User:Kmorozov/Bavaria with tables
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The following is a list of rulers during the history of Bavaria:
Duke of Bavaria
[edit]Agilolfing dynasty 548–788
[edit]Around 548 the kings of the Franks placed the border region of Bavaria under the administration of a duke — possibly Frankish or possibly chosen from amongst the local leading families — who was supposed to act as a regional governor for the Frankish king. The first duke we know of, and likely the first, was Gariwald, or Garibald I, a member of the powerful Agilolfing family. This was the beginning of a series of Agilolfing dukes that was to last until 788.
Rulers unknown, ca. 630-680
By the time of Duke Theodo I, who died in 716 or 717, the Bavarian duchy had achieved complete independence from the Frankish kings. Theodo's sons divided the duchy, but by 719 the rule had returned to Duke Grimoald.
In 725(?), Charles Martel, ruler in fact though not in name of the Frankish realm, reasserted royal supremacy over Bavaria, defeating and killing Duke Grimwald and annexing portions of Bavaria during the rule of Hugbert.
In 757 Tassilo III recognized the suzerainty of the Frankish kings Pippin III and did homage to Charlemagne in 781, and again in 787, while pursued an independent policy. In 788, Charlemagne had Tassilo sentenced to death on a charge of treason. Tassilo, granted pardon, entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt am Main in 794.
Carolingian dynasty 788–911
[edit]The Kings (later Emperors) of the Franks now assumed complete control, placing Bavaria under the rule of non-hereditary governors and civil servants. The Emperor Louis the Pious divided control of the Empire among his sons, and the divisions became permanent in the decades following his death in 840. The Frankish rulers controlled Bavaria as part of their possessions.
Luitpolding dynasty, 911–947
[edit]Luitpold, founder of the Luitpolding dynasty, was not a Duke of Bavaria but a Margrave of Carinthia under the rule of Louis the Child. Frankish power had waned in the region due to Hungarian attacks, allowing the local rulers greater independence. Luitpold's son, Arnulf, claimed the title of Duke (implying full autonomy) in 911, and was recognized as such by the German King Henry the Fowler in 920.
The German Kings, 947–1070
[edit]From 947 until the 11th century, the Kings of Germany repeatedly transferred Bavaria into different hands (including their own), never allowing any one family to establish itself. Bavaria was ruled by a series of short-lasting, mostly unrelated dynasties.
Houses of Welf and Babenberg 1070–1180
[edit]In 1070, Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor deposed duke Otto, granting the duchy instead to Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, a member of the Italo-Bavarian family of Este. Welf I subsequently quarreled with King Henry and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096, and was succeeded by his sons Welf II and Henry IX — the latter was succeeded by his son Henry X, who also became Duke of Saxony.
Wittelsbach dynasty 1180–1919
[edit]In 1180, Henry XII the Lion and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, fell out, and Frederick dispossessed the duke and gave his territory to Otto I Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria of the House of Wittelsbach. Bavaria remained in the possession of various branches of the family until the First World War.
Agilolfing dynasty Carolingian dynasty Luitpolding dynasty Ottonian dynasty Houses of Welf and Babenberg Wittelsbach dynasty
| Name | Title | Start term | End term | House | Part | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garibald I | Duke of Bavaria | 548 (c.) | 591 | Agilolfings | ||
| Tassilo I | Duke of Bavaria | 591 (c.) | 610 | Agilolfings | Named rex (king) at his ascension. | |
| Garibald II | Duke of Bavaria | 610 (c.) | 630 | Agilolfings | ||
| Theodo | Duke of Bavaria | 680 (c.) | 716 (?) | Agilolfings | ||
| Theudbert | Duke | 702 (c.) | 719 | Agilolfings | Salzburg | Son of Theodo |
| Theobald | Duke | 711 (c.) | 719 | Agilolfings | Parts of Bavaria | Son of Theodo |
| Tassilo II | Duke | 716 (c.) | 719 | Agilolfings | Passau | Son of Theodo |
| Grimoald | Duke | 716 (c.) | 725 | Agilolfings | Freising | Son of Theodo, later ruling all of Bavaria |
| Hugbert | Duke | 725 | 737 | Agilolfings | Son of Theudbert | |
| Odilo | 737 | 748 | Agilolfings | |||
| Grifo | 748 | 748 | Agilolfings | Usurper | ||
