User:8fries/sandbox

Article Evaluation: Cambrian explosion

This article is a part of multiple WikiProject's due to other Wiki readers noticing an abundance of errors in the information being presented. I do notice that the information is up to pare as of my current knowledge of the topic. The article organizes its information in such a way to make it easy for the reader to jump around to the sections that they are most interested in reading. The sources do check out and are cited properly throughout the text and do support the claims in the article. I appreciate that they provide links for further information surrounding some of the topics discussed in the article such as developmental explanations biology. Most of the claims seem to be expressed in a neutral manner. Viewpoints are represented evenly throughout. It has been rated a B-class.

Article Selection:

1. Petroleum Industry in Canada: Petroleum industry in Canada

This article includes a lot of information about the major Canadian Petroleum producing Provinces. However, some more information could have been added to each major Basin described in the article. The following could have been included for each: Classification based on tectonic setting and structural style, classification as the geodynamic processes that formed them, basin subsidence mechanisms, source rocks, reservoir formations, dominant trap style, sealing formations, and hydrocarbons generated. A brief summary of recent estimates of reserves and resources for each basin could help compliment the facts given in the article. Possible sources that this information can be found at are at the following links (specifically for the WCSB):

https://ags.aer.ca/document/Atlas/chapter_3.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3MBeGXpZkBfSMo21wB1Q5tGMBM6ZY8os2j-052fvlQOl1xO0iuLpRtBEg

https://ags.aer.ca/document/Atlas/chapter_31.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0eBVKKwFRkIZ12GdkbhJ_r3SdmcWelhz8ayGovkhp9Bov9vcwxTu4qLOA

https://ags.aer.ca/mountain-building-and-the-alberta-basin.htm

2. Jeanne D'Arc Basin: Jeanne d'Arc Basin

This articles talks about the 3 major events that took place in order to create traps that allowed for the generation and seal of oil within the Basin. They should consider including specific structural and stratigraphic traps that allowed for the generation of oil (e.g. anticline, angular unconformity). It might be helpful to include a geological section across the Jeanne D'Arc Basin showing stratigraphic subdivisions in order to interpret depositional facies and environments as well as orientation and shape of the reservoir body. It also never described the sealing formations. The sealing formations, source rock, reservoir formations, trap style, and hydrocarbons generated could all be illustrated in the geological section that I recommended earlier. This will allow the reader to fully understand the lithologies involved with the generation, trapping, and sealing of the hydrocrabons. The following links are where most of this information can be found:

https://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/invest/cfb_nl05_01_jabn.pdf?fbclid=IwAR178p1rTSbS0KcXzBpGzirnMHGj2yZ1_zzP6GS15UUAyuE25PJCQzrVv-M

https://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/nr/invest/jeanne_d_arc_presentation.pdf?fbclid=IwAR3lXEtHdS1ux9rQ7C7FTkrjnPQk_sLazFyqta4H7U2xQ0Bpdtbn7RjXWyU

3. Michigan Basin: Michigan Basin

This article is quite sparse with information. The inclusion of the traps and seals that were formed in order to allow for the formation and exploitation of hydrocarbons should be included. It might be helpful to present the classifications (based on tectonic setting, subsidence mechanisms, and geodynamics) in tabular form for easier and quick viewing for the readers. The dominant trap style should be stated; it kind of hints at angular unconformities but I am uncertain (could also include anticlines). A more in depth history of the exploration and discoveries in this basin could be included/ added upon. At the end it states that the Michigan basin is "America's most promising oil and gas play". However, it does not go into much detail of why this is so. As such I would suggest expanding on this idea, citing more sources of where this information has come from as well as what the future holds specifically for the Michigan Basin. The following links/sources will can be viewed to find some of this information:

Haxby, W. F., Turcotte, D. L., & Bird, J. M. (1976). Thermal and mechanical evolution of the michigan basin. Tectonophysics, 36(1-3), 57-75. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90006-8

http://www.ogsrlibrary.com/downloads/OPI-2017_Devonian-oil-play-in-Ontario-and-Michigan_Harrison.pdf

https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0450r/report.pdf

http://archives.datapages.com/data/bulletns/1984-85/data/pg/0068/0003/0250/0296.htm#purchaseoptions

What is Content Gap: In class discussion

Question 1: Wikipedian's often talk about "Content gaps". What do you think a content gap is, and what are some possible ways to identify them?

