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Comanche Wars
	Part of Indian Wars
	; A map showing the Comanche lands (Comancheria) during the 1800s.
Date	1836 – 1875
Location	Texas
Result	Texan and United States Victory
Belligerents
Spain; Mexico; Republic of Texas; United States	Comanche
	; Texas Comanche wars 1836 – 1875

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For more than 150 years, mounted Comanche warriors were “the Lords of the Southern Plains,” Their ferocious raids struck terror into the hearts of other Plains tribes, Mexican villagers, and the American settlers of the frontier Texas. Comanche horsemen ranged over the vast area known as Comancheria, and they raided over an area that stretched from southern Colorado and Kansas to northern Mexico. they shared Comancheria with the Wichita, Kiowa, and Kiowa Apache and, after 1840, the southern Cheyenne and Arapaho. ^[1] Comanche power peaked in the 1840s when they conducted large scale raids hundreds of miles deep into Mexico while also warring against the Anglo-Americans and Hispanics in Texas. Their decline resulted from epidemics of cholera, smallpox and encroachment due to the expanding population of the United States. The Comanche Wars began in 1706 with raids by Comanche on Spanish colonies in New Mexico and continued until the last bands of Comanche surrendered to the United States in 1875 although a few Comanche warriors continued to fight in conflicts such as the Buffalo Hunters' War in 1876 and 1877.

Background

Settlers in Texas

Texas has had a history of settlements beginning as early as the 1600's.

French Texas (1684–1689)

French Nobleman Rene-Robert Vavelier, Sieur De La Salle settled in what are now Texan territories out of pure coincidence. Rene-Robert Vavelier, Sieur De La Salle’s main goal was to establish a settlement in the Mississippi, however like many other explorers Rene-Robert Vavelier, Sieur De La Salle was thrown off course by a inaccurate map which caused him to lad at Matagorda Bay instead of at the mouth of the Mississippi river. ^[2]. Rene-Robert Vavelier, Sieur De La Salle colonized where he landed and built a fort called Fort Saint Louis ^[3]. The French settlements did not fare well in the coming years with many of their colonist dying due to disease ^[4]

Spanish Texas (1690–1821)

Mexican Texas (1821–1836)

Influential People

Iron Jacket

Iron Jacket was a an Comanche Chief and Medicine man. The name “Iron Jacket” came from his tendency to wear a coat of mail into battle. Iron Jacket took part in Antelope Hills Expedition where he was ultimately killed in the battle of Little Robe Creek. Iron Jacket was the father of Peta Nocona who later became a chief himself.

Cynthia Ann parker

Comanche Warriors attacked the Texan Fort Parker and Kidnapped Nine year old Cynthia Ann Parker among several other children. Cynthia Ann Parker quickly assimilated to the Comanche tribe and later married the Comanche chief Peta Nocona. Cynthia Ann Parker had a son named Quanah Parker who later became a Chief himself and aided a war party in 1874. ^[5]

Peta Nocona

Peta Nocona was the father of the last Comanche Chief Quanah Parker as well as a Comanche Chief who plaid a crucial part in the Indian Wars. Peta Nocona lead the attack on Fort Parker where Cynthia Ann Parker was kidnapped and eventually became his wife. Peta Nocona’s place and date of death is still in dispute.

Quanah Parker

Quanah Parker was the last Comanche Chief and part of the Quahadi sect of the comanche who were were highly respected by the other tribes. Quanah was never an official chief since the United States government appointed him to the position. Before he was a Comanche chief Quanah Parker witnessed the peace negotiations of 1867 but refused to sign the accords.

Buffalo Hump

Buffalo Hump was a Comanche War Chief who led the Great raid of 1840 after Texan officials killed Comanche delegates during the events that unfolded during the Council House Fight.

