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Earl

Anglo-Saxon period

Edward the Confessor

On the semi-independence of the Earldom of Northumbria in the late Anglo-Saxon period, see Warren p. 50
Earls were an "élite within an élite", numbering at most 25 men at any one time between 1000 and 1300.

Post-Conquest

Earls after the Conquest and earls palatine mentioned Lyon 1980, pp. 166–167

Plantagenets

Not in article
Hugh de Puiset, Bishop of Durham and justiciar, was made earl of Northumbria for life by Richard I. 

Dan Jones wrote "There had been a general decline in the state of the aristocracy during the previous two generations." He goes on to write that Edward I distrusted of nobles and he was "stingy" with earldoms. He also had Quo Warranto inquiries to uncover if barons were enjoying rights and privileges that properly belonged to the Crown. Edward II gave out new titles to his friends and favourites. "Edward II had made Gaveston earl of Cornwall, Andrew Harclay earl of Carlisle, Hugh Despenser earl of Winchester, and his half brothers earls of Norfolk and Kent; but of all these, only the earl of Norfolk lived past 1330. John of Eltham, who had been created earl of Cornwall in 1328, had died ..." Also in Dan Jones, Roger Mortimer created himself Earl of March when he ruled in the name of the young Edward III.

By 1327, the number of earls had fallen to eight.

References

Works cited

• Ayton, Andrew (30 December 2013). "Edward III and the English Aristocracy at the Beginning of the Hundred Years War". De Re Militari. The Society for Medieval Military History. Archived from the original on 18 January 2020.
• Baxter, Stephen (2007). The Earls of Mercia: Lordship and Power in Later Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191528217.
• Crouch, David (1992). The Image of Aristocracy in Britain, 1000–1300. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415755047.
• Green, Judith A. (2017). Forging the Kingdom: Power in English Society, 973–1189. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521193597.
• Hughes, Geoffrey (1998). Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780141954325.
• Huscroft, Richard (2016). Ruling England, 1042-1217 (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1138786554.
• Kane, Brendan (2010). The Politics and Culture of Honour in Britain and Ireland, 1541-1641. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521898645.
• Lindström, Fredrik (2006). Svitjods undergång och Sveriges födelse. [Stockholm]: A. Bonnier. ISBN 9789100107895.
• Loyn, H. R. (1955). "Gesiths and Thegns in Anglo-Saxon England from the Seventh to Tenth Century". The English Historical Review. 70 (277): 529–549. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXX.CCLXXVII.529. JSTOR 558038.
• Loyn, H. R. (1984). The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087. Governance of England. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804712170.
• Lyon, Bryce (1980). A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England (2nd ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-95132-4. 1st edition available at the Internet Archive.
• Maitland, Frederic William (1897). Domesday Book and Beyond: Three Essays in the Early History of England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Owen, Hywel Wyn; Gruffydd, Ken Lloyd (2017). Place-Names of Flintshire. University of Wales Press. ISBN 9781786831118.
• Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297761056.
• Starkey, David (2010). Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780007307715.
• Williams, Robert (1865). Lexicon Cornu-Britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall. Llandovery, Wales: Roderic.
• Williams, Ann (2008). The World Before Domesday: The English Aristocracy, 900–1066. London: Continuum. ISBN 9781847252395.

• Jones, Dan (2012). The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England (revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-60628-5.