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Coordinates: 51°45′21″N 1°15′17″W / 51.755871°N 1.254593°W / 51.755871; -1.254593
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Wadham College
Oxford
Arms: Gules, a chevron between 3 roses argent barbed vert (Wadham); impaling Gules, a bend or between 2 escallops argent (Petre)[1]
Scarf colours: black, with two grey-blue stripes a quarter of a scarf-width in from either edge, each stripe edged with a yellow pinstripe on the right-hand side only
LocationParks Road
Coordinates51°45′21″N 1°15′17″W / 51.755871°N 1.254593°W / 51.755871; -1.254593
Full nameWadham College of the Foundation of Nicholas Wadham Esquire and Dorothy his wife in the University of Oxford
Latin nameCollegium Wadhamensi
Established1610; 414 years ago (1610)
Named forNicholas and Dorothy Wadham (née Petre)
Sister collegeChrist's College, Cambridge
WardenRobert Hannigan
Undergraduates474[2] (2022)
Postgraduates217[2] (2022)
Websitewadham.ox.ac.uk
Boat clubWadham College Boat Club
Map
Medarduss/sandbox2 is located in Oxford city centre
Medarduss/sandbox2
Location in Oxford city centre

Wadham College (/ˈwɒdəm/) is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. It is located in the centre of the city, on a site between Parks Road, Holywell Street and Broad Street. The college was founded in 1610 by Dorothy Wadham, according to the will of her husband, Nicholas Wadham, who was a wealthy landowner with property in Devon and Somerset. The buildings of the college's first quadrangle were designed by the master builder William Arnold and erected between 1610 and 1613. These intial buildings included a chapel and large ornate hall.

Amongst Wadham's most famous alumni is Sir Christopher Wren. Wren was one of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s, the Oxford Philosophical Club, which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke. This group held regular meetings at Wadham College under the guidance of the warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus which went on to found the Royal Society.

Wadham is a liberal and progressive college which aims to maintain the diversity of its student body and a friendly atmosphere.[3] Founded as a men's college, in 1974 it was among the first to become coeducational,[4] and the college has a strong reputation as a promoter of gay rights. In 2011 it became the first Oxford college to fly the rainbow flag as part of queer week, a celebration of sexual diversity and individuality.[5]

Wadham is one of the largest colleges of the University of Oxford, with about 480 undergraduates and 240 graduate students.[2] The college publishes an annual magazine for alumni, the Wadham College Gazette.[6]

As of 2022, it had an estimated financial endowment of £113 million,[7] and in 2020/2021 ranked 18th in the Norrington Table, a measure which ranks Oxford colleges by academic performance.[8]

History

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Statues of the founders above the main entrance to the Hall

Foundation

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Wadham College was founded by Dorothy Wadham in 1610,[9][10] according to the wishes set out in the will of her husband Nicholas Wadham (1531–1609). The Wadhams were wealthy landowners, who owned the Devonshire estates of Edge and Wadham, as well as that of Merryfield in Somerset, amongst other properties.[11] Nicholas and Dorothy had no children,[12] and Nicholas decided to leave his wealth to found a college at Oxford for the "poor and needy scholars in the University."[13] Nicholas' plan for his college was not very elaborate, which meant that much of the responsibility for its foundation was placed on his wife's shoulders, who was herself 75 years old at the time of her Nicholas' death.[14]

Over four years, she gained royal and ecclesiastical support for the new college, negotiated the purchase of a site, appointed the West Country architect William Arnold, drew up the college statutes, and appointed the first warden, fellows, scholars, and cook. Although she never visited Oxford, she kept tight control of her new college and its finances until her death in 1618.