Mirabeau B. Lamar

Mirabeau Lamar was the second President of the Republic of Texas from 1838 to 1841, preceded by Sam Houston. Mirabeau Lamar had a harsher policy towards Native Americans in Texas and signed two bills which escalated tensions in the region. The first bill was signed on December 21, 1838 which formed an 840 man regiment to protect the Northern and Western Frontiers of Texas. An additional bill was passed on December 29, 1838, which added an additional 8 companies of mounted volunteers to serve 6 month deployments.^[6]

Santa Anna (Comanche war chief)

Santa Anna was a Comanche War Chief that advocated for armed resistance against the Texas settlers, and became influential after the Council House Fight of 1840 in San Antonio. Santa Anna joined forces with Buffalo Hump and most likely took part in the Battle of Plum Creek and the Great Raid of 1840. Santa Anna was the first of his tribe to travel to Washington D.C. and agreed to sign a treaty in May of 1846, despite the continued hostilities. Santa Anna died from a cholera outbreak in 1849.^[7]

Battles And Campaigns

Fort Parker Massacre (May 1836)

The Fort Parker Massacre was a raid conducted by a correlation of tribes including the Comanches, Kiowas, Caddos and Wichitas. They attacked the fort killing five of the inhabitants and capturing Cynthia Ann Parker a nine-year old who later married the Comanche chief Peta Nocona, John Richard Parker the brother of Cynthia Ann Parker ^[8], Rachel plummer a seventeen year old wife along with her son James Pratt Plummer, and lastly Elizabeth Duty Kellog who was later reunited with her sister Martha in 1836.

Council House Fight (March 1840)

The Council House Fight fight was a Peace delegation turned conflict between the Comanche delegates and the Texas officials on March 19, 1840. The conflicted started over negotiations regarding Texan and Mexican captives that the Comanche’s were holding in order to gain back sections of Comancheria that Texas had claimed. The Council house fight ended with 12 of the Camanche Leaders killed inside the Council house as well as 23 others shot in San Antonio. ^[9]

Battle Of Plum Creek (August 1840)

The Battle Of Plum Creek was a conflict in Lockhart, Texas that took place on August 12, 1840. It was an attack lead by Chief Buffalo Hump who lead a large force of 1,000 Comanche warriors against 200 Texas rangers in response to the Council House Fight. The Battle Began as a raid where the Comanche party stole livestock and firearms which gradually turned into a gun fight. The results of the battle are still being debated since the rangers reported 80 Comanches were killed but only 12 bodies were found ^[10] The comanches claimed to have killed 11 Texas rangers.

Antelope Hills Expedition( January-May 1858)

The Antelope Hills Expedition was a campaign led by the federal 2nd Calvary against the Comanche and Kiowa tribes in Comancheria. It started in January 1858 and ended in May of the same year. The cause for the expedition was due to Comanche raids into texan territories. Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket led Comanche troops against the combined 220 forced of 2nd calvary, Tonkawa, Nadaco and Shawnee. Their expedition's purpose was to move the 2nd Calvary from Oklahoma to texas in order to better handle the raiding comanches. For this reason the United States gained the aid of the Comanches enemy tribes Tonkawa, Nadaco and Shawnee. The resulting battle concluded with 50 killed on the United States side and 76 killed and 16 captured on the Comanche side. The Antelope Hills expedition further expanded into the Battle of Little Robe Creek.

Battle of Little Robe Creek (May 1858)

The Battle Of Little Robe Creek (Also known as the Battle of Antelope Hills) was a battle fought between the Comanches allies of the Kiowa and the Apache against the Texas Rangers with their allies the Tonkawas, Caddo, Anadarko, Waco, Shawnee, Deleware and Tahaucano . The Battle was the first battle in which the Texas rangers were able to have enter the Comanche land of Comancheria. The United states rallied a force of 100 texas rangers and 113 allies where the Comanche’s rallied a force between the range of 200-600. ^[11] In the battle their was three decisive battles between the Comaches and the Texas rangers. The first began in the morning of May 12 ^[12] when the Texas rangers lead by General Ford attacked a Comanche camp, the Comanche’s were not ready for such attack and a massacre occurred. The second battle began when the Texas rangers attempted to do the same to the next Comanche camp only to be met by resistance from the Comanche’s who saw the approach of the Texas Rangers. The Comanche’s at this point were able to act in defense but their was still a significant lose of life for the Comache’s. It was not until the third and final battle of Little Robe creek where the Comanche’s were able to take a offensive stance against the Texas Rangers. However, the end result of the three battles was costly to the Comanche forces. 76 of were killed and over 60 were captured by the Texas rangers. In comparison, only 2 of the Texas rangers were killed with only 5 wounded.

