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Bilateral relations[edit]

Americas[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1940 See Argentina–Canada relations
 Bahamas 1973
 Barbados 1907 See Barbados–Canada relations

In 1907, the Government of Canada opened a Trade Commissioner Service to the Caribbean region located in Bridgetown, Barbados. Following Barbadian independence from the United Kingdom in November 1966, the Canadian High Commission was established in Bridgetown, Barbados in September 1973. There is a Barbadian High Commission in Ottawa and a Barbadian Consulate in Toronto. The relationship between both nations today partly falls within the larger context of Canada–Caribbean relations.

 Brazil 1941 See Brazil–Canada relations, Embassy of Brazil in Ottawa, List of Brazilian ambassadors to Canada

Brazil-Canada relations have been cordial but relatively limited, although the relationship between the two countries has been gradually evolving over time.

 Chile 1940

Since 1997 Canada and Chile's trade relations have been governed by the Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement, Chile's first full free trade agreement and Canada's first with a Latin American nation.

  • Parraguez, Maria-Luisa (26 March 2008). "Chile's Foreign Policy towards North America". Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUAL CONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA.
 Colombia 1953 See Canada–Colombia relations
 Cuba 1945 See Canada–Cuba relations

Canada has maintained consistently cordial relations with Cuba, in spite of considerable pressure from the United States, and the island is also one of the most popular travel destinations for Canadian citizens. Canada-Cuba relations can be traced back to the 18th century, when vessels from the Atlantic provinces of Canada traded codfish and beer for rum and sugar. Cuba was the first country in the Caribbean selected by Canada for a diplomatic mission. Official diplomatic relations were established in 1945, when Emile Vaillancourt, a noted writer and historian, was designated Canada's representative in Cuba. Canada and Mexico were the only two countries in the hemisphere to maintain uninterrupted diplomatic relations with Cuba following the Cuban Revolution in 1959.

  • Canada has an embassy in Havana
  • Cuba has an embassy in Ottawa
 Guyana 1964 See Canada–Guyana relations
 Haiti 1954 See Canada–Haiti relations

During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid the Haiti,[6] the poorest country in the western hemisphere.[7]

 Jamaica 1962 See Canada–Jamaica relations
  • Since 4 March 1963, Canada has a High Commission in Kingston.
  • Jamaica has a High Commission in Ottawa.
 Mexico 1944-01 See Canada–Mexico relations, Embassy of Mexico in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Mexico

Despite the fact that historic ties between the two nations have been coldly dormant, relations between Canada and Mexico have positively changed in recent years; seeing as both countries brokered the North American Free Trade Agreement. Although on different sides of the Cold War spectrum (Canada was a member of NATO while Mexico was in the Non-Aligned Movement, the two countries were still allies in World War II.)

 Panama 1961
 Paraguay 1900-01-01
 Peru 1940
 United States 1927
Canadian Prime Minister Harper (right) and U.S. President Obama meet in Ottawa in February 2009

See Canada–United States relations, Embassy of the United States in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Washington, United States Ambassador to Canada, List of Canadian ambassadors to the United States

Relations between Canada and the United States span more than two centuries, marked by a shared British colonial heritage, conflict during the early years of the U.S., and the eventual development of one of the most successful international relationships in the modern world. The most serious breach in the relationship was the War of 1812, which saw an American invasion of then British North America and counter invasions from British-Canadian forces. The border was demilitarized after the war and, apart from minor raids, has remained peaceful. Military collaboration began during the World Wars and continued throughout the Cold War, despite Canadian doubts about certain American policies. A high volume of trade and migration between the U.S. and Canada has generated closer ties, despite continued Canadian fears of being overwhelmed by its neighbor, which is ten times larger in population, wealth and debt.[15]

Canada and the United States are currently the world's largest trading partners, share the world's longest shared border,[16] and have significant interoperability within the defense sphere.

