User:The man from Gianyar/Suharto
General (Ret.) Suharto | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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2nd President of Indonesia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 27 March 1968 – 21 May 1998[a] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vice President | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Sukarno | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | B. J. Habibie | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Kemusuk, Yogyakarta Sultanate, Dutch East Indies | 8 June 1921||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 27 January 2008 Jakarta, Indonesia | (aged 86)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resting place | Astana Giribangun, Matesih, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Golkar (Golongan Karya) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana (Tutut)[1] Sigit Harjojudanto Bambang Trihatmodjo Siti Hediati Hariyadi (Titiek) Hutomo Mandala Putra (Tommy) Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih (Mamiek) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parents |
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Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nickname(s) | Pak Harto, The Smiling General | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Allegiance | Dutch East Indies Indonesia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Branch/service | KNIL (1940 – 42) PETA (1942-45) Indonesian Army (1945-74) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Years of service | 1940—1974 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rank | General of the Army | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Unit | Army General Reserve Corps (Kostrad) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Commands | Diponegoro Division Kostrad Indonesian Army Indonesian National Armed Forces | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Battles/wars | Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Suharto (/suːˈhɑːrtoʊ/; ; 8 June 1921 – 27 January 2008) was an Indonesian Army officer and politician, who served as the second and the longest serving President of Indonesia. Widely regarded as a dictator by international observers, Suharto was president for 31 years from the fall of Sukarno in 1967 until his resignation in 1998.[1][2][3] The legacy of his 31-year rule, and his US$38 billion net worth, is still debated at home and abroad.[4]
Suharto was born in the small village of Kemusuk, in the Godean area near the city of Yogyakarta, during the Dutch colonial era.[5] He grew up in humble circumstances.[6] His Javanese Muslim parents divorced not long after his birth, and he lived with foster parents for much of his childhood. During the Japanese occupation of the country, Suharto served in the Japanese-organized Indonesian security forces. During Indonesia's independence struggle, he joined joining the newly formed Indonesian Army. There, Suharto rose to the rank of Major general by the time full Indonesian independence was achieved.
An attempted coup on 30 September and 1 October 1965 was "countered" by Suharto-led troops. According to the official history made by the army, this attempt was backed by the Communist Party of Indonesia.[7] The army subsequently led an anti-communist purge and Suharto wrested power from Indonesia's founding president, Sukarno. He was appointed acting president in 1967 and elected president the following year. He then mounted a social campaign known as "de-Sukarnoization" to reduce the former president's influence. Support for Suharto's presidency was active throughout the 1970s and 1980s. By the 1990s, the New Order's authoritarianism and widespread corruption[8][9] were a source of discontent and, following the 1997 Asian financial crisis which led to widespread unrest, he resigned in May 1998. Suharto died in January 2008 and was given a state funeral.
Under his "New Order" administration, Suharto constructed a strong, centralised and military-dominated government. An ability to maintain stability over a sprawling and diverse Indonesia and an avowedly anti-communist stance won him the economic and diplomatic support of the West during the Cold War. For most of his presidency, Indonesia experienced significant industrialisation, economic growth, and improved levels of educational attainment.[10][11] Plans to award the status of National Hero to Suharto are being considered by the Indonesian government and have been debated vigorously in Indonesia.[12] According to Transparency International, Suharto is the most corrupt leader in modern history, having embezzled an alleged US$15–35 billion during his rule.[13][14]
Name
[edit]Like many people of Javanese origin, Suharto had only a single name.[9] Religious contexts in recent years has sometimes referred to him with the title "Haji" or "el-Haj Mohammed Suharto", but these names were not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" reflects modern Indonesian spelling, although the general approach in Indonesia is to rely on the spelling preferred by the person concerned. At the time of his birth, the standard transcription was "Soeharto", but he preferred the original spelling. The international English-language press generally uses the spelling 'Suharto' while the Indonesian government and media use 'Soeharto'.[15]