| Tassilo III | Duke of Bavaria | 748 | 788 | Agilolfings | In 757 Tassilo III recognized the suzerainty of the Frankish kings Pippin III and did homage to Charlemagne in 781, and again in 787, while pursued an independent policy. In 788, Charlemagne had Tassilo sentenced to death on a charge of treason. Tassilo, granted pardon, entered a monastery and formally renounced his duchy at Frankfurt am Main in 794. | |
| Charlemagne | Emperor | 788 | 814 | Carolingian | (Gerold, subordinate duke 794-799) | |
| Louis the Pious | Emperor | 814 | 817 | Carolingian | In 817, Louis bestowed Bavaria upon his then-youngest son, Louis the German. | |
| Louis the German | King of Bavaria | 817 | 865 | Carolingian | Louis was to rule as King of Bavaria, subordinate to his father, until the latter's death in 840. From 843, Bavaria was merged in Louis the German's Kingdom of East Francia. In 864, Louis the German gave control of Bavaria to his son Carloman, and died in 876. Louis' two younger sons, Louis and Charles — the latter of whom briefly recovered control of all the Frankish possessions — ruled Bavaria in succession after Carloman. | |
| Carloman | King of Bavaria | 864 | 880 | Carolingian | ||
| Louis the Younger | King of Bavaria | 880 | 882 | Carolingian | ||
| Charles the Fat | King of Bavaria | 882 | 887 | Carolingian | Carloman's bastard son, Arnulf, rebelled against Charles and took power in eastern Francia shortly before Charles' death. He was succeeded by his son Louis. | |
| Arnulf of Carinthia | King of Bavaria | 887 | 899 | Carolingian | Son of Carlomann | |
| Louis the Child | King of Bavaria | 899 | 911 | Carolingian | Son of Arnulf | |
| Luitpold | Margrave of Bavaria | 889 | 907 | Luitpolding | ||
| Arnulf the Bad | Duke of Bavaria | 907 | 937 | Luitpolding | Duke 911, son of Luitpold | |
| Eberhard | Duke of Bavaria | 937 | 938 | Luitpolding | ||
| Berthold | Duke of Bavaria | 938 | 947 | Luitpolding | Younger son of Luitpold. The German King Otto I reasserted central authority, banishing Arnulf's son Eberhard and re-granting the title to Berthold, a younger son of Luitpold. | |
| Henry I, Duke of Bavaria | Duke of Bavaria | 947 | 955 | Ottonian | On Berthold's death, Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, gave the duchy to his own brother Henry (I), who was also Arnulf the Bad's son-in-law. | |
| Henry II the Quarrelsome | Duke of Bavaria | 955 | 976 | Ottonian | Henry II made war upon his cousin, Emperor Otto II, and was deprived of his duchy in 976 in favor of his cousin Otto, Duke of Swabia (who now acquired two dukedoms). | |
| Otto I | Duke of Bavaria | 976 | 982 | Ottonian | ||
| Henry III the Younger | Duke of Bavarian | 983 | 985 | Luitpolding | Bavaria was given to Berthold's son Henry III, briefly restoring the Luitpolding dynasty. Henry III exchanged Bavaria for Carinthia, and Henry II received Bavaria again. | |
| Henry II the Quarrelsome | Duke of Bavaria | 985 | 995 | Ottonian | Restored | |
| Henry IV | Duke of Bavaria | 995 | 1004 | Ottonian | Henry IV was elected as Holy Roman Emperor Henry II, who gave Bavaria to his brother-in-law Henry V, Count of Luxemburg in 1004. | |
| Henry V | Duke of Bavaria | 1004 | 1009 | Luxemburg | ||
| Henry IV | Duke of Bavaria | 1009 | 1014 | Ottonian | ||
| Henry V | Duke of Bavaria | 1017 | 1026 | Luxemburg | Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany, gave Bavaria to his son Henry VI after the death of Henry V in 1026. | |
| Henry VI the Black | Duke of Bavaria | 1026 | 1042 | Salian dynasty | Holy Roman Emperor Henry III, King of Germany in 1039 | |
| Henry VII | Duke of Bavaria | 1042 | 1047 | Luxemburg | In 1042, Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, granted the duchy to Henry VII, Count of Luxemburg, nephew of Henry V. | |
| Conrad I (Kuno) | Duke of Bavaria | 1049 | 1053 | Ezzonen | After Henry VII's death, the dukedom was vacant for a couple of years. Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, then gave the duchy to Kuno, Count of Zütphen, in 1049. Kuno was deposed in 1053. | |
| Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1053 | 1054 | Salian | (minor: born 1050) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry VIII became King of Germany (1056) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. | |
| Conrad II | Duke of Bavaria | 1054 | 1055 | Salian | (minor, born 1052, died 1055) Son of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor | |
| Henry VIII | Duke of Bavaria | 1055 | 1061 | Salian | (minor: born 1050) Son of Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor. Henry VIII became King of Germany (1056) and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor in 1084. | |