 Uruguay 1953-01 See Canada–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela 1948 See Canada–Venezuela relations

In February 1948 there was a Canadian Consulate General in Caracas and a Venezuelan Consulate General in Montreal. In that year the Venezuelan Consul General, on behalf of the government of Venezuela, made a rapprochement with Canada in order to open direct diplomatic representations between the two countries;[17] but the Canadian government delayed the opening of a diplomatic mission in Venezuela because of the lack of enough suitable personnel for the manning of a Canadian mission in Venezuela and the impossibility of Canada beginning a representation in Venezuela in that year without considering a policy of expansion of Canadian representation abroad.[18]

In the interest of protecting Canadian trade with Venezuela and considering the difficulties for business in being without a Canadian representation in Caracas, Canada was pushed to accept the Venezuelan offer of exchanging diplomatic missions.[19] Finally Canada elevated the former office of the Canadian Consulate General in Caracas to the category of embassy in 1953.[20]

On the other hand Venezuela established an embassy in Canada in 1952.[21] Since then there have been good commercial relations between the two countries, especially in technology, oil and gas industry, telecommunications and others.

Europe[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania See Albania–Canada relations
 Andorra 1995
  • Canada is represented in Andorra by its embassy in Spain.
  • Andorra is represented in Canada by its embassy in New York. It also has a consulate in Montréal.
  • Both states are members of La Francophonie.
 Armenia 1992
 Austria See Austria-Canada relations
  • Austria is represented by their embassy in Ottawa.
  • Canada is represented by their embassy in Vienna.
 Belgium 1939-01 See Belgium–Canada relations
 Bosnia and Herzegovina See Foreign relations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bulgaria
 Croatia 1993-04-14
 Cyprus 1960 See Canada–Cyprus relations

Canadian bilateral political relations with Cyprus stemmed initially from Cypriot Commonwealth membership at independence in 1960 (that had followed a guerrilla struggle with Britain). These relations quickly expanded in 1964 when Canada became a major troop contributor to UNFICYP. The participation lasted for the next 29 years, during which 50,000 Canadian soldiers served and 28 were killed. In large measure Canadian relations with Cyprus continue to revolve around support for the ongoing efforts of the UN, G8 and others to resolve the Island's divided status.

 Czech Republic 1993 See Canada–Czech Republic relations

Canada has an embassy in Prague. The Czech Republic has an embassy in Ottawa, two consulates-general (in Montreal and Toronto) and three honorary consuls (in Calgary, Vancouver and Winnipeg).

 Denmark 1949-10 See Canada–Denmark relations
 Estonia 1922
 Finland 1947-11-21
 France 1882 See Canada–France relations, Embassy of France in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Paris, List of French ambassadors to Canada, List of Canadian ambassadors to France

In the 2007 and 2008, French President Nicolas Sarkozy,[32] Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper, and Quebec Premier Jean Charest[33] all spoke in favour of a Canada – EU free trade agreement. In October 2008, Sarkozy became the first French President to address the National Assembly of Quebec. In his speech he spoke out against Quebec separatism, but recognized Quebec as a nation within Canada. He said that, to France, Canada was a friend, and Quebec was family.[32]

 Georgia 1992-07-23
 Germany See Canada–Germany relations, Embassy of Canada in Berlin, Embassy of Germany in Ottawa
  • Until 2005 Canada's embassy was in Bonn, but in April 2005 a new embassy opened in Berlin. Canada also operates consulates in Munich, Düsseldorf and Hamburg.
  • The provinces of Ontario and Alberta have representatives in Germany, co-located in the consulates. Quebec runs a stand-alone bureau in Munich, with an “antenne culturelle” office in Berlin.
  • In addition to its embassy in Ottawa, Germany maintains consulates in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Additional diplomats responsible for specialized files are also accredited from Washington.
 Greece 1937 See also Embassy of Greece in Ottawa
 Holy See 1969 See Canada – Holy See relations

Although the Roman Catholic Church has been territorially established in Canada since the founding of New France in the early 17th century, Holy See–Canada relations were only officially established under the papacy of Paul VI in the 1960s.

