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Practice Experience Overview[edit]

This summer I will be working at Juma Ventures in SF. They not only provided technical and physical training, but an actual job for their students. Many training nonprofits are centered around training young people in the area of computer science. And while that is the first step I believe the next step towards helping underrepresented groups gain a foot in the door of an actual professional environment and Juma Ventures does that. I could see their training be applied towards the next education gap, which is community sustainability. This topic spans not just environmental sustainability but, food, education, homelessness etc. And within the area of sustainability I believe engaging those directly impacted by these sustainable issues working on solutions and will help generate change. Those directly impacted are not just youth, even though they are the ones that will have to engage with it's long term consequences, this issue affects people of all ages, so people of all ages should be engaged. However, before one can work towards solutions, the need to be equipped with the right tools to engage. So I would like to not only evaluate the effectiveness but also hypothesize the possibility of expanding the age limits and sustainable impact of non profit technical education programs.

Juma Ventures provides supported employment and job placement. Juma Ventures helps with direct employment, financial literacy training, intensive job training, and supportive and job-retention services for youth from high-risk backgrounds.

Area[edit]

Applies to both geographical location but what is happening in that area (Understanding the problem - stats, laws around it, way people understand it, immigrant youth v. non-immigrant youth)

Location & Geography[edit]

  • Bay Area
  • San Francisco District
  • Urban
  • Oakland/Santa Clara/San Francisco/Sacramento/Seattle/New Orleans/Dallas/Atlanta
  • Oakland/SF
  • Nor Cal
  • California
  • United States

Economic Layout[edit]

  • Labor in Oakland
  • Urban Employment with Youth
  • High School Employment

Sector[edit]

Sector of poverty alleviation - What are people doing to help get students employed (Solutions, how are people working to address this problem)

Employment:[edit]

  • Youth unemployment
  • Work force development
  • Youth employment
  • Job training

Education:[edit]

  • College preparatory programs
  • Financial literacy

Prospective Wiki Articles[edit]

Final Edits:[edit]

  1. Youth unemployment
    • Demographic of youth unemployment, they currently only have the number of youth that are unemployed but they do not contain any information regarding reasons why An estimated 20.9 million young people ages 16 to 24 in the United States (12.3 percent) are employed in the United States as of July 2017. "The unemployment rate for youth was 9.6 percent in July, down by 1.9 percentage points from July 2016.."[1]
    • Edits I would like to make to this page are:
      • The demographics of youth unemployment in the united states. Specifically urban youth unemployment.
        • In July 2017, the unemployment rates for both young men (10.1 percent) and women (9.1 percent) were lower than the summer before. The July 2017 rates for young Whites (8.0 percent) and Blacks (16.2 percent) declined over the year, while the rates for young Asians (9.9 percent) and Hispanics (10.1 percent) showed little change. [2]
      • Adding a cause of unemployment being, access to employment opportunities and knowledge of job prospects/markets,
      • Adding a solution youth employment programs (i.e. Juma Ventures, YMCA, Year Up and after school programs
  2. History of youth work
    • The history of youth work does not reference the Great Depression of the creation of child labor laws across the world or at the very least those brought about during the Great Depression in the United States or event those created in the UK after the industrial revolution.
    • Edits I would like to make to this page are:
      • The history of youth exploitation and link to the youth unemployment wiki article

Potential Edits:[edit]

  1. Youth rights > Right to work
    • The Right to work article does not mention the right to work for those deemed as "youth" which is recognized as those between the age of 16-25 in the working world.
    • Edits I would like to make to this page are:
      • I would want to add more history regarding youth's (age 16-25) right to work and add age group sections in the wiki article under the history section of the wiki article. --> reference the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 wiki page
  2. Employment#United States > Employment#Younger age workers

Summarizing and Synthesizing - Wiki Article Edits[edit]

I will be editing the wiki article: Youth unemployment and exploring within the United States Urban Youth unemployment for my area. For my sector I will be looking at the History of youth work by adding a portion discussing urban youth employment.

