User:Peaceofmind18.19/sandbox

Origins of Term: Alfred Crosby published the book The Columbian Exchange in 1972. He published subsequent volumes within the same decade. His primary focus was mapping the biological and cultural transfers that occurred between the Old and New World. He studied the effects of Columbus' voyages between the two. Specifically, the global diffusion of crops, seeds, and plants from the New World back into the Old. His research made a lasting contribution to the way scholars understand the variety of contemporary ecosystems that arose due to these transfers.

Trans Atlantic Slave Trade The Trans Atlantic Slave Trade was the transfer of Africans from primarily West Africa to parts of the Americas between the 16th and 19th century.[34] About 10 million slaves arrived in the Americas from Africa. The journey that enslaved Africans took from parts of Africa to America is commonly known as the middle passage. [35] [32] Enslaved Africans had a significant influence on the emerging African American culture in the New World. The presence of Enslaved Africans not only represented skilled labor but it also gave way to a new population which represented a hybrid of the two cultures. [33] The Birth of African American Culture: An Anthropological Perspectiveis a book written by Sidney Mintz and Richard Price further detailing the cultural impact of Enslaved Africans in America. Mintz and Price's book helped to publicize how integral the socialization aspects of plantation life were to the structures of black culture.

The treatment of Enslaved Africans during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade became one of the most controversial topics in the history of the New World. Since its abolishment in 1865, it has remained a key subject in politics, pop culture and media.

About 10 million slaves arrived in the Americas from Africa. The journey that enslaved Africans took from parts of Africa to America is commonly known as the middle passage. 

Rice Rice was another crop that became widely domesticated during the Columbian exchange. As the demand in the New World grew, so did the knowledge on how to cultivate it. The two primary species used were oryza glaberrima and oryza sativa; originating from West Africa and Southeast Asia respectively. Slaveholders in the New World relied upon the skills of enslaved Africans to further domesticate both species. North and South Carolina were key places where rice was grown during the slave trade. Enslaved Africans brought their knowledge of water control, milling, winnowing, and other general agrarian practices to the fields. This widespread knowledge amongst slaves eventually led to rice becoming a staple dietary item in the New World.

Additional Crops Citrus fruits, grapes, and oats were also brought to the Americas from Europe, specifically from the Mediterranean. At first, these crops struggled to adapt to the climate in the new world. However, by the late 19th century they began to grow more consistently. The guava plant, known by its scientific name: Diospyros mespiliformis, was another product of the Columbian Exchange. It originated from West Africa but is now grown in Hawaii, Florida and select areas of California.

Bananas: Bananas

Bananas were introduced to the Americas by Portuguese sailors who brought the fruits from West Africa during their enslavement of Africans in the 16th century. Bananas were still only consumed in minimal amounts around the 1880's. The U.S. didn't see major rises in banana consumption until banana plantations in the Carribean grew. History of modern banana plantations in the Americas

Wheat, barley, rye

Response to Peer Review: I liked your idea of including a whole section on rice. I was originally trying to gear it around the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade but rice may be more of a tangible topic to expand upon. I was surprised to find that my information about enslaved Africans under the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade where not taken down. I appreciate your feedback!

I wanted to add a new section on the Trans Atlantic slave trade. Black Rice by Judith Carney, Exchange of ideas. Religion? Influence of cotton? Link to soul food page?

Saqera's Peer Revivew There is no lead for this article but it also looks as if Lundyn is creating this article from scratch. Once you continue to piece together the framework, a lead would be very beneficial! You pulled a lot of good information from your source. There were certain words that could be taken out, for example, "the late Liberty Hyde...". By taking out the word late you could add a link to his name and users would be able to learn more about his life and death that way. Parts of the article sounded more like a summary rather than an encyclopedia.

Enslaved Africans had a significant influence on the emerging African American culture in the New World. The presence of Enslaved Africans not only represented skilled labor but it also gave way to a new population which represented a hybrid of the two cultures.

^ added under cultural exchange section. cited JSTOR article about African Rice

Columbian Exchange Notes:

orzya glaberrima- African rice species name

orzya sativa- southeast asian rice

Bibliography:

Carney, Judith A. “African Rice in the Columbian Exchange.” The Journal of African History, vol. 42, no. 3, 2001, pp. 377–396. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3647168

Discusses the importance of the crops that were brought over during the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade. (African rice specifically) This article also mentions that enslaved africans brought over the knowledge about how to cultivate these crops.

Nunn, Nathan, and Nancy Qian. “The Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 24, no. 2, 2010, pp. 163–188. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25703506.

This article touches heavily on the medical effects of the Columbian Exchange.

Columbian Exchange:

In the lead alone I already noticed some necessary areas of improvement. The lead defines the Columbian Exchange as the transfer between the Americas and the Old World. Referencing only the "old world" implies that this exchange was between Europe and America. It completely fails to mention the role that Africa and the Trans Atlantic Slave trade played within this exchange. The article is neutral and I will have to remember not to assert my bias. The page has a lot of references and a lot of them speak towards Alfred Crosby's book on the Columbian Exchange.

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Article Evaluation:

I thought it was important that obesity was noted in the Sociology of Food article. Obesity is a rising trend particularly in America and its study will be essential to the sociology of food in years to come. There is a note about SES (socioeconomic status) but not how one's SES can affect one's health or the choices in food that they have which I think is important to note. The diagram on obesity is a nice addition. The list of references is accurate and necessary. All of the citations work. The article seems up to date. The article also appears to have a lot of relevant information. The area that could be improved is analyzing poverty's affect on the malnourished. I was surprised to find the section about eating disorders but appreciate its inclusion.

Peaceofmind18.19 (talk) 20:28, 5 September 2018 (UTC)