 Hungary 1964 See also Canadians of Hungarian ancestry
 Iceland 1942
 Ireland 1929 See Canada–Ireland relations, Embassy of Ireland in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to the Republic of Ireland

Canada and Ireland enjoy friendly relations, the importance of these relations centres on the history of Irish migration to Canada. Roughly 4 million Canadians have Irish ancestors, or approximately 14% of Canada's population.

 Italy
 Kazakhstan 1992 See Canada–Kazakhstan relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Almaty.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Ottawa and a consulate in Toronto.
 Kosovo 2009-04-07

See also International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence

Canada recognized Kosovo on 18 March 2008.[47]

 Latvia 1991-09-03 See Canada–Latvia relations
  • Canada re-recognized Latva’s independence on 26 August 1991.
  • Canada has an embassy in Riga.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Ottawa and two honorary consuls in Quebec and Toronto.
 Lithuania 1991
 Luxembourg 1945
 Macedonia 1995
  • The Republic of Macedonia and Canada established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1996.
  • The Embassy of the Republic of Macedonia was opened in Ottawa on 4 June 1997.
  • Shortly afterward, the Consulate General was opened in Toronto on 1 September 1997.
  • In September 2007, Canada decided to recognize Macedonia under its constitutional name, the "Republic of Macedonia", for bilateral purposes.
 Malta 1964
 Netherlands 1939 See Canada–Netherlands relations
 Norway 1945 See Canada–Norway relations
 Poland 1935 See Canada–Poland relations
  • The Canada-Poland diplomatic relationship goes back from the first bilateral agreement, a Convention on Merchant Shipping, which was signed in 1935.
  • Canada has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Ottawa and three Consulates-General (in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver).
  • There are over 800,000 Polish-Canadians living in Canada.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and OECD.
 Romania 1919-08-16 See Canada–Romania relations, Embassy of Canada in Bucharest, Embassy of Romania in Ottawa
 Russia 1942 See Canada–Russia relations

Canada and Russia benefit from extensive cooperation on trade and investment, energy, democratic development and governance, security and counter-terrorism, northern issues, and cultural and academic exchanges.

 Serbia 1922
 Slovakia 1993-01-01
 Slovenia 1992
 Spain 1920s
 Sweden See Canada–Sweden relations

Both countries have strong commitments to peacekeeping, UN reform, development assistance, environmental protection, sustainable development, and the promotion and protection of human rights.[dubious – discuss] In additional, there are more than 300,000 Canadians of Swedish descent.[63] Canada has an embassy in Stockholm and two consulates in Göteborg and Malmö. Sweden has an embassy in Ottawa and ten consulates in Calgary, Edmonton, Fredericton, Halifax, Montreal, Quebec City, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg.

  Switzerland 1945
 Turkey See Canadian–Turkish relations
  • Canada has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa.

The recognition of the Armenian Genocide by the Canadian parliament has soured relations between the two countries.[66]

 Ukraine 1992 See Canada–Ukraine relations, Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa

Diplomatic relations were established between Canada and Ukraine on 27 January 1992.[67] Canada opened its embassy in Kiev[68] in April 1992, and the Embassy of Ukraine in Ottawa opened in October of that same year,[69] paid for mostly by donations from the Ukrainian-Canadian community. Ukraine opened a consulate general in Toronto in 1993[69] and announced plans to open another in Edmonton in 2008.[70] Canada also has a consulate in L'viv.

The main bilateral agreement signed between the two governments is the joint declaration of the "Special Partnership" between the two countries signed in 1994 and renewed in 2001.[69]

 United Kingdom 1880 See Canada–United Kingdom relations, High Commission of the United Kingdom in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in London, List of High Commissioners from the United Kingdom to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to the United Kingdom

London and Ottawa enjoy cooperative and intimate contact, which has grown deeper over the years; the two countries are related through history, the Commonwealth of Nations, and their sharing of the same Head of State and monarch.