Early life
[edit]Suharto was born on 8 June 1921 in a plaited-bamboo-walled house in the hamlet of Kemusuk, a part of the larger village of Godean, Sultanate of Yogyakarta, then under the rule of the Dutch colonial government. The village is 15 kilometres (9 mi) west of Yogyakarta, the cultural heartland of the Javanese people.[11][16] Born to ethnic Javanese parents, he was the only child of his father's second marriage. His father, Kertosudiro, had two children from his previous marriage and was a village irrigation official. His mother, Sukirah, a local woman, was distantly related to Hamengkubuwono V by his first concubine.[17]
Five weeks after Suharto's birth, his mother suffered a nervous breakdown; he was placed in the care of his paternal great-aunt, Kromodirjo as a result.[18] Kertosudiro and Sukirah divorced early in Suharto's life and both later remarried. At the age of three, Suharto was returned to his mother, who had married a local farmer whom Suharto helped in the rice paddies.[18] In 1929, Suharto's father took him to live with his sister, who was married to an agricultural supervisor, Prawirowihardjo, in the town of Wuryantoro in a poor and low-yielding farming area near Wonogiri. Over the following two years, he was taken back to his mother in Kemusuk by his stepfather and then back again to Wuryantoro by his father.[19]
Prawirowihardjo took to raising the boy as his own, which provided Suharto with a father-figure and a stable home in Wuryantoro. In 1931, he moved to the town of Wonogiri to attend the primary school, living first with Prawirohardjo's son Sulardi, and later with his father's relative Hardjowijono. While living with Hardjowijono, Suharto became acquainted with Darjatmo, a dukun ("shaman") of Javanese mystical arts and faith healing. The experience deeply affected him and later, as president, Suharto surrounded himself with powerful symbolic language.[11] Difficulties in paying the fees for his education in Wonogiri resulted in another move back to his father in Kemusuk, where he continued studying at a lower-fee Muhammadiyah middle school in the city of Yogyakarta until 1939.[19][20]
Military service
[edit]World War II and Japanese occupation
[edit]Indonesian National Revolution
[edit]Post-Independence military career
[edit]Rise to power
[edit]Guided democracy and background
[edit]Abortive coup and anti-communist purge
[edit]Power struggle with Sukarno
[edit]New Order
[edit]Ideology of the regime
[edit]Consolidation of power
[edit]Domestic politics and security
[edit]Economy policies
[edit]Foreign policy
[edit]Socio-economic progress
[edit]Growth and rise of corruption
[edit]Last years in power
[edit]Downfall
[edit]1997 Asian financial crisis
[edit]Riots, protests, and resignation
[edit]Post-presidency
[edit]Corruption charges
[edit]Illness and death
[edit]Honors
[edit]National honors
[edit]Foreign honors
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ a b Berger, Marilyn (28 January 2008). "Suharto Dies at 86; Indonesian Dictator Brought Order and Bloodshed". The New York Times.
- ^ Gittings, John (28 January 2008). "Obituary: Suharto, former Indonesian dictator: 1921-2008". The Guardian.
- ^ Hutton, Jeffrey (19 May 2018). "Is Indonesia's Reformasi a success, 20 years after Suharto?". South China Morning Post.
...would topple the dictator Suharto.
- ^ Wiranto (2011), p. 24.
Forrester, Geoff; May, R.J. (1998). The Fall of Soeharto. Bathurst, Australia: C. Hurst and Co. ISBN 1-86333-168-9. - ^ Dwipayana & Ramadhan (1989), p. 13.
- ^ See the details in Chapter 2, 'Akar saya dari desa' (My village roots), in Dwipayana & Ramadhan (1989), p. 14 .
- ^ Friend (2003), pp. 107–9.
Chris Hilton (writer and director) (2001). Shadowplay (Television documentary). Vagabond Films and Hilton Cordell Productions.
Ricklefs (1991), pp. 280–3, 284, 287–90. - ^ Estimates of government funds misappropriated by the Suharto family range from US$1.5 billion and US$5 billion.(Ignatius, Adi (11 September 2007). "Mulls Indonesia Court Ruling". Time. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.).
- ^ a b Haskin, Colin, "Suharto dead at 86", The Globe and Mail, 27 January 2008
- ^ Miguel, Edward; Paul Gertler; David I. Levine (January 2005). "Does Social Capital Promote Industrialization? Evidence from a Rapid Industrializer". Econometrics Software Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley.
- ^ a b c McDonald, Hamish (28 January 2008). "No End to Ambition". Sydney Morning Herald.
- ^ "Pro Kontra Soeharto Pahlawan Nasional". Trias Politica (in Indonesian). 26 May 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ^ Global Corruption Report 2004: Political Corruption by Transparency International - Issue. Pluto Press. 2004. p. 13. ISBN 0-7453-2231-X – via Issuu.com.
- ^ "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- ^ Romano, Angela Rose (2003). Politics and the press in Indonesia. p. ix. ISBN 0-7007-1745-5.
- ^ Tom Lansford. Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy since the Cold War. Scarecrow Press; 10 September 2007. ISBN 978-0-8108-6432-0. p. 260.
- ^ Tempo (Jakarta), 11 November 1974.
- ^ a b McDonald (1980), p. 10.
- ^ a b McDonald (1980), p. 11.
- ^ Elson (2001), pp. 1–6.
Sources
[edit]- "Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again". ANTARA. 22 February 2006. Archived from the original on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2006.
