Tolomako language

Tolomako
Bigbay
Native to	Vanuatu
Region	Big Bay, Espiritu Santo Island
Native speakers	900 (2001)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Oceanic Southern Oceanic North-Central Vanuatu North Vanuatu Espiritu Santo Tolomako
Dialects	Tolomako proper Tsuréviu
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tlm
Glottolog	tolo1255
ELP	Tolomako
Tolomako is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Tolomako (also called Bigbay) is a language of the Oceanic subgroup of Austronesian languages. It is spoken on Santo island in Vanuatu.

Characteristics

It distinguishes four numbers for its personal pronouns: singular, dual, trial, plural. Its verbs have no tense or aspect marking, but two moods, realis and irrealis. Substantives and numerals also have the same two moods. E.g.

na

REALIS

tatsua

person

mo

REALIS

tea

one

mo

REALIS

tsoa

not to be

na tatsua mo tea mo tsoa

REALIS person REALIS one REALIS {not to be}

Someone is missing

te

IRREALIS

tatsua

person

i

IRREALIS

tea

one

mo

REALIS

tsoa

not to be

te tatsua i tea mo tsoa

IRREALIS person IRREALIS one REALIS {not to be}

There is nobody.

Tolomako proper is characterized by having dentals where the mother language had labials before front vowels. It shares this feature with Sakao, but not with its dialect Tsureviu, which is otherwise very close. Thus:

Tolomako	Tsureviu
tei	pei	"water"
nata	mata	"eye"

When labials do occur preceding front vowels they seem to be reflexes of older labiovelars:

Tolomako	Tsureviu
pei	pei	"good"
mata	mata	"snake"

Compare with Fijian ŋata "snake" (spelt gata).

It is possible that Tolomako is a very simplified daughter-language or pidgin of the neighboring language Sakao. However, Tolomako is more likely a sister language of Sakao, not a pidgin. It cannot be phonologically derived from Sakao, whereas Sakao can be from Tolomako to some extent. Comparing Tolomako with its close dialect of Tsureviu allows researchers to reconstruct an earlier state, from which most of Sakao can be regularly derived. This earlier state is very close to what can be reconstructed of Proto-North-Central Vanuatu. Thus Tolomako is a very conservative language, whereas Sakao has undergone drastic innovations in its phonology and grammar, both in the direction of increased complexity.

Phonology

Tolomako vowels

	front unrounded	back rounded
close	i	u
mid	e	o
open	a

Tolomako consonants

	labial	alveolar	velar
nasal	m	n
plosive	p	t	k
affricate		ts
fricative	β		ɣ
trill		r
approximant		l

Tolomako has a simple syllable structure, maximally consonant-vowel-vowel: V, CV, VV, CVV. However, in older materials, it permitted closed syllables, such as kanam "you (exclusive)" versus kanamu, though this may have been the result of not articulating high vowels after nasals.

Deixis

There are three degrees of deixis, here/this, there/that, yonder/yon.

Nouns

Tolomako has inalienably possessed nouns, which are regularly derived:

tsiɣo- "mouth"

Tolomako	English
na tsiɣo-ku	"my mouth"
na tsiɣo-mu	"thy mouth"
na tsiɣo-na	"his/her/its mouth"
na tsiɣo-...	"...'s mouth"

βulu- "hair"

Tolomako	English
na βulu-ku	"my hair"
na βulu-mu	"thy hair"
na βulu-na	"his/her/its hair"
na βulu-...	"...'s hair"

Syntax

Tolomako syntax is isolating. It has a single preposition, ne, for all relationships of space and time; below it is used to distinguish the object of a verb from the instrument used.

mo

3SG

losi

hits

na

ART

poe

pig

ne

PREP

na

ART

matsa

club

mo losi na poe ne na matsa

3SG hits ART pig PREP ART club

"He hits (kills) the pig with a club"

Literature

Tolomako was unwritten until the arrival of missionaries from the New Hebrides Mission. James Sandilands translated Matthew, Jonah and Malachi from the Bible into Tolomako and these were published as "Na taveti tahonae hi Iesu Kristo, Matiu moulia..." by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1904. A missionary with the New Hebrides Mission, Charles E. Yates translated the book of Acts into Tolomaku and this was published by the Melbourne Auxiliary of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1906.

Charles E. Yates then worked on the Gospel of John, the Letter to the Philippians and the 1st and 2nd Letters to Timothy. With the help of fifteen of his teaching staff they translated "Na Taveti Tahonai hi Jon na Varisula" and 750 copies were published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1909.

See also

• Sakao language, for parallels to the above in a closely related but grammatically more complex language

External links

• A 1992 mailing list message from Jacques Guy, describing some of his fieldwork on the language
• A 1994 message from Jacques Guy, citing Tolomako as a counterexample to the thesis that all languages are equally complex