The Lid Off Los Angeles
"The Lid Off Los Angeles" was a 1939 six-part series of newsmagazine articles that ran in Liberty, an American general interest magazine. The series, written by Dwight F. McKinney and Fred Allhoff, asserted that the Los Angeles Police Department, in cooperation with officials in municipal government, had partnered with organized crime figures in the city for mutual financial benefit but to the detriment of the body politic. The article alleged police protection of gambling, alcohol smuggling, and bordello prostitution in exchange for payoffs by crime bosses, as well bribery, intimidation, spying, dirty tricks, ratfucking, and ultimately violence on the part of the corrupt LAPD to protect gambling-prostitute-bootlegging revenue for crime bosses over a 20-year period, ending under the administrations of Chief of Police James E. Davis and Los Angeles mayor Frank L. Shaw. Frank L. Shaw, who had been removed from Los Angeles City Hall and replaced with Fletcher Bowron by the 1938 Los Angeles mayoral recall election, sued the authors for libel, sued again for a different article in another magazine, and was later countersued by civic reformer Clifford Clinton for making false allegations. A jury in the first lawsuit was unable to reach a verdict. After lengthy court proceedings over several years, all parties settled out of court in 1943. The articles are considered very influential in the history of Los Angeles, and the title has been continuously reused in reference to crime and problems generally in Los Angeles. The title of the series comes from a statement made by Clinton in the wake of the car bomb that almost killed private investigator Harry J. Raymond; he announced he had information about the involvement of elected officials that would "blow the lid off of Los Angeles".[1]
Libel suit
[edit]
Shaw filed a lawsuit in 1940 claiming he'd been libeled by the authors, and the publisher,[2] and seeking upward of $650,000 in damages.[3] In March 1941 Shaw added a suit against the "sequel" article Shaw files against "My Husband's Death Struggle Against L.A.'s Vice Czars" article in True Story.[4]
The trial began in January 1942, Superior Court judge Charles Haas presiding.[5][3] Among other things, Shaw's attorneys attempted to prove that civic reformer Clifford Clinton had had a major hand in writing the articles.[6] Testimony about whether or not Shaw specifically or the Los Angeles city government generally was corrupt came from figures like Ann Forrester, a convicted brothel operator who was deposed from Tehachapi prison, and testified about the system by which she paid off Los Angeles police officers while in the company of Guy McAfee.[7] Other testimony concerned whether or not Clinton was in cahoots with gambling-syndicate attorney Charles Cradick and bookmaker Jimmy Utley.[8] After a total of 12 weeks of testimony,[9] the case went to the 11-person jury in March 1942, the 12th juror having been lost to illness and personal issue.[10] After four days of deliberation the foreman told the judge they were hopelessly deadlocked 5-6 (leaning in favor of the magazine) and had been since the beginning with no hope of resolution.[9] The judge then dismissed the hung jury.[9]
Clinton later countersued Shaw for making false allegations that he had been taking payoffs too; all parties settled out of court in April 1943.[11]
Series and successors
[edit]| Sequence | Article Title | Subhed | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1a | Part One—A Dictatorship of Crime | Beginning an astounding story of corruption and vice in a great city—and a stirring battle against them | November 11, 1939 |
| 1b | Part Two—The Passing of "Good-Time Charlie" | More astounding revelations in an astounding study of corruption and vice in a great American city—and of a gallant battle against them | November 18, 1939 |
| 1c | Part Three—The Spy Squad That Floored Uncle Sam | Corruption, vice, a hidden dictatorship! Dramatically, a startling saga unfolds | November 25, 1939 |
| 1d | Part Four—Chief Davis Pulls a Boner | A new startling chapter in an amazing chronicle of crime and corruption in a great American city | December 2, 1939 |
| 1e | Part Five—The Fight...and the Stakes | Dramatic, sinister, heart-warming! A saga of crime and courageous men | December 9, 1939 |
| 1f | Part Six—Conclusion | The story of a gallant fight ends with a question—Will the job be finished? | December 16, 1939 |
| 2 | Buron Fitts Defends Los Angeles | Liberty gives both sides! Without comment, here's a reply to "The Lid Off Los Angeles"—by the county's famous District Attorney | March 16, 1940 |
| 3 | "My husband's death struggle with the vice czars of Los Angeles" | Nelda M. Clinton as told to Pauline Swanson in True Story magazine | January–February 1941 |
Authors
[edit]Fred Allhoff
[edit]Fred Allhoff (1904–1988) was a magazine writer best known for his Liberty pieces. In addition to "The Lid Off Los Angeles" one of his articles was adapted into an Edward G. Robinson film, and his serial Lightning in the Night is considered an important piece of speculative fiction in the hypothetical Axis victory in World War II subgenre.