Asia-Pacific[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 1960s
1968 (officially)		 See Afghanistan–Canada relations, War in Afghanistan, Embassy of Afghanistan in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Kabul, List of Canadian ambassadors to Afghanistan

The Canadian government announced in February 2009 that it was adding Afghanistan to its list of preferred countries to receive foreign aid. This list includes 18 countries and the West Bank and Caribbean.[14]

 Australia 1939 See Australia–Canada relations, High Commission of Australia in Ottawa, High Commission of Canada in Canberra, List of Australian High Commissioners to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to Australia
 Brunei 1984
 India 1947 See Canada–India relations

In 2004, bilateral trade between India and Canada was at about C$2.45 billion.[71] However, India's Smiling Buddha nuclear test led to connections between the two countries being frozen, with allegations that India broke the terms of the Colombo Plan.[72] Although Jean Chrétien and Roméo LeBlanc both visited India in the late 1990s, relations were again halted after the Pokhran-II tests.[72]

 Indonesia 1953
 Iran 1955 ended 2012 See Canada–Iran relations

Canadian-Iranian relations date back to 1955, up to which point the Canadian Consular and Commercial Affairs in Iran was handled by the British Embassy. A Canadian diplomatic mission was constructed in Tehran in 1959 and raised to Embassy status in 1961. Due to rocky relations after the Iranian Revolution, Iran did not establish an embassy in Canada until 1991 when its staff, which had been living in a building on Roosevelt Avenue in Ottawa's west end, moved into 245 Metcalfe Street in the Centretown neighbourhood of Ottawa which was upgraded to embassy status, however in 2012. Canada severed all diplomatic ties with Iran in regard to Iran's treatment of human rights.

 Iraq see Canada and the Iraq War, Embassy of Iraq in Ottawa
 Israel 1950 See Canada–Israel relations, Embassy of Israel in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Israel

At the United Nations in 1947, Canada was one of the thirty-three countries that voted in favour of the creation of a Jewish homeland. Canada delayed granting de facto recognition to Israel until December 1948, and finally gave full de jure recognition to the new nation on 11 May 1949, only after it was admitted into the United Nations (UN). A week later, Avraham Harman became Israel's first Consul General in Canada. In September 1953, the Canadian Embassy opened in Tel Aviv and Israeli Ambassador to Canada, Michael Comay, was appointed, although a non-resident Canadian Ambassador to Israel was not appointed until 1958.

 Japan 1929-01 See Canada–Japan relations, Embassy of Japan in Ottawa, Embassy of Canada in Tokyo, List of Canadian ambassadors to Japan

The two countries enjoy an amicable companionship in many areas; Diplomatic relations between both countries officially began in 1950 with the opening of the Japanese consulate in Ottawa. In 1929, Canada opened its Tokyo legation, the first in Asia;[75] and in that same year, Japan its Ottawa consulate to legation form.[76]

 Lebanon 1954 See Canada–Lebanon relations

Canada established diplomatic relations with Lebanon in 1954, when Canada deployed "Envoy Extraordinaire" to Beirut. In 1958, Canada sent its first Ambassador. The Embassy was closed in 1985 and reopened in January 1995. Lebanon opened a consulate in Ottawa in 1946. A Consulate-General replaced the Consulate in 1949, and it was upgraded to full embassy status in 1958.

 Malaysia 1957[77] See Canada–Malaysia relations
  • Canada has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur
  • Malaysia has a High Commission in Ottawa.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
  • Canada's trade relationship with Malaysia includes commerce across several sectors.[78]
 Mongolia 1973-11-30 See Canada–Mongolia relations
  • Canada is represented in Mongolia through its embassy in Ulan Bator.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Ottawa.