Area: Youth unemployment - Concentrating on Urban Youth Unemployment in the U.S.[edit]

The "causes" section discusses postgrad prospects, labor regulations, and dependency, but it does not address the knowledge gap (connections, networking, etc) that young people may be excluded from, especially if their families are immigrants or not employed in similar careers themselves. It would be very valuable for you to add that aspect of the problem, in regards to the lack of access and education. However, I only know about this from a U.S. perspective, so it would be valuable for you to discuss this in a global context. This is also a good area to discuss possible solutions or interventions. For example, Youth Unemployment and Entrepreneurship Prospects in Nigeria: A Developmental Perspective discusses youth employment and entrepreneurship analyzes the effectiveness of government interventions and seems that it would be very salient to your PE - although it is a very different geographical context, a cross-cultural analysis is very valuable to make articles less Western-biased as well as provide different frameworks to evaluate programs in our own country.

Changes[edit]

  • Background Section:
    • Demographic of youth unemployment, they currently only have the number of youth that are unemployed but they do not contain any information regarding reasons why "An estimated 9.4 million young people ages 16 to 24 in the United States (12.3 percent) are neither working nor in school."
    • The demographics of youth unemployment in the united states. Specifically urban youth unemployment.
      • A comparative analysis of black youth unemployment in Oakland and San Francisco, California (1950–1990)
        • TAKE-AWAY: This gives a constructive overview of two of the areas I wish to focus on when studying urban youth as well as the locations I will be working with during my summer at JUMA. San Francisco and Oakland.
        • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This dissertation examined the causes of black youth unemployment in Oakland and San Francisco, California. The research is significant because it presents historical national and local perspectives between 1950 and 1990 that identifies trends that should be considered when developing programs to reduce black youth unemployment. Public policymakers review data and statistics. However, oftentimes policies are developed and implemented without the benefit of "Lessons Learned" based on previous applications that were either successful or ineffective. This study identifies policies and programs that were effective and ineffective. The field research collaborates some approaches that can be incorporated to design effective programs.
      • Shifting ground in metropolitan America: Class, race, and power in Oakland and the East Bay, 1945-1977
        • TAKE-AWAY: This reading serves to give me a better understating of the urban environment in working America.
        • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This dissertation is about the making of American urban political culture and urban space in the three decades after World War II. It begins in the years immediately following the war, when a group of trade union workers and their political organizations fought the business elite for control of the city council in Oakland, California. It ends in 1977, when a coalition led by middle and working class African Americans elected Lionel Wilson Oakland's first black and reform mayor. In between, I trace deep shifts in Oakland's political culture and its urban spaces. The boundaries of this study are conveniently political, but they mark only the surface. Through a detailed examination of local contests over work, race, urban space, and political power, I link the decline of the class-based political culture of the 1940s with the rise of a race-oriented political culture in the 1960s/70s, and I show how these shifting politics were related to concerns over the evolution of urban space in the postwar period.
  • Cause Section:
  • Case Studies Section (United States):
    • Add a link to Incarceration and Mortality as one of the barriers within the United states for employment but also for job training programs, especially among at risk urban youth. A major factor in "at-risk" youth is the lack of work or fulfilling opportunities - I'm sure that you know or will learn a bit more about this, but many of the youth job programs that I have seen in California emphasize learning skills and gainful, fulfilling employment as a powerful deterrent from gangs or "illegal activities" (whatever the government decides that is) that can then lead to incarceration, both in juvenile hall or in adult institutions - compounded of course by high recidivism rates amongst young people.
    • Adding as one of the ways the United States addresses this issues is through the government and private entities especially tech companies investing in youth employment programs (i.e. Juma Ventures, YMCA, Upward Bound, Year Up and after school programs)
      • Routes to Resilience: Mechanisms of Healthy Development in Minority Adolescents from High-Risk Urban Neighborhoods
        • TAKE-AWAY: This reading I wanted to use to explore further the ideas of youth development in low income communities. Juma Ventures is a youth development program that serves multiple markets and I wanted to explore this topic from an academic standpoint.
        • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This study examines how minority adolescents actively work to stay safe and to improve their life chances within urban neighborhoods marked by high rates of crime, violence, and physical disorder. Often, these youth are seen as resilient by others; however, the work that goes into building resilience is often overlooked. This study provides a deeper understanding of the ongoing processes of resilience that occur over the course of adolescence. Ethnographic approaches and participatory narrative analyses reveal that urban minority adolescents make strategic choices about where they will spend their time and the relationships they invest in, and they develop an internal set of beliefs about faith. Building on empirical studies examining adolescents' resilience in their family and school settings, these results detail how youth strategically avoid unsafe spaces and people and seek out safe spaces and people within their neighborhoods. Once young people find a safe space, such as a neighborhood youth center, they seek out adult mentors there who will help them access educational and professional opportunities. The relationships that develop in safe spaces help to provide social mobility for the youth.
  • Possible Solutions
    • Adding a solution youth employment programs (i.e. Juma Ventures, YMCA, Year Up and after school programs.
    • Add a portion of talking about youth job training programs as a way youth become employed.