Content gap: information not found on the archive (searched for but not found)

Question 2: What are some reasons a content gap might arise? What are some ways to remedy them?

- lack of reliable sources

- too broad a topic/idea

- subtopic - super specific and nobody has really taken note of it

- something very recent or new idea that hasn't been discussed yet

- peer review and encourage participation of experts

- the more people that edit the article the less likely there will be a content gap

- going to wiki talk pages and trying to get people there to help edit the page - or compose something like in this class where students edit Wikipedia pages to bring in new content.

- money and marks is a good motivation

Question 3: Does it matter who writes Wikipedia?

Does not matter as long as the work is unbiased and content is said in a neutral tone. The article written by the Wikipedian should cover many aspects of the topic where more weight is attributed to the important details and less so for the fringe ideas. The article should be written in a neutral tone without bias to a specific viewpoint, and represents all views for the topic. Additionally, good sources must be used to support any claims within the article the Wikipedian is writing.

- as long as the person does their research anyone can make edits and make Wikipedia articles and get their research from reliable non-bias research

- as long as they are careful about what they are writing

- resembles the peer review concept

- if they have a conflict of interest then there could be bias

Question 4: What does it mean to be "unbiased" on Wikipedia? How is that different, or similar, to your own definition of "bias"?

- Document/explain major points of view in a balanced/impartial matter

- have to have a neutral tone and explain what is going on - to give unbiased documentation use reliable sources and primary research

- "balanced" - keeping voice tone neutral - need to use reliable sources which will lead to most accurate documentation you can give. For example, climate change there would be more weight towards climate change happening than not.

Citation Notes

The following information would be helpful to add to the Michigan Basin wikipedia page.

Major trap styles of the Michigan basin include structural anticlines (primarily inter-granular porosity with minor cementation), normal faulting on the boundaries of the basin in the Devonian, and salt traps in the Silurian. A minor trap style includes stratigraphic occurrences of porous Dolomite surrounded by tight limestone throughout the basin. Sealing formations in the Michigan basin include the Utica shale and Collingwood member sealing Ordovician rocks as well as shales and anhydrite seals in the Silurian. A majority of reservoirs are sealed by the Antrim formation specifically capping the Traverse formation and the Utica shale or tight limestone of the Trenton/Black river formation ()

https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/0450r/report.pdf - it is from this source (needs to be downloaded as a pdf)

Finalize Your Topic/Find Your Sources (Bibliography):

I will be working on the Michigan Basin Wikipedia Page. The sources that I will be acquiring information from are listed below (additional references will be added as I find them):

Charpentier, R. R. (1988). A summary of petroleum plays and characteristics of the Michigan basin. Open-File Report. doi:10.3133/ofr87450r

Geologic assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the U.S. portion of the Michigan Basin. (2015). U.S. Geological Survey.

Haxby, W. F., Turcotte, D. L., & Bird, J. M. (1976). Thermal and mechanical evolution of the michigan basin. Tectonophysics, 36(1-3), 57-75. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(76)90006-8

Michigan Petroleum History. (2018). American Oil & Gas Historical Society. Retrieved from https://aoghs.org/energy-education-resources/exhibiting-michigan-petroleum-history/

Welch, S. A., Sheets, J. M., Place, M. C., Saltzman, M. R., Edwards, C. T., Gupta, N., & Cole, D. R. (2019). Assessing geochemical reactions during CO2 injection into an oil-bearing reef in the northern michigan basin. Applied Geochemistry, 100(Complete), 380-392. doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2018.12.008

Michigan Basin:

Basin Classifications:

Geologic map of the Michigan basin illustrating bedrock geology.