The wardenship of John Wilkins (1648–1659) is a significant period in the history of the college. Wilkins was a member of a group which had met for some years in London to discuss problems in the natural sciences. Many of the group moved to Oxford and held regular meetings in the Warden's lodgings at Wadham. Among them were Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke, John Locke, William Petty, John Wallis, and Thomas Willis. Wadham provided the largest contingent, some twelve of the fifty names mentioned. These included Christopher Brookes (mathematician and instrument-maker), John Mayow (a distinguished chemist and physician), Lawrence Rooke (later astronomy professor at Gresham College, London), Thomas Sprat (later the official historian of the Royal Society), Seth Ward (mathematician and Savilian Professor of Astronomy), and Sir Christopher Wren (mathematician and Savilian Professor of Astronomy).[15]

Sir Christopher Wren was an undergraduate at Wadham before he became a fellow of All Souls and then succeeded Rooke as astronomy professor at Gresham College, London. He eventually returned to occupy rooms at Wadham while he was the Savilian Professor of Astronomy from 1661. Wren had notable achievements in pure and applied mathematics, astronomy, physics and biology to his credit before he turned to architecture, in his thirties.[15] In mathematical ability alone, Wren was ranked by competent authorities second only to Newton among the men of his time.[16]

The Warden's lodgings were stuffed with ingenious instruments, and powerful telescopes were mounted on the college tower. The Oxford group kept up close relations with their colleagues in London, and in 1660, at Gresham, the decision was taken to create the body which, in 1662, was to be formally incorporated as the Royal Society. Wilkins was the first president of the provisional body, and became the first secretary of the Royal Society itself. These were the beginnings of organised scientific research in Britain.[15]

The Bowra era

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Maurice Bowra was warden of the college from 1938 until 1970, and was influential in determining the character of the college as open and meritocratic. He was known for his hospitality but also for his waspish wit, and anecdotes about his time as Warden remain in circulation amongst Wadham alumni. A statue of Bowra is in the college gardens, and the college's 1992 Bowra Building bears his name.[citation needed]

Modern day

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The college now consists of some 70 Fellows, about 230 graduate students, and about 450 undergraduates. The current Warden is Robert Hannigan. Hannigan succeeded Lord Macdonald of River Glaven QC as Warden upon Macdonald's retirement in 2021.[17]

Promotion of equality, diversity and rights

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In 1974, after more than three and a half centuries as a men-only institution, Wadham was among the first group of five all-male colleges at Oxford to admit women as full members, the others being Brasenose, Jesus College, Hertford and St Catherine's.[4]

Wadham College has a reputation as a supporter of gay rights partly because it plays host to "Queerfest", a celebration of the LGBTQ cause.[18] In 2011, Wadham became the first Oxbridge college to fly the Rainbow Flag in support of equality, as part of its annual Queerweek.[19] The Rainbow Flag also flies over Wadham each year during February, to mark LGBT Month.[citation needed]

A Wadham student tradition is that student social events are always concluded with the playing of the Specials' Free Nelson Mandela. The motion to play the song to conclude every student event until Nelson Mandela was freed from prison was passed by the Wadham Student Union in 1987, when Wadham alumnus Simon Milner (History, 1985), now Policy Director at Facebook, was SU President.[20] Following Mr Mandela's liberation, the Student Union voted to continue the tradition as a mark of affection. President Mandela visited Wadham College and dined there on 11 July 1997.[21] In 2017, this tradition was challenged by a South African student, who is a member of the ANC and active in equality campaigning in South Africa, as no longer appropriate given the complex legacy of Mandela in post-Apartheid South Africa. He also highlighted that there is much more to South Africa than just the history of Apartheid, and that constant reference to it rather than South Africa's current issues is outdated and no longer the progressive act it was intended to be. A vote to remove the constitutional requirement to play the song was narrowly defeated in a Wadham SU meeting.

In 2013 the warden, Lord Macdonald of River Glaven QC, created the Wadham Human Rights Forum, a new public forum for the discussion of human rights issues that welcomes top level speakers to Wadham College. Lord Macdonald was also frequently in the media speaking on legal issues and, particularly, on issues relating to rights and security.[22]

Buildings

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College entrance on Parks Road

Front quad

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Front quad

Wadham is sometimes put forward as the last major English public building to be created according to the medieval tradition of the master mason. Wadham's front quadrangle (quad), which served as almost the entire college until the mid-20th century, is also an early example of the "Jacobean Gothic" style that was adopted for many of the university's buildings.[citation needed]