| Otto II | Duke of Bavaria | 1061 | 1070 | Northeim | In 1061 Empress Agnes — the 11-year-old King Henry IV's mother and regent — entrusted the duchy to Otto of Nordheim. | |
| Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1070 | 1077 | Welf | Welf I subsequently quarreled with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and was deprived of his duchy for nineteen years, during which it was directly administered by the German crown. | |
| Welf I | Duke of Bavaria | 1096 | 1101 | Welf | Welf I recovered the duchy in 1096. | |
| Welf II | Duke of Bavaria | 1101 | 1120 | Welf | Son of Welf I | |
| Henry IX the Black | Duke of Bavaria | 1120 | 1126 | Welf | Abdicated. Son of Welf I | |
| Henry X the Proud | Duke of Bavaria | 1126 | 1139 | Welf | Son of Henry IX the Black. In a power struggle with King Conrad III of Germany, Henry X lost his duchy to the King, who granted it to his follower Leopold Margrave of Austria. | |
| Leopold | Duke of Bavaria | 1139 | 1141 | Babenberg | When Leopold died, Conrad III of Germany resumed the duchy and granted it to Leopold's brother Henry XI. | |
| Henry XI Jasomirgott | Duke of Bavaria | 1143 | 1156 | Babenberg | Brother of Leopold. | |
| Henry XII the Lion | Duke of Bavaria | 1156 | 1180 | Welf | When Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, became King of Germany, he restored Bavaria to the Welf line in the person of Henry X's son, Henry (XII) the Lion, Duke of Saxony. |
- Otto I 1180-1183. Succeeded by his son,
- Louis I 1183-1231 – obtained the Palatinate of the Rhine in 1214; assassinated 1231. Succeeded by his son,
- Otto II 1231-1253
Though Otto I of Wittelsbach was the third duke of Bavaria named Otto he is mostly called Otto I as founder of a new dynasty. Louis I and Otto II served also as Counts Palatine of the Rhine.
Bavaria partitioned, 1253-1503
[edit]First partition, 1253-1340
[edit]On Otto II's death, Bavaria was divided between his sons. Henry became Duke of Lower Bavaria, and Louis of Upper Bavaria. From this point until the beginning of the 16th century, the territories were frequently divided between brothers, making the Dukes difficult to list.
In Lower Bavaria, Henry XIII was succeeded by his three sons, Otto III, Louis III, and Stephen I ruling jointly. Otto III's successor in the joint dukedom was his son Henry XV. Stephen's successors were his sons Otto IV and Henry XIV. Henry XIV's son was John I.
In Upper Bavaria, Louis II was succeeded by his sons Rudolf I and Louis IV. The latter was elected King of Germany in 1314. After John I's death in 1340, Louis IV unified the Bavarian duchy.
|
Dukes of Lower Bavaria |
Dukes of Upper Bavaria |
|
The dukes of Upper Bavaria served also as Counts Palatinate of the Rhine. In 1329 Louis IV released the Palatinate of the Rhine including the Bavarian Upper Palatinate to the sons of Rudolf I. The Upper Palatinate would be reunited with Bavaria in 1623, the Lower Palatinate in 1777.
Reunion, 1340-1349
[edit]- Louis IV 1340-1347
- Co-rulers 1347-1349, sons of Louis IV:
- Louis V the Brandenburger (1315 - 1361)
- Stephen II (1319 - 1375)
- Louis VI the Roman (1328 - 1365)
- William I (1330 - 1389)
- Albert I (1336 - 1404)
- Otto V (1346 - 1379)
Second partition, 1349-1503
[edit]In 1349, the six sons of Louis IV again partitioned Bavaria into Upper and Lower Bavaria. Further partitions followed, which are most easily represented in tabular format:
|
Dukes of Lower Bavaria |
Dukes of Upper Bavaria | ||||||||||
In 1353, Lower Bavaria was partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing. |
In 1363, Upper Bavaria was partitioned between Bavaria-Straubing and Bavaria-Landshut. | ||||||||||
| Duke of Bavaria-Landshut | Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing also Counts of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Dukes of Bavaria-Landshut | Dukes of Bavaria-Straubing | ||||||||||
In 1392 Bavaria-Landshut was broken into three duchies, Bavaria-Munich, a smaller Bavaria-Landshut, and Bavaria-Ingolstadt. |
Bavaria-Straubing was partitioned among the other Bavarian duchies. | ||||||||||
| Dukes of Bavaria-Munich | Dukes of Bavaria-Landshut | Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt | |||||||||
|
|
| |||||||||
| Dukes of Bavaria-Munich | Duke of Bavaria-Landshut | Dukes of Bavaria-Ingolstadt | |||||||||
Bavaria-Munich was partitioned into a smaller Bavaria-Munich and Bavaria-Dachau in 1467 |
|
Bavaria-Ingolstadt was annexed by Bavaria-Landshut in 1447. | |||||||||