Though Canada and Mongolia established diplomatic ties in 1973, ad hoc linkages and minor activities occurred between the two countries mainly through the Canada-Mongolia Society, which disbanded in 1980. When Mongolia formed a democratic government in 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Canada began to support Mongolia with donor activities through the International Development Research Centre, Canadian International Development Agency and several non-governmental organizations.[79]

 New Zealand 1942 See Canada–New Zealand relations, List of High Commissioners from New Zealand to Canada, List of Canadian High Commissioners to New Zealand

New Zealand and Canada have a longstanding relationship that has been fostered by both countries' shared history and culture, by their membership the Commonwealth of Nations and links between residents of both countries. The two countries have a common Head of State, currently Queen Elizabeth II. New Zealand and Canada also have links through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth and mutual treaty agreements. New Zealand-Canada relations are important to both countries.

 North Korea 2001–02to2010-03 See Canada–North Korea relations

Canada and North Korea share very little trade due to the destabilizing element North Korea has caused in the Asia Pacific region. Canada is represented by the Canadian Ambassador resident in Seoul, and North Korea is represented through its office at the UN in New York City.

 Pakistan 1947 See Canada–Pakistan relations
  • Canada is represented through its embassy in Islamabad, and consulate in Karachi.
  • Pakistan is represented through its embassy in Ottawa.
  • Pakistan also has consulates in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver
  • The value of the bilateral trade relationship between Pakistan and Canada was close to C$694 million in 2007.[80]
  • There are an estimated 300,000 Pakistanis living in Canada.[81]

See also Pakistani Canadian, High Commission of Pakistan in Ottawa

 People's Republic of China 1970 See Canada–People's Republic of China relations, Embassy of China in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to the People's Republic of China

Since 2003, China has emerged as Canada's second largest trading partner, passing Britain and Japan. China now accounts for approximately six percent of Canada's total world trade. According to a recent study by the Fraser Institute, China replaced Japan as Canada's third-largest export market in 2007, with CA$9.3 billion flowing into China in 2007. Between 1998 and 2007, exports to China grew by 272 percent, but only represented about 1.1 per cent of China's total imports. In 2007, Canadian imports of Chinese products totaled C$38.3 billion. Between 1998 and 2007, imports from China grew by almost 400 percent.[82] Leading commodities in the trade between Canada and China include chemicals, metals, industrial and agricultural machinery and equipment, wood products, and fish products.[83] Because Hong Kong and Macau are Special Administrative Regions, the Consulate General of Canada in Hong Kong, which also represents Macau, reports directly to the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade in Ottawa, Canada. Canada’s other offices in China, located in Guangzhou, Shanghai and Chongqing, report to the Canadian Embassy in Beijing.

 Philippines 1949
 Saudi Arabia See Canada–Saudi Arabia relations, Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Ottawa

Saudi Arabia is Canada's largest trade partner among the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula, totalling more than $2,000,000,000 in trade in 2005,[86] nearly double its value in 2002. Canada chiefly imports petroleum and oil from Saudi Arabia, while exporting manufactured goods such as aircraft, cars, machinery and optical instruments.

 Singapore 1965 See Singapore–Canada relations
 South Korea 1963-01-14 See Canada–South Korea relations
 Taiwan See Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office, Canadian Trade Office in Taipei
 Thailand 1947
 Vietnam 1973-08-21

Africa[edit]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 1962 See Algeria-Canada relations, Embassy of Algeria in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Algeria
  • Algeria is Canada's top trading partner in Africa.
 Angola 1978 See Embassy of Angola in Ottawa, List of Canadian ambassadors to Angola
 Egypt 1954 See Canada–Egypt relations

Both countries established embassies in their respective capitals in 1954. Canada has an embassy in Cairo. Egypt has an embassy in Ottawa and a Consulate-General in Montreal.