- Aarons, Mark (2008). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide". In David A. Blumenthal; Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds.). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance?. International Humanitarian Law. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9004156913.
- Anderson, Benedict R.; McVey, Ruth T. (2009). A Preliminary Analysis of 1 October 1965 Coup in Indonesia. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9786028397520.
- "Army in Jakarta Imposes a Ban on Communists". The New York Times. 19 October 1965.
- Aspinall, Ed (October–December 1996). "What happened before the riots?". Inside Indonesia. No. 48. Archived from the original on 5 May 2005.
- Aspinall, Ed; Klinken, Gerry van; Feith, Herb, eds. (1999). The Last Days of President Suharto. Clayton AU-VIC: Monash Asia Institute. ISBN 073261175X.
- Bevins, Vincent (2020). The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1541742406.
- "Attorney general doubts Soeharto can be prosecuted". The Jakarta Post. 27 May 2005.
- Blum, William (1995). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Monroe, Me.: Common Courage Press. ISBN 1-56751-052-3.
- Camdessus Commends Indonesian Actions. Press Release. International Monetary Fund. (31 October 1997)
- "CIA Stalling State Department Histories". The National Security Archive. Retrieved 23 May 2005.
- Colmey, John (24 May 1999). "The Family Firm". TIME Asia. Archived from the original on 8 February 2001.
- Conboy, Kenneth J. (2003). Kopassus: Inside Indonesia's Special Forces. Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789799589880.
- Robert Cribb, "Genocide in Indonesia,1965–1966". Journal of Genocide Research no.2:219–239, 2001.
- Elson, Robert E. (2001). Suharto: A Political Biography. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77326-1.
- Dijk, Kees van (2001). A country in despair : Indonesia between 1997 and 2000. Leiden: KITLV Press. ISBN 9789067181600.
- Friend, Theodore (2003). Indonesian Destinies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01834-6.
- "H.AMDT.647 (A003): An amendment to prohibit any funds appropriated in the bill to be used for military education and training assistance to Indonesia". THOMAS (Library of Congress). Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- Hughes, John (2002) [1976]. The End of Sukarno – A Coup that Misfired: A Purge that Ran Wild. Archipelago Press. ISBN 981-4068-65-9.
- "Indonesia: Arrests, torture and intimidation: The Government's response to its critics". Amnesty International. 27 November 1996. Archived from the original on 9 November 2005.
- "Indonesia Economic". Commanding Heights. Retrieved 23 May 2005.
- "Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge". The New York Times. 16 December 1965.
- "Jakarta Leftist Out As Army Chief". New York Times. 15 October 1965.
- "Jakarta Cabinet Faces Challenge". The New York Times. 16 December 1965.
- Lashmar, Paul & Oliver, James (16 April 2000). "MI6 Spread Lies to Put Killer in Power". The Independent. UK.
- Lashmar, Paul; Oliver, James (1999). Britain's Secret Propaganda War. Sutton Pub Ltd. ISBN 0-7509-1668-0.
- McDonald, H. (1980). Suharto's Indonesia. Blackburn AU: Fontana Books. ISBN 0-00-635721-0.
- Melvin, Jess (2018). The Army and the Indonesian Genocide: Mechanics of Mass Murder. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-57469-4.
- "Public Expenditures, Prices and the Poor". World Bank. 1993. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.
- Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
- Rock, Michael T. (2003). The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform (PDF). William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632. The University of Michigan Business School.
- Purdey, Jemma (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Honolulu HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824830571.
- Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018). The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400888863.
- John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-299-22034-1.
- Simpson, Brad (9 July 2004). "Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"". National Security Archive.
- Schwarz, Adam (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s. Westview Press. ISBN 9780813388816.
- Simpson, Bradley (2010). Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804771825.
- "Suharto tops corruption rankings". BBC News. 25 March 2004. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- "Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief". New York Times. 22 February 1966.
- "Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?". Inside Indonesia. April–June 1999. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
- Toer, Pramoedya Ananta (2000). The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir. Penguin. ISBN 0-14-028904-6.
- "United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor". United Nations. Retrieved 4 February 2006.
- Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521542623.
- Wanandi, Jusuf (2012). Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998. Singapore: Equinox Publishing. ISBN 9789793780924.
- Weiner, Tim (2007). "Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia". Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-3-596-17865-0.
- Wertheim, W.F. (1979). "Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events". Journal of Contemporary Asia. 9 (2): 197–215. doi:10.1080/00472337985390191.
- Wiranto (2011). 7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 [7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997]. Jakarta: PT Citra Kharisma Bunda. ISBN 9786028112123.
Bibliography
[edit]External links
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