Type 4 grenade

Type 4 "ceramic" grenade
Two Type 4 grenades. The one on the left does not have the rubber cover on.
Type	Hand grenade
Place of origin	Japan
Service history
In service	1944-1945
Used by	Imperial Japanese Navy
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designed	1944
Manufacturer	Vessels made by several potteries, finishing by Asano Carlit
Produced	1944–1945
Specifications
Mass	ca. 455 g (1.003 lb)
Height	ca. 102 mm (4.0 in)
Diameter	various, ca. 76 mm (3.0 in)
Filling	Type 88 explosive
Filling weight	ca. 100 g (0.22 lb)
Detonation mechanism	Fuse delay of 4 to 5 seconds

The Type 4 grenade or ceramic grenade (四式陶製手榴弾, Yon-shiki tōsei teryūdan) was a "last-ditch" hand grenade developed by the Imperial Japanese Navy in the closing stages of World War II.

History and development

By late 1944 and early 1945, much of the industrial infrastructure of Japan had been destroyed by Allied strategic bombing, and there was a growing shortage of raw materials due to Allied naval blockades and submarine warfare. Lacking in metals to mass-produce hand grenades in the vast quantities that would be needed against the projected Allied invasion of Japan, the Imperial Japanese Navy Technical Bureau developed a design for a cheap, easy-to-make grenade made of ceramic or porcelain materials. Kilns famous for the production of traditional Japanese pottery, such as Arita, Bizen and Seto were pressed into service to manufacture these relatively crude weapons. There were a tremendous number of variants on shape, size and color, because the design depended on each kiln.

Design

The Type 4 grenade had a fragmentation body made of terra cotta or porcelain materials. The grenade was round-shaped with a bottle neck with a rubber cover and a simple fuse. This detonator was no more than a blasting cap crimped on to a five-second length of fuse. The other end of the fuse, which was outside the rubber plug, was covered with a match-head composition. A slip-on rubber cap covered the whole neck, and fuse. A small, loose wooden block with an abrasive composition on one side was contained in the rubber fuse cover.

Combat record

Type 4 grenades were passed out in large quantities to civil defense organizations, such as the Volunteer Fighting Corps, Yokusan Sonendan, and to reservist organizations involved in preparations against the possible invasion of the Japanese home islands by Allied forces. They were also supplied to front line combat troops in large quantities, and are known to have been employed at the Battle of Iwo Jima and Battle of Okinawa.

Photo gallery

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  Schematic of components
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References

• US Department of War (1994). Handbook on Japanese Military Forces, TM-E 30-480 (1945) (reprint ed.). Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-2013-8.
• Japanese Explosive Ordnance, TM 9-1985-4. Departments of the Army and the Air Force. 1953. ASIN B000H7NCDS. OCLC 506057724.

External links

• Ceramic Grenades
• Details of internal construction