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Malakand insurrection (1994-95)

Main article: Malakand insurrection (1994-1995)

Malakand insurrection (1994-1995)
Date 1 November 1994 - 19 June 1995 Location Malakand Division Result Pakistani victory Suppression of rebellion
Belligerents
Pakistan	TNSM
Commanders and leaders
Unknown	Sufi Muhammad
Units involved
Pakistan Army XI Corps Artillery regiment Aviation Corps FCKP(N)	TNSM Black turbans Foreign jihadists
Strength
Unknown	10000+
Casualties and losses
~12 killed	~28 killed
26+ wounded

Malakand revolt refers to an insurrection by Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi under the command of Sufi Muhammadin Malakand Division on the basis of a demand for Sharia law. Multiple areas were captured by the militants. The uprising was quashed by the Pakistan army, captured areas were liberated and a peace deal w| as negotiated. It was the first Salafi jihadist uprising in Pakistan.

Background

In northwest Pakistan, three princely states Dir, Swat and Chitral were abolished and reorganised to form the Malakand Division in 1970. This also abolished the laws of princely state especially the Sharia implementation in Swat . During the Soviet Afghan war, many militants from this area went to Afghanistan for Jihad. Upon returning they started campaigning for Sharia law and established an organisation named as Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi.

Rebellion

In November 1994 , Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi under Sufi Muhammad led a revolt for the implementation of Sharia law in the Malakand Division.. A large number of Afghan Mujahideen from the nearby areas also came to aid the rebellion. Timergara, the headquarters of Lower Dir, was besieged by government, artillery Shelling was carried out and fighting erupted in Swat . The Saidu Sharif Airport, roads multiple police stations and judicial courts in the area were occupied by the militants. The Sharia law was implemented in the occupied areas. They imposed driving on the right side of the road as a symbol of discontinuing British traditions. The militants established check points on mountain peaks to prevent military from entering. Approximately 40 persons, including 12 security force personnel, were killed in a week of combat before the Government quelled the rebellion. Pakistan army deployed combat and reconnaissance helicopters to the area. The Frontier Corps was deployed to regain control of the area .

On December 4, 1994, 10,000 members of the TNSM started rally for the release of 85 captured militants but security forces responded with tear gas shelling .

On June 19, 1995, the TNSM Chief Sufi Muhammad and 20 senior militants were arrested following an attack on security forces. In response hundreds of TNSM cadres attacked and occupied Government offices in the Swat district wounding 26 people.

Aftermath

After the introduction of the PATA Regulation, the provincial government recommended the introduction of the Shariah law. Nizam E Adl Ordinance was passed by Pakistani government which made it compulsory for the civil courts to seek advice of a Muawin Qazi, who was a religious cleric learned in Islamic law. But militant presence in the area led to the First Battle of Swat.

Pakistani airstrikes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Main article: January 2014 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa airstrikes

January 2014 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa airstrikes
Part of the War in North-West Pakistan
Date 20-21 January 2014 Location Mir Ali, Miramshah and Tirah Result Pakistani victory
Belligerents
Pakistan	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Al Qaeda
Commanders and leaders
Nawaz Sharif	Hakimullah Mehsud
Units involved
Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Army Army Aviation	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Al Qaeda
Casualties and losses
None	36-62 killed 15+ wounded
15+ civilians killed 23,000 civilians displaced

January 2014 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa airstrikes refers to multiple airstrikes carried out in Miramshah, Mir Ali and Tirah valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa on January 20 and January 21, 2014.

Background

2014 Bannu bombing, by Taliban killed twenty six Pakistani soldiers. Thirty-eight other people were injured as a result of the bombing.. The bomb blast , domestic and international pressure on Pakistani government compelled the government to launch airstrikes, for the first time since 2007.

Strikes

On January 20 2014, Pakistan Air Force warplanes started the airstrike campaign by bombing multiple insurgent bases in North Waziristan followed by shelling of the targets by Pakistan Army helicopters.

According to Pakistan, 40 insurgents most of which were foreigners including sixteen Uzbek and three German Al-qaeda members were killed. Independent sources reported 39 casualties (24 killed and 15 wounded). Wali Muhammad, a TTP commander, was reported to be killed in these strikes. Pakistan claimed that a huge weapons and ammunition cache was destroyed by the airstrikes. Furthermore, it was reported that residential areas were hit and 15 civilians were killed . More than 23,000 people fled the area amidst fear of more strikes.