The main building was erected in a single building operation in 1610–1613. The architect, William Arnold, was also responsible for Montacute House and Dunster Castle in Somerset, and was involved in the building of Cranborne Manor, Dorset for Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, James I's Lord Treasurer. The style of the building is a fairly traditional Oxford Gothic, modified by classical decorative detail, most notably the 'frontispiece' framing statues of James I and the Founders immediately facing visitors as they enter the college. Classical, too, is the over-powering emphasis on symmetry. The central quadrangle was originally gravelled throughout; the present lawn was laid down in 1809. The college was refaced in the 1960s, and much of the front quad has undergone further restoration work.[citation needed]

Hall

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Hall

In 1898, the hall was the third largest amongst Oxford colleges after Christ Church and New College.[16] It is notable for its great hammer-beam roof and for the Jacobean woodwork of the entrance screen. The portraits include those of the founders and of distinguished members of the college. The large portrait in the gallery is of John Lovelace, who held Oxford for William of Orange during the Revolution of 1688; the inscription records his role in freeing England 'from popery and slavery'.[23]

Chapel

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Chapel

Although a ceremonial door opens directly into Front Quad, the chapel is usually reached through the door in staircase 3. The screen, similar to that in the hall, was carved by John Bolton. Originally Jacobean woodwork ran right round the chapel. The present stone reredos was inserted in the east end in 1834. The elegant young man reclining on his monument is Sir John Portman, baronet, who died in 1624 as a nineteen-year-old undergraduate. Another monument is in the form of a pile of books; it commemorates Thomas Harris, one of the fellows of the college appointed at the foundation. The Chapel organ dates from 1862 and 1886.[24] It is one of the few instruments by Henry Willis, the doyen of Victorian English organ builders, to survive without substantial modification of its tonal design.[citation needed]

Windows

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The East Window, which depicts several scenes from the Old and New Testaments, was created by Bernard van Linge in 1622.[25] The windows on the north and south sides of the chapel depict various Old Testament prophets, such as Jonah, and apostles, such as St Andrew. They originate from different periods. One window is dated 1616, and attributed to Robert Rutland, a local craftsman.[25] The windows of the antechapel, which also show saintly figures, are Victorian. They were designed by John Bridges, and created by David Evans in 1838.[25]

Back Quad

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Limited additions were made during the 18th and 19th centuries, including a converted warehouse originally used to store bibles. A series of expansions since 1952 have made use of a range of 17th- and 18th-century houses and several modern buildings to create a Back Quad between the Front Quad and Holywell Street.[citation needed]

Bar Quad

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The small quadrangle formed by the Junior Common Room, the 1950s accommodation block, the Holywell Music Room and (latterly) the Bowra Building was sometimes known to students as the "Ho Chi Minh" quad. It is thought to have been thus named (in honour of Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chi Minh) during the period of student radicalism in the 1960s. The quad is used for games of croquet.[citation needed]

Holywell Music Room

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Holywell Music Room in 2021

The college grounds contain the Holywell Music Room. This is said to be the oldest purpose-built music room in Europe, and hence England's first concert hall.[26] It was designed by Thomas Camplin, at that time Vice-Principal of St Edmund Hall, and opened in July 1748. The interior has been restored to a near-replica of the original and contains the only surviving Donaldson organ, built in 1790 by John Donaldson of Newcastle and installed in 1985 after being restored.[27]

Ferdowsi Library

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The Ferdowsi Library (formerly the Ashraf Pahlavi Library) specialises in Persian literature, art, history, and culture. It possesses about 3,500 volumes, almost 800 manuscripts, about 200 lithographs in Arabic and Persian, and about 700 rare and early Armenian books, most of which were donated by Dr. Caro Minasian.[28]

At the end of the 1960s, the Warden, Maurice Bowra, President of the British Academy and one of the first co-founders of the British Institute of Persian Studies (BIPS), welcomed a donation to construct the building of the New Library in Wadham, where the emphasis would be given to Persian Studies and the post in Persian. Since then a special connection between Wadham and Iran has been established.[28]

The Wadham library building was initially funded by donations from the then (1976) Iranian ruling family, the Pahlavi dynasty. The funds were secured by Fellow and tutor in economics, Eprime Eshag.[28][29] The building, with associated accommodation blocks, was designed by Gillespie, Kidd & Coia. Today the library is open 24/7 and has wireless connectivity throughout.[30]

