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Events leading up to the siege


In 1453, Mehmed II wanted to restore his father's (Murad II) dreams of taking Constantinople, and had been preparing a sizeable amount of soldiers he had been preparing and stopped in Edirne the reasons of which are unclear. His second cousin Orhan Çelebi, had initiated a coup and took Mehmed II prisoner

But due to and incompetence/treason in the high-ranking ottoman officials, Constantine XI Palaiologos found out about the plans to siege Constantinople and that Mehmed II was taken prisoner.

Alliances secured by Constantine XI Palaiologos

He sent letters to The Papal States, Knights Hospitaller, Albania, and the crown of Aragon. After securing alliances, Constantine went into the surrounding ottoman country recruiting orthodox Christians and raiding Ottomans camps pushing from the east, while simultaneously Skanderbeg was advancing to Edirne from the west, Hunyadi pushing from the north, and the knights hospitaller pushing from the south.

The knight's campaign from the south

The knight's first plan of action was to take Ephesus, but a regional Turkish army was sent to repel them but was soundly defeated at the Second Battle of the Masts (1453). They were almost going to completely abandon the Byzantines’ plan but would be saved by pure luck as they made their way towards Gallipoli troops had been redirected from that city to defend against Hunyadi and the gates were left open. The knights simply walked in.

Byzantine campaign

Although the Basileus had the advantage, he didn't have it by much very much, contemporary sources claim he only had 4,500 men, while others insisted they had hired Mercenaries from the area. They then surrounded Adrianople, with Constantine himself setting up his own camp directly across from the ottoman imperial palace.


Siege of Adrianople (1453)
Part of the Byzantine Reconquest of Thessaloniki
DateJune 9 – July 15, 1453
Location
Result Byzantine/crusader victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
  • Palaiologos flag Byzantine Empire
  • Knights Hospitaller
  • Papal States
  • Aragon
  • Albania
  • Kingdom of Hungary
  • Bulgarian Separatists
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Commanders and leaders
    Palaiologos flagConstantine XI Palaiologos
    John Hunyadi
    Fruzhin
    Ferdinand II of Aragon
    Skanderbeg
    Jean de Lastic
    Mehmed II
    Orhan Çelebi  
    Strength
    4,500-6000 Byzantines
    20,000-21,000 Eastern Crusader Infantry
    Total strength 40,000 Sizeable garrison
    400 elite Janissaries
    Casualties and losses
    3,000-4,000 Unknown, garrison killed and 10,000+ inhabitants spared