The next day, Pakistan Air Force warplanes bombarded insurgent bases in Khyber Agency killing 12 militants. Four militant hideouts were destroyed in the air raid on Tirah valley in Khyber Agency.

Aftermath

Shahidullah Shahid, a spokesman for the Pakistani Taliban, warned that his group would be compelled to take revenge. There was a surge in terrorist activities in Pakistan.

On January 21st 2014 Mastung bus bombing killed 22 Shi'ite pilgrims returning from Iran, 32 were wounded.

May 2014 Waziristan airstrikes

Main article: May 2014 Waziristan airstrikes

May 2014 Waziristan airstrikes
Part of the War in North-West Pakistan
Date 21-27 May 2014 Location Waziristan Result Pakistani victory
Belligerents
Pakistan	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Al Qaeda Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Turkistan Islamic Party
Commanders and leaders
Nawaz Sharif	Hakimullah Mehsud
Units involved
Pakistan Air Force Pakistan Army Army Aviation	Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan Al Qaeda
Casualties and losses
None	64-72 killed 33+ wounded
30+ civilians killed Thousands of civilians displaced

May 2014 Waziristan strikes refers to an airstrike campaign by Pakistan against Pakistani Taliban and foreign insurgents presence in the tribal area of Waziristan.

Background

North Waziristan was a hotspot for terrorist activities as it had a substantial insurgent presence, especially foreign fighters who were involved in multiple attacks against Pakistan. American and Chinese pressure was high on Pakistani government to curb these insurgents . On May 19 2014, one such incident claimed the lives of 9 Pakistani soldiers and provoked the airstrikes.

Strikes

On May 21 2014, Pakistani military launched an airstrike campaign against insurgents in Waziristan region killing over 60 militants and wounding over 30 . According to Pakistani military many foreign fighters including Uyghur, Chechens, Uzbeks and Arabs were killed. Multiple commanders were killed in the airstrikes. The stroke targetted Mir Ali and Miranshah, near the Afghan border. Large weapons and ammunition caches were destroyed in the airstrikes. There was a huge backlash by the locals who alleged that Pakistan is committing atrocities against its own citizens in the name of fighting terrorism while Pakistani establishment itself shelters terrorists. At least 30 civilians were also killed in the airstrikes.

On May 24, a helicopter raid on a Taliban outpost killed 4 and wounded 3.Fifteen civilians were also killed in the airstrikes.

The airstrikes had a massive impact on the area with thousands fleeing the dire situation. Furthermore claims arose of the destruction of 500 homes in the aerial campaign.

Aftermath

A curfew was imposed on the region. Thousands fled from the region following the airstrikes. The aerial campaign ended on May 27 after the protests from the locals.

June 2014 North west Pakistan airstrikes

On 10 June, Pakistani security forces carried out aerial strikes in Tirah Valley of Khyber Agency in the northwestern tribal areas next to the Afghan border, during which nine militant hideouts were destroyed and at least 25 militants were killed. The aerial strikes were conducted in the wake of the attack, and were an extension of a campaign of military operations against militants being conducted since the past few months. The area was believed to be used as a shelter for several anti-state militant factions and foreign fighters from Central Asia.

On 11 June, the Army decided to intensify air strikes on militant hideouts following a conference between top military commanders at the General Headquarters, Rawalpindi.

On the early hours of Thursday 12 June, the U.S. conducted two successive drone strikes near Miramshah in North Waziristan, after a nearly six-month break in US drone campaigns in the tribal areas of northwest Pakistan. The drone strikes killed 16 suspected militants. According to a Pakistani intelligence sources, the militants killed included four Uzbeks, a few key Afghan Taliban commanders and members, and two members of TTP Punjab.