 Ethiopia 1956 See Canada–Ethiopia relations
  • Since 1966, Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia currently has an embassy in Ottawa.
  • The Ethiopian ambassador is also accredited to: Cuba, Jamaica and the International Civil Aviation Organization.
 Kenya 1965 See Canada–Kenya relations
 Mali 1956
 Nigeria 1960
 South Africa 1939 See Canada–South Africa relations
  • Canada established diplomatic relations with numerous countries, including South Africa, as World War II broke out.
 South Sudan 2011-01-14
  • Canada currently has no true diplomatic relations with South Sudan and does not have an embassy in Juba. Although Canada has a non resident embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Canada has recognized South Sudan's independence on July 9, 2011
 Tunisia 1957
  1. ^ "Argentina embassy in Ottawa". Argentina-canada.net. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  2. ^ Canadian embassy in Buenos Aires
  3. ^ "Canada - Bahamas Relations". Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ "Guyana's population at risk" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  5. ^ Guyana’s exports to Canada enjoyed mixed blessings in last five years
  6. ^ "Canada-Haiti Relations". Foreign Affairs & International Trade Canada. Retrieved 22 April 2009.
  7. ^ Schifferes, Steve (1 March 2004). "Haiti: An economic basket-case". BBC News. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  8. ^ Canadian embassy in Mexico City (in English, French and Spanish only).
  9. ^ Mexican embassy in Ottawa (in English and Spanish only).
  10. ^ "Canadian embassy in Panama City". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  11. ^ "Panamean embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofpanama.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  12. ^ "Paraguayan embassy in Ottawa". Embassyofparaguay.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  13. ^ Canadian embassy in Lima
  14. ^ a b Alexander Panetta, "Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries", Canada East website . Retrieved 3 March 2009.
  15. ^ James Tagg reports that Canadian university students have a profound fear that "Canadian culture, and likely Canadian sovereignty, will be overwhelmed." Tagg, "'And, We Burned down the White House, Too': American History, Canadian Undergraduates, and Nationalism," The History Teacher, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May, 2004), pp. 309–334 in JSTOR; J. L. Granatstein. Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism (1997)
  16. ^ "The world's longest border". Retrieved 1 April 2008.
  17. ^ Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  18. ^ Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  19. ^ Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Documents on Canadian External Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  20. ^ The Canadian Embassy in Venezuela Bilateral Relations. Retrieved 17 December 2007.
  21. ^ Embassy of Venezuela in Canada [1]. Retrieved 18 December 2007.
  22. ^ "Canada – Albania Relations". Retrieved 2012-12-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ^ "Armenian embassy in Ottawa". Armembassycanada.ca. 2011-04-23. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  24. ^ "Welcome Page | Page d'accueil". Dfait-maeci.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  25. ^ Bulgarian embassy in Ottawa
  26. ^ "Bulgarian consulate in Toronto". Bgconsultor.com. 2011-01-04. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  27. ^ Canadian embassy in Zagreb
  28. ^ "Croatian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.hr. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  29. ^ Canadian embassy in Copenhagen
  30. ^ "Danish embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.um.dk. 2008-01-14. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  31. ^ "Estonian embassy in Ottawa". Estemb.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  32. ^ a b Gazette, The (2008-10-18). "Sarkozy professes love for Quebec and Canada". Canada.com. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  33. ^ Paul Wells (2007-07-30). "Canada and Quebec Unite on EU Free Trade Accord". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  34. ^ "Greek embassy in Ottawa". Greekembassy.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  35. ^ Canadian embassy in Athens
  36. ^ Canadian embassy in Budapest
  37. ^ "Hungarian embassy in Ottawa". Mfa.gov.hu. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  38. ^ Hungarian consulate in Toronto[dead link]
  39. ^ "Hungarian honorary consulate in Vancouver". Hungarianconsulatebc.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  40. ^ "Iceland embassy in Ottawa". Iceland.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  41. ^ "Iceland Consulate General in Winnipeg". Iceland.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  42. ^ Canada embassy in Reykjavík
