User:RobbCooke/sandbox

{{Hi this is Robb Cooke's wikipedia Sandbox. This is the article about the book Essays by Michel De Montaigne. I thought that this article could use a section about the type of citations Montaigne uses. These citations are of a sort where he hides their origins so that critics will inadvertently criticize his work, while they are actually criticizing the work of church fathers. Thus they would appear foolish. Montaigne also talks of Pedantry in this book. Pedantry is a type of hyper-scholarly-ness that focuses more on the source of ideas, avoiding things like plaigiarism and the such then the actual source of those ideas. Also the actual reading of the content of the book. I thought a section on pedantry and the "spirit" with which one might read the book would be interesting as it is more of a work of human insight than of scholarly philosophy.}}

Essays

Author	Michel de Montaigne
Original title	Essais
Country	Kingdom of France
Language	Old French
Genre	Essay
Publisher	Simon Millanges, Jean Richer
Publication date	March 1580
Text	Essays at Wikisource

The Essays of Michel de Montaigne are contained in three books and 107 chapters of variable length. Montaigne's stated design in writing, publishing and revising the Essays over the period from approximately 1570 to 1592 was to record for the 'private benefit of friends and kinsmen ... some traits of my character and of my humours.' The Essays were first published in 1580 and cover a wide range of topics. As Essai is French for "trial" or "attempt", so Montaigne attempted to explore his thoughts, his life and learning in written form. His essays are widely regarded as the predecessor of the modern essay: a focused treatment of issues, events and concerns past, present and future.

Style

Montaigne wrote in a kind of crafted rhetoric designed to intrigue and involve the reader, sometimes appearing to move in a stream-of-thought from topic to topic and at other times employing a structured style which gives more emphasis to the didactic nature of his work. His arguments are often supported with quotations from Ancient Greek, Latin and Italian texts, which he quotes in the original source.

Content

Montaigne's stated goal in his book is to describe man, and especially himself, with utter frankness and honesty ("bonne foi"). He finds the great variety and volatility of human nature to be its most basic features, which resonates to the Renaissance thought about the fragility of humans. According to the scholar Paul Oskar Kristeller, "the writers of the period were keenly aware of the miseries and ills of our earthly existence". A representative quote is "I have never seen a greater monster or miracle than myself."

He opposed the conquest of the New World, deploring the suffering it brought upon the natives.

Citing the case of Martin Guerre as an example, he believes that humans cannot attain certainty. His skepticism is best expressed in the long essay "An Apology for Raymond Sebond" (Book 2, Chapter 12) which has frequently been published separately. We cannot trust our reasoning because thoughts just occur to us: we don't truly control them. We do not have good reasons to consider ourselves superior to the animals. He is highly skeptical of confessions obtained under torture, pointing out that such confessions can be made up by the suspect just to escape the torture he is subjected to. In the middle of the section normally entitled "Man's Knowledge Cannot Make Him Good," he wrote that his motto was "What do I know?". The essay on Sebond ostensibly defended Christianity. However, Montaigne eloquently employed many references and quotes from classical Greek and Roman, i.e. non-Christian authors, especially the atomist Lucretius.

Montaigne considered marriage necessary for the raising of children, but disliked the strong feelings of romantic love as being detrimental to freedom. One of his quotations is "Marriage is like a cage; one sees the birds outside desperate to get in, and those inside desperate to get out."

In education, he favored concrete examples and experience over the teaching of abstract knowledge that is expected to be accepted uncritically. Montaigne's essay "On the Education of Children" is dedicated to Diana of Foix.

The remarkable modernity of thought apparent in Montaigne's essays, coupled with their sustained popularity, made them arguably the most prominent work in French philosophy until the Enlightenment. Their influence over French education and culture is still strong. The official portrait of former French president François Mitterrand pictured him facing the camera, holding an open copy of the Essays in his hands.

Spirit of the Work and Pedantry

Frequently Montaigne seems to puppet thoughts and quotations from authors that are not his own. Most modern scholars of Montaigne believe the purpose of this was twofold. First Montaigne wished to have a defense against critics of his work. Montaigne takes great effort to show that his work is more about the content and spirit to be imparted on the reader. French critics of the time critizing the ideas of great authors like Seneca, Cicero and St. Augustine would have been embarrassing. This is purported to be a hidden trap of sorts that they might fall into. Second and more importantly is that Montaigne is concerned with the understanding of ideas themselves, rather than the pedigree or providence of those ideas.

Montaigne would have frowned upon parading ideas from ancient authors as one's own for profit. His objection to such a position though would have been that the person doing so might be suffering from an internal sort of strife. When one is more concerned with such thoughts they are a Pedant. Montaigne does not wish to give thoughts to the reader, rather he walks through his own opinions of topics. Knowing that his readers would be of an educated background including classics it is possible he knew readers would discover the true source of many quotations. It is thought that such seemingly obvious errors might serve to help impart an understanding of learning in relation to education to the reader. Montaigne then seems to be most concerned with the spirit of learning and of the spritual health of the reader above all.

This may be related to Platos Republic where in that work Plato describes constructing a perfect society. Most scholars agree that this book seems to have a hidden message about the nature of Justice itself rather than the straight forward narrative presented.

Chronology

Montaigne heavily edited Essays at various points in his life. Sometimes he would insert just one word, while at other times he would insert whole passages. Many editions mark this with letters as follows:

• A: passages written 1571-1580, published 1580
• B: passages written 1580-1588, published 1588
• C: passages written 1588-1592, published 1595 (posthumously)

A copy of the fifth edition of the Essais with Montaigne's own "C" additions in his own hand exists, preserved at the Municipal Library of Bordeaux (known to editors as the "Bordeaux Copy"). This edition gives modern editors a text dramatically indicative of Montaigne's final intentions (as opposed to the multitude of Renaissance works for which no autograph exists). Analysis of the differences and additions between editions shows how Montaigne's thoughts evolved over time. Not unremarkably, he does not seem to remove previous writings, even when they conflict with his newer views.

See also

• Renaissance skepticism

References

• Essays by Michel de Montaigne

External links

• The Charles Cotton translation of some of Montaigne's essays:
  • plain text version by Project Gutenberg
  • HTML version at the University of Adelaide
  • searchable HTML version at Oregon State University
• The complete, searchable text of the Villey-Saulnier edition from the ARFTL project at the University of Chicago (French)

Category:1580 books Category:Essay collections Category:French non-fiction books Category:Medieval philosophical literature Category:Philosophy books Category:Philosophy essays