On 15 June, Pakistan Air Force fighter jets bombed eight militant hideouts in North Waziristan, during which at least 105 militants (or up to 150 according to other official sources) were killed according to security officials. Most of those killed during the strikes were Uzbek fighters, as the targets were predominantly Uzbek hideouts, and the dead included insurgents linked to the airport attack. Military and intelligence sources confirmed the presence of foreign and local militants in the hideouts before the military operation. Abu Abdur Rehman Almani, a key Uzbek militant commander and a mastermind of the attack, was also reported killed. Some foreign militants from the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a Uyghur separatist group from western China, were also among the dead.

Operation Trishul Shakti

Main article: Battle of Bahadur post

Battle of Bahadur post
Part of the Siachen conflict
Satellite imagery of the Siachen Glacier
Date 20 July - 3 August 1992 Location Bahadur post Result Indian victory Failure of Pakistani assault
Belligerents
India	Pakistan
Units involved
Indian Army	Pakistan Army

Battle of Bahadur post (Indian name: Operation Trishul Skakti) was a military engagement between Pakistani and Indian forces. Pakistani forces attempted to caption Bahadur post in Chulung followed by Indian start of defence operations. Eventually, Pakistani offensive was stalled after exhaustion of momentum and the battle ended in an Indian victory.

Background

Multiple small scale assaults provided large gains for Pakistan in Siachen. Then Pakistani forces started a military build up in the Chulung La Glacier to prepare for capturing the ridge. The military post in the area named Bahadur post was under the control 12th Jammu Kashmir rifles deployed recently. Indian forces anticipating the Pakistani assault had also started preparations.

Pakistani offensive

Pakistani forces under the cover of bad weather and low visibility started their camping on 20 July. By 28 July, Indian forces started noticing the signs of Pakistani activities in the region and resultantly a search party was organised but no Pakistani forces were detected. On 29 July another search party reported the arrival of Pakistani forces. Indian forces were instructed to engage Pakistani troops with mortars and small arms fire. At the dominating positions indian forces constructed a fire base. Pakistani forces were struck by small arms fire from the firebase in addition to artillery and mortar fire. Pakistani forces started artillery fire in order to provide cover to Pakistani forces. For two days, multiple small scale engagements were reported.

Helicopter shootdown

On 1 August, two Pakistani helicopters were detected by Indian forces which fired IGLA missiles upon them. One of the helicopters carrying commander of 323rd Brigade, Brigadier Masood Anwari struck killing him and two others. This led to a loss of momentum in Pakistani side and stalled the offensive.

Aftermath

This conflict brought negotiations in favour of India. Pakistani officials sent a proposal to India about ending the conflict and withdrawal of troops on both sides of the front. This was in accordance with the indian demands about ending the conflict and was widely accepted by Indian military leadership but the indian political leadership didn't accept the proposal and the conflict continued till 2003.

High casualties led to the dismissal of Major General Zahir-ul Islam Abbasi from his command. Moreover helicopter shootdown led to the formation of a designated IGLA squadron by Indian military.

Operation Kahuta

Main article: Operation Kahuta

Operation Kahuta
Part of the Project 706
Date 1981-1984 Location Kahuta,Pakistan and West Germany Result Pakistani victory Failure of Indo-Israeli plot to destroy Pakistani nuclear facilities
Belligerents
India Israel	Pakistan Diplomatic support: United States
Units involved
Indian Air Force RAW Israeli Air Force Mossad Shin Bet	Pakistan Air Force Air Defence Corps M.I ISI

Operation Kahuta refers to a plot by Israel and India to destroy Pakistani nuclear facilities in Kahuta in 1980s to stop Pakistan from procuring nuclear weapons. Due to American pressure on Israel, the strike was aborted. However a dogfight between Pakistani and Israeli planes did occur.

Background

Pakistan had a history of tense relations with Israel. In 1967, Pakistan Air Force sent a group of its fighter pilots to engage the Israelis in combat during the 1967 Six-Day War and in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, greatly bolstering the Palestinians who were suffering repeated defeats to the Israel Defense Forces. A Pakistani fighter pilot, Saiful Azam, had shot down at least four Israeli fighter planes during the Six-Day War. After the Yom Kippur War, Pakistan and the PLO signed an agreement for training PLO officers in Pakistani military institutions. During the 1982 Israel-Lebanon War, irregular Pakistani volunteers served in the PLO and 50 were taken prisoner during the Siege of Beirut.