Dwight F. McKinney
[edit]Dwight F. McKinney | |
|---|---|
_passport_photo_from_1923.jpg) Passport photo (1923) | |
| Born | Dwight Faber McKinney April 2, 1889 Ottawa, Kansas, United States |
| Died | November 5, 1979 (aged 90) Newport Beach, California, United States |
Dwight F. McKinney was born in Ottawa, Kansas in 1889,[12] as the youngest son of a Presbyterian minister and his wife.[13] The family lived in Indiana for a time before they moved to California around 1898 for the father.[13]
At the time of the 1910 U.S. census, McKinney worked as a salesman for a newspaper.[14] McKinney may have begun traveling internationally on a sustained basis around 1915.[15] In 1917, he was self-employed as a publisher in Los Angeles.[12] McKinney served in the U.S. military from May 1918 until February 1919, as "Sgt 2 Cas Co".[16] In August 1919, when he was involved in rescuing a baby from a house that had exploded, McKinney was described as a publisher with offices at Wayside Press .[17][a] He wrote at least two humorous travelogues, Henery in the Orient and Seeing California with Henery.[18] In 1922 he seems to have joined a research expedition to Baja California. According to the Los Angeles Evening Express, the expedition found four paintings that were supposedly buried around 1700 by missionaries, and "in an entirely separate cache of a dozen ancient coins of the time of Carolus IV and Philip V of Spain were discovered. Like the paintings they were thickly wrapped with cowhide. With them was a turquoise rosary, the medal carrying the image of a saint obsolete for such use in the Catholic church for centuries. This smaller cache is supposed to represent the private treasure of a fleeing priest."[19] At the same time, the group filmed a colony of sea elephants on Guadalupe Island. The film was exhibited at the Pantages Vaudeville theater at 7th Street and Hill in downtown Los Angeles. Advertisements for the show promised "First and Exclusive Showing - Robt. M. Connell and Dwight F. McKinney's "SEA ELEPHANT EXPEDITION" Men Risked Life to Secure These Marvelous Pictures."[20] A newspaper blurb that was published about the same time, about the fishing off Cedros Island, described McKinney as an associate of the Southwest Museum.[21]
In 1930 he spoke to a community group in Santa Barbara about his recent visit to the Soviet Union and his observations of Communist system there.[22] During the rest of the 1930s McKinney was a resident of Fresno, California, and worked at the Bankruptcy Referee office.[23] As of 1942, his occupation was "writer - on his own".[24] In 1957 he was scheduled to speak the California Cultural Club in Los Angeles about his "travels to trouble spots in the world".[25] Circa 1970, McKinney lived in San Francisco.[23] McKinney died in 1979, at age 90, in Orange County, California.[26]
Reception
[edit]The Los Angeles Times previewed the series on the front page of section two, commending the magazine for amply setting the stage with the historical background for the then-recent events like the Kynette trial, and commented, "Unlike Look and Collier's, which were satisfied with a once-over-lightly treatment of the sadder aspects of our citizenry, Liberty is digging in for a long winter of flamboyant and grating adjectives to describe our sin...the tempo of their piece is set early in the article, to-wit: 'To those who look shudderingly upon the terroristic activities of the secret police of Germany and Russia and ask whether such things can happen here, the answer is yes'."[27] The articles were described by a business school professor in 1940 as "a fairly reliable account of corruption and the civic crusade which resulted in the recall of the mayor".[28] A 2023 dissertation on the labor market in Los Angeles from the time of the stock market crash to the beginning of World War II called "The Lid Off Los Angeles" a "fascinating albeit sensational telling" of the events leading to Shaw's recall.[29]
The articles made an "enormous impact,"[30] and the title has been continuously reused in reference to crime and problems generally in Los Angeles.[31][32][33]
Notes
[edit]- ^ The explosion was the result of a bomb intended for former U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of California Oscar Lawler.
References
[edit]- ^ Sitton (2005), p. 17.