Basins can be classified based on tectonic setting, geodynamic processes, and subsidence mechanisms. Basin types are classified according to tectonic setting; whether it be active (convergent or transform) or passive (divergent). They are also classified according to depositional setting including oceanic basin, intracratonic, cratonic margin, and plate margin. Lastly they are classified according to geodynamic mechanisms pertaining to the geophysics related to crustal movement.

Tectonic setting: Tectonic settings describe the large scale movement of Earth's crust resulting in varying geologic settings. Major tectonic settings commonly generate geothermal systems including subduction zones, rift zones, extensional regimes, and transtensional or strike-slip zones This basin can be described as cratonic sag which is formed when a mantle plume softens the lithosphere, sagging the lithosphere once moved. Additionally, this basin could have been caused by the thinning of the lithosphere.

Geodynamic Processes: Geodynamics is a sub-field of geophysics pertaining to the dynamics of the Earth. The main geodynamic processes describe the Michigan basin as a cratonic basin. Important processes include mantle instabilities (downwellings) and the underlying rift system: limited and slow stretching. Sediment loads and phase changes are also some important geodynamic process that take place.

Subsidence Mechanisms: Subsidence mechanisms operate in more than one basin type, and several mechanisms can operate in a single basin. Some basins may pass through phases in which different mechanisms may control their development compared to others that may not have as large of an impact. Based on subsidence mechanisms the Michigan basin can be described as a Cratonic (intracontinental) basin. Important mechanisms include crustal thinning/stretching, lithospheric mantle thickening/cooling, sedimentary/volcanic loading, and dynamic topography. Minor mechanisms encompass subcrustal loading and densification/phase changes.

Basin Components:

File:Bedrock and cross section 301678 7.pdf

Stratigraphic cross-section of the Michigan Basin.

Petroleum systems are classified by five major components including source rock intervals, reservoir formations, trap styles, sealing formations and hydrocarbon generation. The major components within the Michigan Basin are described below courtesy of the data provided by Charpentier and colleagues (1988).

Source Rocks: Source rocks are rocks that hydrocrabons are generated from or are capable of being generated from. Precambrian source rocks of the Michigan Basin include the Nonsuch shale restricted to the Western Lake Superior Unit. The Ordovician contains thin, shaly carbonate beds in the Lower to Middle Ordovician Foster Formation, as well as thin organic matter-rich shales near the top of the Trenton and Black River Formation and shales in the overlying Collingwood Shale and Utica Shale. In the Silurian, the middle Silurian Eramosa Formation (interreef facies of Niagara Group) and Upper Silurian Salina A-1 Carbonate (Salina Group) are source rocks. Lastly, Devonian source rocks are the Amhertsburg and Lucas formations, Antrim Shale and Ellsworth Shale formations.

Reservoir Formations: Reservoir formations represent the formations that store hydrocarbons. Precambrian reservoirs of the Michigan Basin include sandstones and shales in the Nonsuch unit. Ordovician Foster reservoirs are the Prairie du Chien Group, St.Peter Sandstone, Glenwood Formation, and the Trenton/Black River Formation consisting of fractured limestone with associated hydrothermal dolomitization. Silurian reservoirs include the Burnt Bluff Group, Mississippian informal Michigan stray sandstone, and pinnacle reefs of the brown Niagara group. Additionally, beds of laminated, dolomitic limestone overlain and underlain by halite and/or anhydrite, and Sylvania sandstone also form reservoirs. The Silurian consists of the Saginaw formation and the lower/upper Verne Coal beds. In the Devonian, the Lucas formation, Dundee limestone and Traverse limestone, Bera sandstone, Michigan formation, and Antrim Shale are reservoirs.