In 1981, Operation Opera launched by Israel against nuclear facilities in Iraq which led to the destruction of the Iraqi nuclear program raised alarms in Pakistan that Israel could attempt a similar attack on Kahuta.

Plan and preparations

Israeli Air Force F-16A

In the 1980s, Israel planned a possible attack on Pakistan's nuclear facilities with possible Indian assistance that would be reminiscent of the Israeli attack previously carried out on an Iraqi nuclear reactor in 1981. In 1981, three West German engineering firms were targeted in bomb attacks and several others received threatening phone calls, allegedly carried out by the Israeli secret service. All of the companies were suspected of selling dual use technology to Pakistan for use in their nuclear weapons program. Using satellite imagery and intelligence information, Israel reportedly built a full-scale mock-up of the Kahuta nuclear facility in the Negev desert region where Israeli pilots in F-16 and F-15 squadrons practiced mock attacks.

The plan was for Israeli Air Force to launch an air attack on Pakistan's nuclear facility in Kahuta sometime during the mid-1980s from an airfield in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. The Israeli F-16 fighters bombers escorted by F-15 air superiority aircraft would also take off from Udhampur Air Force Station in Indian administered Kashmir and then fly low over the Himalayas to avoid early radar detection before attacking the Pakistani uranium enrichment centrifuge complex in the Rawalpindi city of Kahuta, then flying west, out of Pakistani airspace and returning to the Homebase evading RBS 70 MOPADs and Pakistan Air Force. In March 1984, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed off (on) the Israeli-led operation bringing India, Pakistan and Israel to within a hair's breadth of a nuclear conflagration". Israel's plan met with disapproval from some Indian officials on the grounds that Israel would not face any major consequences after the strike while India would surely face full-scale retaliation—possibly nuclear—from Pakistan for its involvement in the Israeli attack.

Indian military officials also went to Israel in Feb 1983 to procure equipment that could neutralise Kahuta’s air defences. Indian officials in addition to Mossad, also started collaboration with Shin Bet.

Pakistani response

Military response

A Pakistan Air Force F-16D Falcon inflight

Inter Services Intelligence learned of the collaboration between Mossad and Research and Analysis Wing about the plan of attacking Kahuta. The M.I. and Air Intelligence (AI) of Pakistan learned of the Israeli attempted operation when Israeli Air Force's fighter jets flew close to Pakistan's northern border.The PAF responded immediately and Combat Air Patrols were initiated, airspace of Kahuta was declared as No-fly zone.

ACM Shamim told General Zia-ul-Haq that, in the PAF's current state, "Indian aircraft could reach the area in three minutes whereas the PAF would take eight minutes, allowing the Indians to attack the facility and return before the PAF could defend or retaliate". Because Kahuta was close to the Indian border, a consensus was reached acknowledging that the best way to deter a possible Indian attack would be to procure new advanced fighters and weaponry. These could be used to mount a retaliatory attack on India's nuclear research facilities in Trombay in the event of an Indian attack on Kahuta. It was decided the most suitable aircraft would be the F-16 Fighting Falcon, which the United States eventually agreed to supply after the PAF refused to purchase the F-5. In 1983, when the first batch of F-16s reached Pakistan, ACM Shamim informed Zia of the PAF's increasing capability to effectively respond to an attack on the nuclear research facilities at Kahuta.

The PAF's aggressor squadron's jets belonging to No. 11 Squadron Arrows intercepted the IAF jets and gained a missile lock on one of the Israeli jets. The Israeli jets pulled back subsequently.

Diplomatic response

The secretary of science and technology of Pakistan, told his Indian counterpart that if India went through with the operation, it'd face severe destruction. Indian delegate responded with “No brother, we know your capability and we will not undertake such a mission”

Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission told the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre "Islamabad would attack Mumbai if Kahuta was attacked."

Abortion of the operation

The plan was ultimately discouraged due to American interference against the operation and out of the fear of a fourth Indo-Pakistani war starting as a consequence of this operation, and was shelved indefinitely after Indira Gandhi was assassinated in 1984. A plan was presented by Israelis in 1985 but the Indian government refused to comply.