The Bowra Building by Sir Richard MacCormac

Bowra Building

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The Bowra Building next to the Ferdowsi Library and Bar Quad was designed by Sir Richard MacCormac and opened in 1992. It includes a cafeteria, bar, seminar rooms, squash court and the Moser Theatre as well as student rooms.[31]

McCall MacBain Graduate Centre

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The McCall MacBain Graduate Centre was designed by Lee/Fitzgerald Architects and opened in 2012. It won a 2014 Riba Regional Award and Conservation Award.[32] It provides a dedicated social and study space for Wadham's graduate students on the main site of Wadham college.[33]

Dr Lee Shau Kee Building and William Doo Undergraduate Centre

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The Dr Lee Shau Kee Building and William Doo Undergraduate Centre were designed by Amanda Levete Architects. They replaced the Goddard building of 1951 and now provide facilities for the college's access activities and student union. Construction began in 2018 and was completed in late 2020.[34]

Merifield

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The Merifield annexe, named after Merryfield, Ilton once home to the Wadhams, is in Summertown, about 1.2 miles from the centre of town.[35] Most of the graduate student accommodation is at Merifield.[36]

Dorothy Wadham Building

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The Dorothy Wadham Building, on Iffley Road, was designed by Allies and Morrison and opened in 2019. It houses undergraduates, predominantly in their second year of studies.[37]

Gardens

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Wadham Gardens are relatively large when compared with those of other Oxford colleges, even without the land sold to build Rhodes House in the 1920s. Originally a series of orchards and market-gardens carved out from the property of the previously existing Augustinian priory, their appearance and configuration have been significantly modified over the course of the last four hundred years to reflect their constantly changing functional and aesthetic purpose.[citation needed]

The sculpture of Maurice Bowra in the college gardens

The land was shaped, in particular, by two major periods of planning. Gardens were first created under Warden Wilkins (1648–1659) as a series of formal rectangles laid out around a (then fashionable) mound which was, in turn, surmounted by a figure of Atlas. These gardens were notable not least for their collection of mechanical contrivances (including a talking statue and a rainbow-maker), a number of obelisks and a Doric temple.[38] Under Warden Wills (1783–1806), the terrain was then radically remodelled and landscaped (by Shipley) and became notable for a distinguished collection of trees.[citation needed]

Restored and reshaped following the Second World War, the present Gardens are divided into the Warden's Garden, the Fellows' Private Garden and the Fellows' Garden, together with the Cloister Garden (originally the cemetery) and the White Scented Garden.

They are still notable for their collection of trees (specimens include a holm oak, silver pendent lime, tulip tree, golden yew, purple beech, cedar of Lebanon, ginkgo, giant redwood, tree of heaven, incense cedar, Corsican pine, magnolia and a rare Chinese gutta-percha) and they still contain a number of vestigial curiosities from the past (notably an 18th-century 'cowshed' set into the remnants of the Royalist earthworks of 1642, one of the second generation of 'Emperors Heads' that adorned the Sheldonian Theatre from 1868 to around 1970, and a sculpture of Warden Bowra).[citation needed]

Student life

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Back quad

Undergraduate students at Wadham are offered accommodation for three years of their course, from 2019.[39] Accommodation is provided within college for the first and final years of their course, and during the second (or fourth) year within the newly constructed Dorothy Wadham Building,[37] on Iffley Road, or within the Merifield annexe[35][36] in Summertown.

Since 1976, Wadham has been distinctive in having a Student Union,[40] which in principle represents both undergraduate and graduate members. In practice the SU is more concerned with undergraduate interests and activities, whilst the separate MCR committee represents graduate students.[41]

All students can use the on-site facilities such as the Moser Theatre, squash court, gym, kitchen, laundry room, music practice rooms and various meeting rooms. The JCR Lounge is the main common room space used by undergraduate students, along with the bar. Since 2012 the MCR has had its own social area in the McCall MacBain Graduate Centre, with its kitchen, small bar, and media room.[citation needed] The college sports ground is located in Summertown, adjoining the Merifield residential complex.[citation needed]

The Wadham JCR common room consists of a pool table and a table tennis table . Famously, this has been the home of the Wadham bar sports team for over 15 years which has now grown to over 30 members. Notable alumni include influential figures from the finance, tech and legal sectors, in particular BlackRock, Google and Hogan Lovells. An annual dinner is an important part of student life and has brought the years together over a shared love of pool and darts. In 2022 the Wadham pool team set a new record with a 78% frame win rate in Cuppers.