Trap Style: Traps refer to a region where hydrocarbons are barred from further movement. Trap styles include structural (folds and faults), hydrodynamic, stratigraphic (depositional, unconformity, or diagenetic) and combinations of these.The Michigan Basin includes major trap styles such as structural anticlines (mostly primary intergranular porosity with minor cementation) and normal faulting on the boundaries of the basin in the Devonian, and salt traps in the Silurian. Stratigraphic occurrence of porous Dolomite surrounded by tight limestone also forms traps for hydrocarbons.

Sealing Formations: Hydrocarbon seals are formations with permeability low enough to lead to net cumulative charge in the reservoir below. Utica shale and Collingwood members seal Ordovician rocks. Seals in the Silurian include shales and anhydrites. The Antrim formation caps the Traverse formation and the Utica shale or tight limestone of the Trenton/Black river formation forms seals for a majority of reservoirs.

Hydrocarbon Generation: Oil generation from the Utica shale could have begun as early as the Ordovician and Silurian, continuing into the Devonian. Additionally, considerable amounts of oil and gas were sealed in the Niagaran Reefs during the Silurian period.

Peer Review:

User talk:Varelasara/sandbox: Glacial Lake

User talk:Polidoroal/sandbox: Groundwater Recharge

Responding to Peer Review:

I have read the peer review on my talk page and will continue to work on my Wikipedia contribution to satisfy the criteria that the student commented on. For example, I will cite all my sources as I add content, as well as fix the structure of my sentences to allow better flow while reading. In my final report I created a layout more organized and easy to read for the viewer. Pictures were also added to assist in the readers understanding of the topics discussed.

Reflective Essay:

When critiquing Wikipedia articles I noticed that many pages need a lot of work to be done to them. There are huge gaps in a lot of pages that require attention to get the full story. My article specifically needed this type of attention, to fill the knowledge gap. I read through many related sources of the Michigan Basin and decided upon these seven main subcategories to add to the article as they overlapped in each source and were not included in the Wikipedia page already.

As of yet I have contributed tectonic setting, geodynamic processes, and subsidence mechanisms to elaborate on the history of formation of the Michigan Basin. This gives a broad understanding to the reader of what the geologic setting was when the basin first began to form. I also added sections for the petroleum system in this Basin such as the source rocks, reservoir formations, trap style and sealing formations. This is what defines the petroleum system in the Michigan basin. It is important to understand these mechanisms in oil exploration. Once the subsurface geology is known, engineers and geologists may be able to turn the resources into reservoirs and exploit the oil as much as possible.

The peer review process has greatly influenced how I added additional information to my draft. My final copy will use their critics to better my contributions for the Wikipedia article. I participated in two peer reviews, one for glacial lakes and another for ground water recharge. Overall, the articles contributions were very well written and great additions to their Wikipedia pages. For Glacial lakes I recommended including more detail of the geologic deposits discussed in one of their sections. As well, a stratigraphic illustration of a glacial deposit may give the reader more of an understanding of the changes that occur through time with these types of sediments. On the other hand, I recommended adding Darcy's law and the influence of subsurface geology to the groundwater recharge article.

I learned that this is a community of individuals that want to better each others understanding of very complex processes. But the complexity of some of these processes may become harder to communicate to the general public. Important information and details may be lost in the process of summarizing scientific literature to include less jargon. This may overall become misleading to the reader, since not all the information may be present to them. As such, I have learned that Wikipedia is a good place to get a general idea of some concepts. However, it may not include the full story. Therefore, additional research must be had in order to understand everything about the topic at hand. Since anyone can edit/create a Wikipedia page, the information within it must be backed up with additional sources.
Wikipedia is similar to other assignments I have had in the past. This is due to the plethora of sources and background knowledge that needs to be done with any paper being written. It is different however because I was adding to someone else's work already.

Overall, Wikipedia is an environment for individuals to gather a broad understanding of very complex concepts/processes. This is important for the public to gather more knowledge about the environment and overall world we live in. It may not be a very reliable source but it is a good way fro people to learn about earth sciences specifically. This may give light to individuals of how important the world is we live in, and that if we continue on the path we are now it may not be the same for future generations.