Sector: History of youth work[edit]

Contribute information about the Great Depression, but it would also be valuable to do some research about changing ideas of youth work in the 21st century, including the debates and laws over unpaid internships, changing conditions of child labor, and even things such as the ethical dilemma of youth engaged in online work (and therefore more difficult to regulate their hours and understand the presence or lack of exploitation).

Changes[edit]

  • 1900-1950 section:
    • The history of youth work does not reference the Great Depression of the creation of child labor laws across the world or at the very least those brought about during the Great Depression in the United States or event those created in the UK after the industrial revolution. And link to the Youth Right to Work article to view the argument of ageism:
    • The history of youth exploitation and link to the youth unemployment wiki article
  • 2000-present section:

Bibliography[edit]

  • EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH—SUMMER 2017
    • TAKE-AWAY: The statistics of youth employment rates as of summer 2017 among women, men and racial demographics between the age of 17-23.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: From April to July 2009, the number of employed youth 16 to 24 years old increased by 1.6 million to 19.3 million, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor reported today. This year, however, the proportion of young people who were employed in July was 51.4 percent, the lowest July rate on record for the series, which began in 1948. (July is the traditional summertime peak for youth employment.) Unemployment among youth increased by 1.1 million between April and July 2009, about the same as in the summer of 2008. (Because this analysis focuses on the seasonal changes in youth employment and unemployment that occur every spring and summer, the data are not seasonally adjusted.)
  • Illegal child labor in the United States: Prevalence and characteristics
    • TAKE-AWAY: This serves a nice summary of the history of child labor in the United states. It also helps to explain the reason child labor laws are what they are today. Additionally it gives another view on what is considered youth. Many readings define youth in the job market between the ages of 15- 25. This reading affirms that definition and focus' on the age range of 15-17 year olds.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: Using the Current Population Survey, the National Longitudinal Survey, & other sources, the authors provide the first comprehensive estimates of the number of minors working in violation of federal & state child labor laws (working excessive hours or in hazardous occupations), their characteristics, their wages, & trends in illegal child labor. Although illegal employment of 15-17-year-olds has declined since the 1970s, some 154,000 minors are employed illegally in an average week, & 301,000 in a year. Illegal work hours total about 110 million per year. Whites, males, & 15-year-olds are the most likely to be working in violation of child labor laws. Youths working illegally in hazardous jobs earn, on average, $1.38 per hour less than legal young adults in the same occupations, which, combined with savings from employing youths for excessive hours, adds up to employer cost savings of roughly $136 million per year.
  • A comparative analysis of black youth unemployment in Oakland and San Francisco, California (1950–1990)
    • TAKE-AWAY: This gives a constructive overview of two of the areas I wish to focus on when studying urban youth as well as the locations I will be working with during my summer at JUMA. San Francisco and Oakland.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This dissertation examined the causes of black youth unemployment in Oakland and San Francisco, California. The research is significant because it presents historical national and local perspectives between 1950 and 1990 that identifies trends that should be considered when developing programs to reduce black youth unemployment. Public policymakers review data and statistics. However, oftentimes policies are developed and implemented without the benefit of "Lessons Learned" based on previous applications that were either successful or ineffective. This study identifies policies and programs that were effective and ineffective. The field research collaborates some approaches that can be incorporated to design effective programs.
  • Shifting ground in metropolitan America: Class, race, and power in Oakland and the East Bay, 1945-1977
    • TAKE-AWAY: This reading serves to give me a better understating of the urban environment in working America.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This dissertation is about the making of American urban political culture and urban space in the three decades after World War II. It begins in the years immediately following the war, when a group of trade union workers and their political organizations fought the business elite for control of the city council in Oakland, California. It ends in 1977, when a coalition led by middle and working class African Americans elected Lionel Wilson Oakland's first black and reform mayor. In between, I trace deep shifts in Oakland's political culture and its urban spaces. The boundaries of this study are conveniently political, but they mark only the surface. Through a detailed examination of local contests over work, race, urban space, and political power, I link the decline of the class-based political culture of the 1940s with the rise of a race-oriented political culture in the 1960s/70s, and I show how these shifting politics were related to concerns over the evolution of urban space in the postwar period.
