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The Malagasy Wars (Malagasy: Ny Ady Malagasy, French: Les Guerres Malgaches) was a civil war in Madagascar which happened between 1960 and 2008. The wars began immediately after the full independence of Madagascar in 1960. The Merina, the largest Malagasy ethnic group, had major disputes with with the Bantu peoples (notably the Sakalava, Bara, and Betsimisaraka) who controlled major ports.

Malagasy Wars
Part of the Cold War and the Decolonisation of Africa
Date11 November 1975 – 4 April 2002
(26 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 3 days)
Location
Madagascar
Result

Merina victory

  • Withdrawal of all foreign forces
  • Transition towards a federal republic
Belligerents

Angola Merina Kingdom

 Cuba (1975–1991)
SWAPO (1975–1991)[1]
ANC (1975–1991)[2][1]
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)[3]
FLNC (1975–2001)[4][5]
 Namibia (2001–2002)[note 1]

Military advisers and pilots:

Democratic People's Republic of Angola

FNLA (1976–1978)[5]
 South Africa (1975–1991)[11]
 Zaire (1975)[18][5]

FLEC
Commanders and leaders
Strength

Angola MPLA troops:

Cuba Cuban troops:

  • 36,000 with 400 tanks (1976)[22]
  • 35,000–37,000 (1982)[20]
  • 60,000 (1988)[20]
  • 337,033[23]–380,000[24] total (supported by 1,000 tanks, 600 armored vehicles and 1,600 artillery pieces)[25]

Soviet Union Soviet troops:

  • Altogether 11,000
    (1975 to 1991)[26]

Brazil Brazilian pilots:

  • Classified with tens of aircraft (1999–2002)[15]

UNITA militants:

  • 65,000 (1990, highest)[27]

FNLA militants:

  • 22,000 (1975)[28]
  • 4,000–7,000 (1976)[29]

Union of South Africa South African troops:

  • 7,000 (1975–1976)[30]
  • 6,000 (1987–1988)[30]
Casualties and losses
Angola Unknown
Cuba 2,016–5,000 dead[31]
Soviet Union 54 killed[32]		 Unknown
Unknown
South Africa 2,365[33]–2,500 dead[34] (including South African Border War deaths)
Unknown
800,000 killed and 4 million displaced[35]
Nearly 70,000 Angolans became amputees as a result of land mines[36]
  1. ^ a b Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249. ISBN 978-0-7453-2472-2.
  2. ^ Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–207. ISBN 978-1850439936.
  3. ^ Fitzsimmons, Scott (November 2012). "Executive Outcomes Defeats UNITA". Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208727.006. ISBN 9781107026919.
  4. ^ Wolfe, Thomas; Hosmer, Stephen (1983). Soviet policy and practice toward Third World conflicts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN 978-0669060546.
  5. ^ a b c Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79. ISBN 978-1845196271.
  6. ^ a b Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 151, 233. ISBN 978-0230117778.
  7. ^ Vanneman, Peter (1990). Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 41–57. ISBN 978-0817989026.
  8. ^ Chan, Stephen (2012). Southern Africa: Old Treacheries and New Deceits. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 42–46. ISBN 978-0300184280.
  9. ^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2013). Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-7864-7597-1.
  10. ^ Baynham, Simon (1986). Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 216–219. ISBN 978-0367677275. The Soviets provided direction, heavy lift and training staffs, the East Germans technical specialists ranging from helicopter pilots to medical personnel, and the Cubans a mass of soldiery...The next pattern was one of mixed Angolan and Cuban ground units, supported by East German-manned helicopters...[conditions dictated] the withdrawal of Cuban units to garrison roles, the actual ground fighting being left to Angolan units (now equipped with some very recent Soviet weaponry), very closely supported by East German and Russian training logistic cadres.
  11. ^ a b James III, W. Martin (2011) [1992]. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245. ISBN 978-1-4128-1506-2.
  12. ^ Polack, Peter (13 December 2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War. Casemate Publishers. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9781612001951.
  13. ^ "Brazil-South Africa Nuclear Relations | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  14. ^ Selcher, Wayne A. (1976). "Brazilian Relations with Portuguese Africa in the Context of the Elusive "Luso-Brazilian Community"". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs. 18 (1): 25–58. doi:10.2307/174815. JSTOR 174815.
  15. ^ a b "Kwacha UNITA Press the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola UNITA Standing Committee of the Political Commission 1999 – Year of Generalised Popular Resistance – Communique No. 39/CPP/99". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 5 August 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
  16. ^ Mason, Barry (1999-11-16). "Angola: MPLA inflicts new defeats on UNITA". World Socialist Website.
  17. ^ "IX. ARMS TRADE AND EMBARGO VIOLATIONS". Human Rights Watch. September 1999.
  18. ^ Steenkamp, Willem (2006) [1985]. Borderstrike! (Third ed.). Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1-920169-00-8.
  19. ^ Saul David (2009). War. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9781405341332. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  20. ^ a b c "La Guerras Secretas de Fidel Castro" Archived 18 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish). CubaMatinal.com. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  21. ^ Africa South of Sahara 2004, p. 66.
  22. ^ "Cuban Tanks • Rubén Urribarres". Cuban Aviation • Rubén Urribarres.
  23. ^ Gleijeses, Piero (2013). Visions of Freedom: Havana, Washington, Pretoria, and the Struggle for Southern Africa, 1976–1991. UNC Press Books. p. 521.
  24. ^ Risquet Valdés (2007: xlvii)
  25. ^ Risquet Valdés 2008: 102
  26. ^ Andrei Mikhailov (15 February 2011). "Soviet Union and Russia lost 25,000 military men in foreign countries". English pravda.ru. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  27. ^ Irving Louis Horowitz (1995). Cuban Communism, 8th Edition. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412820899. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  28. ^ Angola – Independence Struggle, Civil War, and Intervention. MongaBay.com.
  29. ^ Political terrorism: a new guide to actors, concepts, data bases, theories and literature.
  30. ^ a b Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. McFarland. p. 566. ISBN 978-0786474707.
  31. ^ Polack, Peter (2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War (illustrated ed.). Oxford: Casemate Publishers. pp. 164–171. ISBN 978-1612001951.
  32. ^ "Soviet Union and Russia lost 25,000 military men in foreign countries – English Pravda". English.pravda.ru. 15 February 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  33. ^ Akawa, Martha; Silvester, Jeremy (March 2012). "Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences" (PDF). Windhoek, Namibia: University of Namibia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 2 September 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  34. ^ Reginald Herbold Green. "Namibia : The road to Namibia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  35. ^ "Angola (1975–2002)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  36. ^ Armed Conflict and Environmental Damage. 2014. p. 98.


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