- ^ "We're Waiting". Monrovia News-Post. September 26, 1940. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b "Shaw Case Articles Read". The Los Angeles Times. January 13, 1942. p. 25. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Shaw Names Clinton, Mayor in Suit". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. March 28, 1941. p. 11. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Shaw Said Genius at Government". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. January 8, 1942. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Clinton cast as writer in Shaw's libel action". Daily News. January 21, 1942. p. 11. Retrieved 2024-06-22.
- ^ "Ann Forrester Tells Pay-offs". The Los Angeles Times. January 18, 1942. p. 15. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ "Mayor, Clinton Mentioned in Shaw Trial". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. February 27, 1942. p. 3. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ a b c "Shaw libel suit jury, failing in agreement, discharged". Daily News. March 28, 1942. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ "Shaw's Libel Suit Against Liberty Goes to Jury - City News Service". Metropolitan Pasadena Star-News. March 24, 1942. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
- ^ "Shaw and Clinton Litigation Ended". The Los Angeles Times. April 29, 1943. p. 32. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ a b "United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918", database with images, FamilySearch(https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZVN-SKF : 24 December 2021), Dwight Faber McKinney, 1917-1918.
- ^ a b "Errand of Mercy Ends in Sacrifice". Los Angeles Herald. August 11, 1906. p. 10. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ "United States Census, 1910", FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MV21-LJR : Fri Mar 08 14:04:56 UTC 2024), Entry for Dwight McKinney, 1910.
- ^ "Russia Good Place to Be "From", Rotarians Are Told by World-Traveler Today". Santa Maria Times. October 28, 1930. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "United States, Veterans Administration Master Index, 1917–1940", FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:7163-ZHMM : Sun Mar 10 06:52:34 UTC 2024), Entry for Dwight Faber McKinney, 13 February 1919.
- ^ "Rescue of Tot and Nurse from Burning Home Told". Press-Telegram. August 5, 1919. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-20.
- ^ "Former Highland Park Man Publishes Tourist Book". The Highland Park Herald. February 27, 1920. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Four Old Masters Dating to 1700 Unearthed Near Mission". Los Angeles Evening Express. October 5, 1922. p. 19. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Pantages Vaudeville". Los Angeles Evening Post-Record. October 24, 1922. p. 13. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Fishers Paradise". The Morning Union. November 7, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "Russia Good Place to Be "From", Rotarians Are Told by World-Traveler Today". Santa Maria Times (part 1 of 2). October 28, 1930. p. 1. Retrieved 2024-06-21. & "World-Traveler Rotary Speaker" (part 2 of 2). October 28, 1930. p. 3.
- ^ a b "Old Timer Begins Journey". The Fresno Bee. May 17, 1970. p. 189. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ "United States World War II Draft Registration Cards, 1942", FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:V48B-BKZ : Sat Feb 24 04:56:02 UTC 2024), Entry for Dwight Faber Mckinney, 1942.
- ^ "Cultural Club Bills Luncheon, Program". Los Angeles Evening Citizen News. April 22, 1957. p. 4. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
- ^ "California Death Index, 1940-1997", FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VPCQ-YJ1 : 26 November 2014), Dwight Faber Mckinney, 05 Nov 1979; Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento.
- ^ "Sins of City Again in Print". The Los Angeles Times. November 1, 1939. p. 25. Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ Ewing, Russell H. (1940). County Government and Administration: A Manual and Syllabus. School of Commerce, Accounts, and Finance, University of Denver. p. 34.
- ^ Coffey, Daina Kathleen. "Build a Fence Around Los Angeles": Labor, Unemployment, and Survival in the City of Angels, 1929-1941 (Thesis). The University of Chicago. p. 229.
- ^ lmharnisch (June 19, 2020). "'The Lid Off Los Angeles' – Liberty Magazine Examines Corruption in the LAPD and at City Hall". Retrieved 2024-06-18.
- ^ British Books. Publisher's Circular Limited. 1960.
- ^ The American Mercury. American Mercury. 1960.
- ^ Henstell, Bruce (November 1977). "When the Lid Blew Off Los Angeles". Westways. p. 68.
Sources
[edit]- Franklin, H. Bruce (1988). "Don't worry it's only science fiction". War stars: the superweapon and the American imagination. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-505295-4. LCCN 87034734. OCLC 276803031.
- Sitton, Tom (2005). Los Angeles transformed: Fletcher Bowron's urban reform revival, 1938–1953. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-3527-2.