Wadham has a student exchange program with Sarah Lawrence College in New York. About 30 students come each year and live at Merifield, and about six Wadham students go to SLC in the spring each year for 3 weeks.[42][43]

There are elected welfare officers on both the SU and MCR committees. There is a general welfare room, as well as a men's room and women's room. The college also has a nurse who runs an open surgery.[44]

Wadham has a relatively high number of state school students, compared to other Oxford colleges. Wadham hosts Queer Festival (formally Queer Bop), and Wadstock (a twelve-hour live music festival). It also hosts bops five times a term in Michaelmas term and Hilary term.[44] A Wadham student tradition is that events are always concluded with the playing of "Free Nelson Mandela" by The Specials.[20]

There are three football teams, two chess teams, a cricket team, men and women's boat crews, a hockey team with Trinity, trampolining Cuppers side (mixed); Gaelic Football Cuppers side, men's darts, men's rugby, women's rugby Fives, mixed pool, weightlifting as well as Ultimate Frisbee.[44]

Wadham College Boat Club is the rowing club for students at Wadham, and it also allows Harris Manchester College students to join. The college boat house is located on Boathouse Island.[citation needed]

People associated with the college

[edit]
Main article: List of Wadham College, Oxford people
Sir Roger Penrose, Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics (1973–1999) and Nobel Laureate

Wadham has produced a wide range of graduates in the fields of economics, history, law, physiology, medicine, management, humanities, mathematics, science, technology, media, philosophy, poetry, politics and religion who have contributed significantly to public life.

Notable members of the college in its early years include Robert Blake, Cromwell's admiral and founder of British sea-power in the Mediterranean, John Cook the first solicitor general of the English Commonwealth and prosecutor of King Charles I, the libertine poet and courtier John Wilmot 2nd Earl of Rochester, and Sir Christopher Wren. Wren attended the meetings of scientifically inclined scholars which were held by Warden John Wilkins (Cromwell's brother-in-law) in the college in the 1650s. Those attending formed the nucleus of the Royal Society at its foundation in 1662.[citation needed]

John Wilkins invited Robert Boyle to Oxford in 1653, writing that "[I] shall be most ready to provide the best accommodations for you, that this place will afford".[45] Boyle moved to Oxford in 1655, but preferred not to accept Wilkins's offer of accommodation, choosing instead to arrange his own rooms where he could carry out his scientific experiments.[46] Boyle became a member of the Oxford Philosophical Club that met weekly in Wilkins's chambers at Wadham, as did Robert Hooke who became Boyle's assistant after having been a chorister at Christ Church.

Arthur Onslow (1708), a great Speaker of the House of Commons, and Richard Bethell, who became Lord Chancellor as Lord Westbury in 1861, were members of the college.

Two 20th century Lord Chancellors, F. E. Smith (Lord Birkenhead) and John Simon, were undergraduates together in the 1890s, along with the sportsman C. B. Fry; Sir Thomas Beecham was an undergraduate in 1897, though soon abandoning Oxford for his musical career.

Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell, who was Churchill's scientific adviser during the Second World War, was a fellow of the college. Cecil Day-Lewis, later Poet-Laureate, came up in 1923, and Michael Foot, later leader of the Labour Party, in 1931. Sir Maurice Bowra, scholar and wit, was Warden between 1938 and 1970. Robert Moses, the city planner, rose to the college in 1911.

Among recent members have been Dr Rowan Williams, the former archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Dyson, former justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom and Master of the Rolls, author and broadcaster Melvyn Bragg, writer and journalist Jonathan Freedland, novelists Hari Kunzru and Monica Ali, and Wasim Sajjad, former Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan and twice President of Pakistan. The mathematical physicist and philosopher Sir Roger Penrose was Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics 1973–1999, and is now an emeritus fellow.