  43. ^ "Canadian embassy in Rome". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  44. ^ "Italian embassy in Ottawa". Ambottawa.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  45. ^ "Italian general consulates in Toronto". Constoronto.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  46. ^ "Italian general consulates in Vancouver". Consvancouver.esteri.it. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  47. ^ "Canada joins international recognition of Kosovo". Canadian Foreign Ministry. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  48. ^ "Canadian embassy office in Vilnius". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  49. ^ "Lithuanian embassy in Ottawa". Ca.mfa.lt. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  50. ^ "Canadian embassy in Brussels (also accredited to Luxembourg)". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  51. ^ Luxembourg embassy in Washington (also accredited to Canada)
  52. ^ Maltese representation in Canada
  53. ^ Canadian embassy in Bucharest
  54. ^ "Romanian Consulate General in Toronto". Romaniacanada.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  55. ^ "Canadian embassy in Belgrade". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  56. ^ "Serbian embassy in Ottawa". Serbianembassy.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  57. ^ "Serbian general consulate in Toronto". Gktoronto.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  58. ^ "Canadia embassy in Prague (also accredited to Slovakia)". Canada.cz. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  59. ^ "Slovak embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.mfa.sk. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  60. ^ "Slovenian embassy in Ottawa". Ottawa.embassy.si. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  61. ^ "Canadian embassy in Madrid". International.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  62. ^ "Spanish embassy in Ottawa". Maec.es. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  63. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  64. ^ "Canadian embassy in Bern". Bern.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  65. ^ "Swiss embassy in Ottawa". Eda.admin.ch. 2011-01-25. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  66. ^ Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Canada
  67. ^ For a detailed discussion of Canada's early diplomatic engagement with Canada, see Bohdan Kordan, "Canadian Ukrainian Relations: Articulating the Canadian Interest," in L. Hajda, ed. (1996), Ukraine in the World: Studies in the International Relations and Security Structure of a Newly Independent State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  68. ^ The capital of Ukraine (commonly "Kiev" in English) is officially recognized by both the Canadian and Ukrainian governments as Kyiv in all English communications (although not in French).
  69. ^ a b c "Embassy of Ukraine in Canada – Political Affairs". Mfa.gov.ua. Retrieved 2011-06-03. Cite error: The named reference "ukremb" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  70. ^ Edmonton, The (2007-12-20). "Edmonton Journal". Canada.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  71. ^ "India Canada Trade Relations". Maps of India. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  72. ^ a b "India-Canada Trade & Economic Relations". FICCI. Archived from the original on 25 May 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  73. ^ Canadian embassy in Jakarta
  74. ^ "Indonesian embassy in Ottawa". Indonesia-ottawa.org. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  75. ^ Ambassade du Japon au Canada: 80ième anniversaire des relations diplomatiques nippo-canadiennes.
  76. ^ Foreign Ministry of Japan: Episodes in Japan-Canada Relations.
  77. ^ "High Commission of Canada to Malaysia". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
  78. ^ "Canada-Malaysia Relations". Government of Canada. Retrieved 2013-01-09.
  79. ^ Nelles, Wayne (December 2000). "Mongolian-Canadian Education, Training and Research Cooperation: A Brief History, 1973–2000". Canadian and International Education. 29 (2): 91.
  80. ^ "Introduction" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  81. ^ "Canada-Pakistan Relations". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-07-03. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
  82. ^ Canada’s Economic Relations with China[dead link]
  83. ^ "China becomes Canada's 2nd-largest trade partner". Chinadaily.com.cn. 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  84. ^ "Canadian embassy in Manila". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  85. ^ Philippine embassy in Ottawa
  86. ^ "Canada-saudi arabia relations". Canadian Government. 9 May 2007. Retrieved 4 April 2009. [dead link]
  87. ^ Canadian a high commission in Singapore
  88. ^ "Embassy of Canada in Bangkok". Thailand.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  89. ^ Royal Thai Embassy in Ottawa[dead link]
  90. ^ Canadian embassy in Hanoi
  91. ^ "Canadian embassy in Rabat". Rabat.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  92. ^ "Moroccan embassy in Ottawa". Ambamaroc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  93. ^ "Canadian high commission in Abuja". Canadainternational.gc.ca. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
  94. ^ "Nigerian high commission in Ottawa". Nigeriahcottawa.com. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
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