First Battle Of Adobe Walls (November 1864)

The First Battle Of Adobe Walls was a battle fought against the United States Army and the Comanche Allies of Kiowa, and the Plains Apaches. The battle began when General Kit attacked a Kiowa town ^[13] In response the Kiowa and Comanches launched a counter attack of over 1,000 men. The Battle was long and drawn out almost to the point of the United States army running out of ammunition.

Battle of North Fork and Red River

Red River War

The Second Battle Of Adobe Walls

Battle Of Pease River

The Battle of Pease River took place on December 18, 1860, in Foard County, Texas. This battle has become highly debated due to unreliable sources and exaggerated facts surrounding the event, but it has been said that the event started in November 1860, when a band of Comanche warriors, "struck farms, ranches, and outlying settlements in Parker, Young, Jack, and Palo Pinto counties west of Fort Worth."^[14] In these Comanche raids property was stolen and at least six people were killed. The citizens responded by pursuing the Comanches to a village on the Pease River, but because there were too many Comanches, the citizens had to wait for a larger force to arrive. Three units arrived, led by Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross, Captain J.J. Cureton, and First Sergeant John W. Spangler. On December 19, 1860, Sul Ross led the attack on the Comanche village and according to Ross's report, "killed twelve of the Comanches and captured three: a woman who turned out to be Cynthia Ann Parker, her daughter Topsannah (Prairie Flower), and a young boy whom Ross brought to Waco and named Pease Ross...The whole incident lasted twenty minutes-thirty at the most."^[15]

Battle Of Blanco Canyon

References

^ Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5
^ Chipman (1992), p. 76.
^ Weber (1992), pp. 148–9.
^ Chipman (1992), p. 84.
^ S.C, Gwynee (May 2010). Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. New York: Scribner. p. 13. ISBN 978-1416591061.
^ Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack of the Texas Republic. Austin, TX: Eakin, 1987. Print.
^ Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz, "SANTA ANNA," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa30), accessed April 07, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
^ Friend, Llerena B. (2012). "Parker, John". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 30, 2012.
^ Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, p. 216, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9 Online at Google Books
^ Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987
^ Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People
^ Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People
^ The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.
^ Carson, Paul H., Dr., and Tom Crum. "The "Battle" at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources." Southwestern Historical Quarterly CXIII.1 (2009): 33-52. Texas Tech University Libraries. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://library.ttu.edu/about/facility/face/entries/Carlson_TheBattleAtPease.pdf>
^ "From the Frontier." Dallas Herald 2 Jan. 1861:

[1] Meedm D.V & Smith, J. Comanche 1800-74 Oxford (2003), Osprey, Oxford, pp 5

[2] Chipman (1992), p. 76.

[3] Weber (1992), pp. 148–9.

[4] Chipman (1992), p. 84.

[5] S.C, Gwynee (May 2010). Empire of the Summer Moon: Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History. New York: Scribner. p. 13. ISBN 978-1416591061.

[6] Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack of the Texas Republic. Austin, TX: Eakin, 1987. Print.

[7] Jodye Lynn Dickson Schilz, "SANTA ANNA," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa30), accessed April 07, 2014. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

[8] Friend, Llerena B. (2012). "Parker, John". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved July 30, 2012.

[9] Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008), The Comanche Empire, Yale University Press, p. 216, ISBN 978-0-300-12654-9 Online at Google Books

[10] Brice, Donaly E. The Great Comanche Raid: Boldest Indian Attack on the Texas Republic McGowan Book Co. 1987

[11] Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People

[12] Fehrenbach, T.R. “Comanches, The Destruction of a People

[13] The Comanches: Lords of the Southern Plains. University of Oklahoma Press. 1952.

[14] Carson, Paul H., Dr., and Tom Crum. "The "Battle" at Pease River and the Question of Reliable Sources." Southwestern Historical Quarterly CXIII.1 (2009): 33-52. Texas Tech University Libraries. Web. 2 Apr. 2014. <http://library.ttu.edu/about/facility/face/entries/Carlson_TheBattleAtPease.pdf>

[15] "From the Frontier." Dallas Herald 2 Jan. 1861:

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