| Dukes of Bavaria-Landshut | |||||||||||
Bavaria-Landshut was annexed by Bavaria-Munich in 1503. | |||||||||||
| Duke of Bavaria-Munich | Duke of Bavaria-Dachau | ||||||||||
|
Bavaria-Dachau was reunited with Bavaria-Munich in 1501. | ||||||||||
| Duke of Bavaria-Munich | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Reunited Bavaria, 1505-1805
[edit]Dukes of Bavaria 1505-1623
[edit]| Dukes of Bavaria | |||
| Image | Name | Date | Notes |
| Albert IV | 1504-1508 | Son of Albert III. Called "the Wise". Duke of Bavaria-Munich, he became ruler of the greater part of Bavaria following the Landshut War (1503-1505). In 1506 Albert decreed that the duchy should pass according to the rules of primogeniture. |
|
1508-1550 1516-1545 | Co-rulers, sons of Albert IV. | |
| Albert V | 1550-1579 | Son of William IV. |
| William V | 1579-1597 | Son of Albert V, abdicated, died 1626. |
| Maximilian I | 1597-1623 | Son of William V. |
Electors of Bavaria, 1623-1805
[edit]| Electors of Bavaria | |||
| Image | Name | Date | Notes |
|
| Maximilian I | 1623-1651 | Maximilian I, was an ally of Emperor Ferdinand II in the Thirty Years' War. When the Elector of the Palatinatee, Frederick V, head of a senior branch of the Wittelsbachs, became involved in the war against the Emperor, he was stripped of his Imperial offices and Electoral title. Maximilian I was granted the Electorate of the Rhenish Palatinate in 1623. In 1648, Frederick's heir was restored to his Rhenish territory (but not to the Oberpfalz ceded to Bavaria) together with an a new Electorate; however, Maximilian retained the Electorate granted him in 1623. |
| Ferdinand Maria | 1651-1679 | Son of Maximilian I. |
| Maximilian II Emanuel | 1679-1706 1714-1726 | Son of Ferdinand Maria.
Maximilian II took part in the War of the Spanish Succession on the side of France, against the Emperor. He was accordingly forced to flee Bavaria following the Battle of Blenheim and deprived of his Electorate in 1706. He regained his Electorate in 1714 by the Peace of Baden. |
| Charles Albert | 1726-1745 | Son of Maximilian II.
Charles Albert once again took on the House of Habsburg in the War of the Austrian Succession, again in combination with France, succeeding so far as to be elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1742 (as Charles VII). However, the Austrians occupied Bavaria (1742-1744), and the Emperor died shortly after returning to Munich. |
| Maximilian III Joseph | 1745-1777 | Son of Charles Albert.
Maximilian III, who had no children, was the last of the direct Bavarian Wittelsbach line descended from Louis IV. He was succeeded by the Elector of the Palatinate, Charles Theodore, who thereby regained their old titles for the senior Wittelsbach line (descended from Louis IV's older brother Rudolf I). |
| Charles Theodore | 1777-1799 | Distant cousin of Maximilian III Joseph; Elector Palatine from 1743.
Charles Theodore was also childless, and was succeeded by a distant cousin, the Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, Maximilian Joseph. | |
| Maximilian IV Joseph | 1799-1805 | Distant cousin of Charles Theodor; Count Palatine of Zweibrücken from 1795.
In the chaos of the wars of the French Revolution, the old order of the Holy Roman Empire collapsed. In the course of these events, Bavaria became once again the ally of France, and Maximilian Joseph abandoned his Electoral title (as there would soon be no Emperor to elect) for the title of King of Bavaria (1805), becoming Maximilian I. |
| ||||||
Kings of Bavaria, 1806-1918
[edit]| Kings of Bavaria | |||
| Image | Name | Date | Notes |
|
| Maximilian I Joseph | 1806-1825 | .svg) |
| Ludwig I Augustus | 1825-1848 (d.1868) | .svg) |
| Maximilian II | 1848-1864 | Son of Ludwig I. |
| Ludwig II | 1864-1886 | Son of Maximilian II. Acceded to Bavaria becoming a component of the German Empire in 1871. Declared insane in 1886. |
| Otto | 1886-1913 (d.1916) | Brother of Ludwig II. Otto was mentally ill throughout his reign, and his functions were carried out by the following regents:
|
| File:LodIIIB.jpg | Ludwig III | 1913-1918 | First cousin of Otto, son of Prince Luitpold. Regent 1912-1913. Lost his throne in the German revolutions at the end of the First World War. |
Post-monarchy
[edit]In 1918, Bavaria became a republic.
Minister presidents of Bavaria, 1918-present
[edit]Heads of the House of Wittelsbach since 1918 (not ruling)
[edit]- King Ludwig III, 1918-1921.
- Rupprecht, Duke of Bavaria, 1921-1955.
- Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, 1955-1996.
- Franz, Duke of Bavaria, since 1996.