A paper published in the U.S. Air Force Air University system—India Thwarts Israeli Destruction of Pakistan's "Islamic Bomb"—also confirmed this plan's existence. It stated that "Israeli interest in destroying Pakistan's Kahuta reactor to scuttle the 'Islamic bomb' was blocked by India's refusal to grant landing and refuelling rights to Israeli warplanes in 1982." India's refusal to cooperate forced Israel—which on its part wanted the attack to be a joint Indian-Israeli strike to avoid being held solely responsible—to drop the plan before agreeing in 1984.

Alleged second attempt

Israel F-16 aircraft were allegedly twice spotted in Pakistani air space in the days before the 1998 nuclear tests were carried out. Pakistan was so alarmed by the sighting that their then ambassador to the UN, Ahmed Kamal, held an emergency meeting with the UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan to seek reassurance from the international community that an attack was not imminent.

Aftermath

In 1998 Pakistan successfully conducted its first series of nuclear weapons testing a few days after India, and the Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif sent a secret courier to his Israeli counterpart Benjamin Netanyahu, assuring Israel that Pakistan will not share its nuclear technology with Iran to aide in their nuclear program and in 2001 Pakistan's ISI passed intelligence about the nuclear ambitions of Iran and Libya, whose program allegedly had the help of Pakistani scientists.

In Popular culture

The Indian Netflix series Mission Majnu is about the story of an Indian RAW agent in Kahuta who learns about the Israeli plan and plays a vital role in cancellation of the airstrike before being discovered as a RAW agent by ISI and killed.

Naf War

Main article: 2000 Naf War

Naf War (Operation Bismillah)
Date 8-10 January 2000 Location Bangladesh-Myanmar border Result Bangladeshi victory Heavy losses for Myanmar Dam construction stopped
Belligerents
Bangladesh	Burma
Units involved
Bangladesh Rifles	Burmese Army Burmese Navy
Casualties and losses
None killed Few wounded	600+ killed

The Naf War was a major military engagement between the Bangladesh Rifles (now Border Guard Bangladesh ) and the Burmese military. The battle lasted three days. The 2,500 soldiers of the Bangladesh Rifles fought against two divisions of the Burmese Army and Burmese Navy, i.e. 25,000 soldiers.

Background

In 1966, an agreement was reached between the governments of Pakistan and Burma during the border settlement. According to the agreement, the middle part of the Naf River sector was specified as the border between the two countries. The Naf River has twelve tributaries in Myanmar. As per the agreement, the middle part of the Naf River sector was recognized as the international boundary, so Myanmar could not take any action, which could cause major disruption in the course of the Naf River. But Myanmar ignored the agreement and built dams on eleven out of twelve rivers by 2000. Due to this, the main flow of Naf River was diverted towards Bangladesh and about 2500 acres of land was lost from the territory of Bangladesh.

In 2000, when Myanmar attempted to build a dam at the last tributary, there were several rounds of meetings between the border guards of the two countries. When this dam was being built, it was feared that the Bangladeshi part of the Naf River would flood causing Teknaf city to disappear, so when the Bangladesh Rifles requested not to build the dam in accordance with the 1966 agreement, but the Myanmar border guards sent a letter in threatening tone. "From NASAKA HQ to BDR HQ Bangladesh. We are warning you to behave otherwise we will teach you lessons you will never forget."

The battle was organized in the area adjacent to Parrot Island in the Huaikung Union of Teknaf. Here the BDR opened fire in front of a bend in the Naf river. About six hundred Myanmar soldiers and dam construction workers were killed in the ambush. Burmese army gathering and casualties in the war received from intelligence sources. Shortly before the battle several spies were sent to Burma to collect information. Information from them shows that 25,000 soldiers of the Burmese regular forces, under a major general and a rear admiral, appeared on the battlefield. Compared to that, the military preparedness of Bangladesh was very inadequate (only 2,500 regular soldiers). The then ruling military junta, a council called the State Peace and Development Council, was in charge of the Myanmar government. The chairman of this council, Senior General Than Shwe, was the head of government of Myanmar, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.

General Than Shwe summoned foreign journalists and ambassadors stationed in Rangoon on January 9 and announced that "We want Bangladesh and us to discuss and settle the disputed issues together without any preconditions."