Andrew Hodges, the theoretical physicist and author of The Imitation Game, the biography of Alan Turing, is a Tutorial Fellow in mathematics at Wadham. Having taught at Wadham since 1986, Hodges was elected a Fellow in 2007, and was appointed Dean from start of the 2011/12 academic year.

References

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  1. ^ (engraver.), Thomas Robson (1 January 1830). "The British herald, or Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility & gentry of Great Britain & Ireland" – via Google Books.
  2. ^ a b c "Student numbers | University of Oxford". www.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  3. ^ "Warden's Welcome". Wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Women at Oxford". University of Oxford. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
  5. ^ "Oxford college flies university's "first-ever rainbow flag"". 23 November 2011.
  6. ^ "Alumni Publications: Wadham College Gazette". Wadham College. Retrieved 7 August 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "Wadham College Annual Report and Financial Statements" (PDF). Retrieved 13 July 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Undergraduate Degree Classifications". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  9. ^ "History". Wadham College. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  10. ^ Garnett & Davies 1994, p. 14.
  11. ^ Jackson 1893, pp. 4–5.
  12. ^ Davies 2003, p. 4.
  13. ^ Garnett & Davies 1994, p. 10.
  14. ^ Davies 2003, p. 2.
  15. ^ a b c C. Davis and J. Garnett (2008). Tutorial Teaching at Wadham: A History. Oxford: The Development Office of Wadham College.
  16. ^ a b Wells, Joseph (1898). Wadham College. London: F. E. Robinson.
  17. ^ "Robert Hannigan nominated as next Warden" (Press release). Wadham College, Oxford. 17 May 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
  18. ^ Wadham, College News. "Queerfest 2016". www.wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  19. ^ Oxford college flies university's "first-ever rainbow flag" (November 2011)
  20. ^ a b "Wadham students pay tribute to Nelson Mandela". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  21. ^ Students pay tribute to Nelson Mandela. Wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.
  22. ^ "Human Rights Forum at Wadham College". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  23. ^ "John, Baron Lovelace (c.1638–1693) | Art UK". artuk.org. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  24. ^ [1]National Pipe Organ Register. Accessed 8 April 2022
  25. ^ a b c Pevsner & Sherwood 1975, p. 216.
  26. ^ Tyack, Geoffrey (1998). Oxford: An architectural guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 187–188. ISBN 0-14-071045-0.
  27. ^ "Holywell Music Room | Wadham College". events.wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  28. ^ a b c "Wadham receives early birthday present". University of Oxford. 19 May 2009. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012.
  29. ^ HIM and his Friends | Foot. Socialist Register. Retrieved on 23 September 2013.
  30. ^ "About Wadham Library". Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  31. ^ "Bowra Building". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 7 August 2018.
  32. ^ "McCall MacBain Graduate Study Centre". June 2014.
  33. ^ "McCall MacBain Graduate Centre". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 7 August 2018.
  34. ^ Pavka, Evan (14 March 2018). "Amanda Levete Architects Unveil Oxford University Addition". ArchDaily. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
  35. ^ a b "Merifield Graduate Accommodation". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 16 May 2019.
  36. ^ a b "Wadham Graduate Accommodation". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 16 May 2019.
  37. ^ a b "Moving in". Wadham College, Oxford. 2 October 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  38. ^ "Gardens". www.wadham.ox.ac.uk.
  39. ^ "Wadham Undergraduate Accommodation". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 16 May 2019.
  40. ^ "Students' Union, Wadham College". su.wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  41. ^ "MCR, Wadham College". mcr.wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  42. ^ "Sarah Lawrence College in Oxford". slc.edu. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  43. ^ "The Sarah Lawrence Programme". wadham.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 23 December 2013.
  44. ^ a b c [2]. thestudentroom.co.uk. Retrieved on 20 December 2013.
  45. ^ Sargent, Rose-Mary (1995). The Diffident Naturalist: Robert Boyle and the Philosophy of Experiment. University of Chicago Press. p. 63.
  46. ^ "Biography of Robert Boyle". history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk. Retrieved on 22 December 2013.

Sources

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