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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mumps

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For other uses of the word mumps, see Mumps (disambiguation).
Mumps
Other namesEpidemic parotitis
Child with mumps
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, muscle pain, headache, feeling generally unwell, painful swelling of the parotid gland[1]
ComplicationsMeningitis, pancreatitis, deafness, infertility (males)[1]
Usual onset~17 days after exposure[1][2]
Duration7–10 days[1][2]
CausesMumps virus[3]
Diagnostic methodViral culture, antibodies in the blood[2]
PreventionMumps vaccine[1]
TreatmentSupportive[4]
MedicationPain medication, intravenous immunoglobulin[5]
Prognosis1 in 10,000 die[1]
FrequencyMore common in the developing world[6]

Mumps is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.[3] Initial signs and symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, poor appetite, and feeling generally unwell.[1][7] This is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid salivary glands.[5][7] Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to 10 days.[1][2] Symptoms are often more severe in adults than in children.[1] About a third of people have mild or no symptoms.[1] Complications may include meningitis (15%), pancreatitis (4%), inflammation of the heart, permanent deafness, and testicular inflammation, which uncommonly results in infertility.[1][7] Women may develop ovarian swelling, but this does not increase the risk of infertility.[5]

It is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters.[8] The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person.[2] Only humans get and spread the disease.[1] People are infectious from about seven days before onset of parotid inflammation to about 8 days after.[9] Once an infection has run its course, a person is typically immune for life.[1] Reinfection is possible, but the ensuing infection tends to be mild.[10] Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a swab of the parotid duct.[2] Testing for IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful; however, it can be falsely negative in those who have been immunized.[2]

Mumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine.[1] Most of the developed world includes it in their immunization programs, often in combination with measles, rubella, and varicella vaccine.[1] Countries that have low immunization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes.[5] No specific treatment is known.[1] Efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as paracetamol (acetaminophen).[5] Intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in certain complications.[5] Hospitalization may be required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops.[8][10] About one in 10,000 people who are infected die.[1]

Without immunization, about 0.1 to 1.0% of the population is affected per year.[1] Widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90% decline in rates of disease.[11] Mumps is more common in the developing world, where vaccination is less common.[6] Outbreaks, however, may still occur in a vaccinated population.[5] Before the introduction of a vaccine, mumps was a common childhood disease worldwide.[1] Larger outbreaks of disease typically occurred every two to five years.[1] Children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected.[12] Among immunized populations, those in their early 20s often are affected.[5] Around the equator, it often occurs all year round, while in the more northerly and southerly regions of the world, it is more common in the winter and spring.[1] Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles was described by Hippocrates in the fifth century BCE.[2][13]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Mumps virus vaccines" (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 82 (7): 49–60. 16 February 2007. PMID 17304707. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 March 2015.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Atkinson, William (May 2012). Mumps Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12th ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. Chapter 14. ISBN 978-0-9832631-3-5. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016.
  3. ^ a b Kirby, Amber K.; Adams, Daniel J. (2022). "11. Mumps". In Jong, Elaine C.; Stevens, Dennis L. (eds.). Netter's Infectious Diseases (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 48–51. ISBN 978-0-323-71159-3. Archived from the original on 2023-10-20. Retrieved 2023-10-02.
  4. ^ Davis NF, McGuire BB, Mahon JA, Smyth AE, O'Malley KJ, Fitzpatrick JM (April 2010). "The increasing incidence of mumps orchitis: a comprehensive review". BJU International. 105 (8): 1060–5. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.09148.x. PMID 20070300.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (March 2008). "Mumps". The Lancet. 371 (9616): 932–44. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5. PMID 18342688. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  6. ^ a b Junghanss, Thomas (2013). Manson's tropical diseases (23rd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-7020-5306-1. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016.
  7. ^ a b c Bailey's head and neck surgery—otolaryngology. Johnson, Jonas T., Rosen, Clark A., Bailey, Byron J., 1934- (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health /Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2013. ISBN 9781609136024. OCLC 863599053.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  8. ^ a b Gupta, RK; Best, J; MacMahon, E (14 May 2005). "Mumps and the UK epidemic 2005". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 330 (7500): 1132–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7500.1132. PMC 557899. PMID 15891229.
  9. ^ Kutty PK, Kyaw MH, Dayan GH, Brady MT, Bocchini JA, Reef SE, Bellini WJ, Seward JF (15 June 2010). "Guidance for isolation precautions for mumps in the United States: a review of the scientific basis for policy change". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 50 (12): 1619–28. doi:10.1086/652770. PMID 20455692.
  10. ^ a b Sen2008 SN (2008). "Mumps: a resurgent disease with protean manifestations". Med J Aust. 189 (8): 456–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb02121.x. PMID 18928441. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Patel, Manisha; Gnann, John W. (2020). "345. Mumps". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 2172–2174. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  12. ^ Di Pietrantonj, C; Rivetti, A; Marchione, P; Debalini, MG; Demicheli, V (April 2020). "Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD004407. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID 32309885.
  13. ^ Hippocrates. Of the Epidemics  – via Wikisource.
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