 129-130
  59. ^ "Springbrook Road and Associated Infrastructure (entry 602140)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  60. ^ Gold Coast Local Heritage Register - N to Z, pp. 131-132
  61. ^ "Former Springbrook State School (QPWS Information Centre) (entry 602141)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  62. ^ Gold Coast Local Heritage Register - N to Z, pp. 133-134
  63. ^ "State and non-state school details". Queensland Government. 9 July 2018. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  64. ^ "Springbrook State School". Springbrook State School. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 13 March 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  65. ^ "ACARA School Profile 2018". Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. Archived from the original on 27 August 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
  66. ^ "Springbrook Community Hall". Gold Coast City Council. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  67. ^ "Emergency services facilities - Queensland". Queensland Open Data. Queensland Government. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  68. ^ Local Ambulance Service Network (LASN). "List of current QAS Operational Volunteer locations and contact phone number" (PDF). Queensland Ambulance Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  69. ^ "Churches". Burleigh Heads Catholic Parish. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  70. ^ "Branch Locations". Queensland Country Women's Association. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  71. ^ a b "Springbrook National Park: Camping information". Department of National Parks, Sport and Racing. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 5 February 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  72. ^ "Gold Coast Hinterland Great: Walk map" (PDF). Queensland Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  73. ^ "Wedge Bluff Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 36870)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  74. ^ "Rudder Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 29267)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  75. ^ "Canyon Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 6116)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  76. ^ "Boojerahla Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 3622)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  77. ^ "Tallaringa Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 33190)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  78. ^ "Goomoolahra Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 14279)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  79. ^ "Bellaringa Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 2167)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  80. ^ "Reads Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 28107)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  81. ^ "Dixie Lookout – lookout in City of Gold Coast (entry 10226)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  82. ^ Seeing South-East Queensland (2 ed.). RACQ. 1980. p. 46. ISBN 0-909518-07-6.

Sources

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