He also sent a letter to Myanmar asking Bangladesh to stop the attack.

Ceasefire

By January 10, the war had ended due to a unilateral withdrawal from the war. A high-level delegation was sent to Maungdu, accepting Burma's offer of unconditional talks. The delegation led by the then Joint Secretary (Political) of the Ministry of Home Affairs Zanib ul Haq presented Bangladesh's proposals. A handwritten pledge was signed at the meeting, in which the Myanmar government promised to refrain from any future attempt to build any form of dam on the Naf River.

Aftermath

Although the Naf War was short-term conflict in terms of its scope and duration, it had a long-term impact. After this war regular conferences were held at the level of the Border Guards. In recognition of victory in the battle, the government of Bangladesh awarded a gallantry medal called Operation Naf Padak to every soldier who participated in the battle. For the first time in Bangladesh, BDR won a single victory in a battle without the participation of the army.

Also the rarest feat achieved by BDR in Naf war was zero mortality. In the fierce battle that lasted for three days, more than six hundred people were killed on the Burmese side, but not a single person was killed in the BDR. Only a few were wounded.

Bombing of Calcutta

Main article: Bombing of Calcutta

Bombing of Calcutta
Part of the Operation U-Go during the Burma Campaign in the South-East Asian theatre of World War II
Date 20 December 1942 - Mid 1944 Location Calcutta Result Inconclusive Japanese raids cause heavy casualties Heavy losses for Japanese Air Force
Belligerents
British Empire British Raj United States	Empire of Japan
Units involved
Royal Air Force United States Army Air Force	Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Casualties and losses
Several Hundreds killed Several ships sunk Harbour significantly damaged	Several Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46 destroyed One Aircraft carrier destroyed

The Bombing of Calcutta was a series of aerial raids carried out by Imperial Japanese Army Air Force on Calcutta, the capital of the British Raj. The bombing caused significant damages to infrastructure and killed hundreds however it failed to achieve it's primary goal of significantly disrupting allied supply lines.

Background

After the end of rainy season in 1942, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force became much more active and raided north eastern Assam with the next target of Bombing Calcutta , with the objective of destroying the Calcutta port and delaying the Allied preparations for a counter-offensive. The 7th Air Brigade had been given the responsibility and they had carried out rehearsals in Malaya in November. In late November 1942 the brigade was reinforced by some aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service and, as reconaissance showed a large concentration of shipping at Calcutta, the Japanese decided to raid the airfields in the Chittagong area at the end of the month to draw the Allied fighters away from Calcutta which was to be attacked on the 5th December but the attack was delayed till December 20.

Bombing

On December 20 1942, aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force started bombing the city of Calcutta causing damage to infrastructure and multiple casualties. The bombing campaign continued till 24 December. The airstrikes on Christmas Eve were mainly targetting the Europeans but failed to do significant damage and human casualties were not significant. The target Howrah Bridge wasn't damaged but other parts of the city faced damages.

Calcutta had good air defence systems which forced the Japanese pilots to fly high to evade the air defence and they raised Calcutta only during the night. This bombing affected the industrial area and caused the displacement of 350,000 people. United States Army Air Force was also deployed in Calcutta and engaged with the Japanese.

The Royal Air Force bomber responded to these raids by destroying many Japanese aircraft and a Japanese aircraft carrier. By 1943, air defences were strengthened and RADAR guided night fighters were deployed which destroyed several Japanese Mitsubishi Ki-21 and Mitsubishi Ki-46.

In January 1943, multiple Japanese raids were foiled by Royal Air Force.

In August 1943, Royal Air Force deployed Spitfires.

On 5 December 1943, a Japanese bombing on Calcutta's Kidderpore docks caused hundreds of deaths and destruction of several ships and warehouses. Japanese aircraft dropped heavy explosives and anti-personnel bombs on the docks during day, without facing any resistance. The docks were devastated. Royal Air Force warplanes were deployed but they weren't able to engage.

Japanese launched sporadic raids till 1944.

Aftermath

In 1944, due to allied advances on multiple fronts, the Japanese aircraft had to be relocated to other areas for providing support and thus the bombing raids over Calcutta stopped. In 1945, after the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the war came to an end.