  • Routes to Resilience: Mechanisms of Healthy Development in Minority Adolescents from High-Risk Urban Neighborhoods
    • TAKE-AWAY: This reading I wanted to use to explore further the ideas of youth development in low income communities. Juma Ventures is a youth development program that serves multiple markets and I wanted to explore this topic from an academic standpoint.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This study examines how minority adolescents actively work to stay safe and to improve their life chances within urban neighborhoods marked by high rates of crime, violence, and physical disorder. Often, these youth are seen as resilient by others; however, the work that goes into building resilience is often overlooked. This study provides a deeper understanding of the ongoing processes of resilience that occur over the course of adolescence. Ethnographic approaches and participatory narrative analyses reveal that urban minority adolescents make strategic choices about where they will spend their time and the relationships they invest in, and they develop an internal set of beliefs about faith. Building on empirical studies examining adolescents' resilience in their family and school settings, these results detail how youth strategically avoid unsafe spaces and people and seek out safe spaces and people within their neighborhoods. Once young people find a safe space, such as a neighborhood youth center, they seek out adult mentors there who will help them access educational and professional opportunities. The relationships that develop in safe spaces help to provide social mobility for the youth.
  • Black Youth Activism and the Role of Critical Social Capital in Black Community Organizations
    • TAKE-AWAY: One of the wiki pages I explored was Youth-led development, but another way I want to view youth development especially in the context of Juma Ventures and youth employment is using the idea of youth initiative. No development can be made unless a student puts in the effort.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: This article argues for a nuanced understanding of how Black youth respond, resist, and work to transform school and community conditions. It posits that community-based organizations in Black communities provide Black youth with critical social capital, which consists of intergenerational ties that cultivate expectations and opportunities for Black youth to engage in community change activities. Data for this study were collected from 3 years (October 2000-December 2003) of participant observation and interviews of 15 Black youth who were members of Leadership Excellence, a small community-based organization in Oakland, California. This study demonstrates how critical social capital is facilitated by challenging negative concepts about Black youth in public policy, cultivated by strengthening racial and cultural identity among Black youth, and sustained through ties with adult community members who help youth frame personal struggles as political issues.
  • Social networks and low-wage labor markets
    • TAKE-AWAY: That in todays labor market it is all about who you know and not necessarily what you know. In a global economy social networks both personal and professional are serve to expand your job search and make the process less strenuous.
    • PUBLISHED ABSTRACT: The connection between labor market outcomes and concentration is through social networks. Empirical work has shown that approximately 50% of jobs are found through social contacts; low-wage jobs are even more likely to be filled in this manner. This dissertation develops a model of labor markets in which information about jobs travels through networks. The amount of information available in a network increases with the employment rate of the network. If the increased spatial concentration of black poor implies increased social concentration, then the networks of black poor have deteriorated as a job-access resource.

To Be Read:

  • Publishing 'Equinoix': broadening notions of urban youth development after school By: Rubinstein-Avila, Eliane. Anthropology and education quarterly v. 37 no. 3 (2006) p.255-72.
  • Ihlanfeldt, Keith R., and David L. Sjoquist. “The Effect of Job Access on Black and White Youth Employment: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.” Urban Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, 1991, pp. 255–265., doi:10.1080/00420989120080231.
  • Cherednichenko, G. A. “The Employment and Professional Educational Trajectories of Young People.” Russian Education & Society, vol. 53, no. 12, 2011, pp. 36–66., doi:10.2753/res1060-9393531203.
  • https://search-proquest-com.libproxy.berkeley.edu/socialservices/docview/61382842/567637F613214E31PQ/2?accountid=14496
  1. ^ "EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH—SUMMER 2017". Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/youth.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); External link in |date= (help)
  2. ^ [www.bls.gov/cps "EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG YOUTH — SUMMER 2017"]. Bureau of Labor Statistics. News Release Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2018. {{cite web}}: Check |archive-url= value (help); Check date values in: |date= (help)
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