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Ronell Renett Klopper
Born	Ronell Renett Visser 1974 (age 49–50) Randfontein

Ronell Renett Klopper , née Visser , is a South African botanist.

Works Ronell R. Klopper et al. , Checklist of the flowering plants of sub-saharan Africa: An index of accepted names and synonyms , Pretoria, SABONET, coll. "Report of the Botanical Diversity Network of Southern Africa" ​​( n o 42), 894 p. ( ISBN 1919976272 ) Ronell R. Klopper , Gideon F. Smith and AC Chikuni , The Global Taxonomy Initiative: Documenting Biodiversity in Africa: Proceedings of the Workshop held at the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden, Cape Town, South Africa (February 27 - March 1 2001) , coll. "Strelitzia" ( n o 12), 204 p. ( ISBN 1919795634 ) (en) Olwen M. Grace , Ronell R. Klopper , Estrela Figueiredo and Gideon F. Smith , The Aloe names book , coll. "Strelitzia" ( n o 28), 232 p. ( ISBN 9781919976648 ). Notes and references On other Wikimedia projects:

Ronell Renett Klopper , on Wikispecies (in) A Biographical Dictionary of Contributors to the Natural History of the Free State and Lesotho , AFRICAN SUN MeDIA,2014, 365 p. ( ISBN 1920382348 and 9781920382346 ) , p. 149-150.

Bibliography

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See also

• Burkhard Heim

• Burkhard Heim

• List of pseudoscentific theories in physics

• Category:Theories of gravity for mainstream alternatives to general relativity

• Category:Theories of gravity for mainstream alternatives to general relativity

• Kaluza-Klein theory, a five-dimensional extension of general relativity unifying gravitation and electromagnetism.

• Kaluza-Klein theory, a five-dimensional extension of general relativity unifying gravitation and electromagnetism.

Revision as of 14:56, 19 October 2006

Heim theory is a term used to describe a non-mainstream theory of gravitation and particle physics, proposed by Burkhard Heim[1] , [2] and further developed by Walter Dröscher and Jochem Häuser.[3] Neither most of their original work nor theories based on it have been peer reviewed. Heim attempted to resolve incompatibilities between quantum theory and general relativity. To meet that goal, he developed a mathematical approach (using the Selector calculus) based on quantizing spacetime itself, and proposed the "metron" as a (two-dimensional) quantum of (multidimensional) space.

The mathematics behind Heim's theory requires extending spacetime with extra dimensions; various formulations by Heim and his successors involve six, eight, or twelve dimensions. Within the quantum spacetime of Heim theory, elementary particles are represented as "hermetry forms" or multidimensional structures of space. In his lifetime, Heim attempted to use his method to calculate elementary particle masses directly from fundamental physical constants. Most of the resulting masses are in remarkable agreement with experiment; however, many of the particles whose masses he calculated (specifically the hadrons) are now known to be composite particles and not elementary after all. For Heim, this composite nature was an expression of internal, six-dimensional structure. After his death, others have continued with his multi-dimensional "quantum hyperspace" framework. Most notable are the theoretical generalizations put forth by Walter Dröscher, who worked in collaboration with Heim at some length. Their combined theories are also known as "Heim-Droescher" theories [4].

There are some discrepancies between the original "Heim Theory" and the extended versions proposed by his successors. For example, in its original version Heim theory has six dimensions. Droescher first extended this to eight in order to demonstrate that quantum electrodynamics is included along with the "particle zoo" of mesons and baryons. Later, four more dimensions were used in the twelve dimension version, which involves extra gravitational forces; one of these corresponds to quintessence [5]. All of these theories are often called "Heim theories." The various dimensional extensions allow one to interpret that branches of established physics can be found in Heim theory, including Maxwell's equations. The extended Heim-Dröscher theory also claims to account for the "dark matter" problem of astrophysics.[citation needed]

Although it purports to unify quantum mechanics and gravitation, the original Heim theory cannot be considered a theory of everything because it does not incorporate all known experimental data. In particular, it gives predictions only for properties of individual particles, without making detailed predictions about how they interact. [6] The eight- and twelve-dimensional extensions put in the interaction picture.[citation needed] The theory also allows for particle states that are thought not to exist, including a neutral electron and two extra light neutrinos, and many other extra states. [7] At present, there is no known mechanism for exclusion of these extra particles, or explanation for the reasons why they have not been observed. [8] Although it is claimed that Heim theory can incorporate the modern structure of particle physics [9], the available results predict the masses for composite hadrons rather than quarks and do not include gluons or the W and Z bosons [10], which are experimentally very well-established. [1][2][3] In Heim theory, quarks are interpreted as 'condensation zones' of the six-dimensional internal structure of the particles [11], and the gluons are asserted to be associated with one of the "hermetry forms" [12]; however, no results have been published in which the observed properties of these particles are predicted in detail. Contents

   1 History
   2 Predictions of the theory
   3 Introduction
   4 Terminology
   5 The mass formulae
       5.1 Comparison between theoretical and experimental values
   6 Gravitation
   7 Further technical details
       7.1 Interpretation
       7.2 Matter and forces
       7.3 Misnomers
   8 Relation to other theories
       8.1 Quantum theory
       8.2 Electromagnetism
       8.3 Relativity
       8.4 Loop quantum gravity and string theory
   9 Unresolved inconsistencies with current physical theory
       9.1 Neutral electron
   10 See also
   11 Further reading
       11.1 First publication in a peer reviewed scientific journal
       11.2 Bibliography
       11.3 References
   12 External links
       12.1 Theory
       12.2 Various Implementations of Heim theory mass formula
       12.3 Neutral electron searches
       12.4 Conference proceedings
       12.5 Propulsion physics
       12.6 News items

History

The basic theory was developed in near-isolation from the scientific community. Heim's disabilities -- an explosives-handling accident when he was 19 had left him without hands and mostly deaf and blind -- led him to prefer this isolation as the effort of communication in a university environment was too much of a strain for him. Heim himself had only one publication in a peer reviewed scientific journal, and this only at the insistence of his friends, as he himself did not see the need for publication until his theory was complete. Heim's original 1977 publication remains the only peer-reviewed publication on Heim theory.

A small group of physicists is now trying to bring it to the attention of the scientific community, by publishing and copy-editing Heim's work, and by checking and expanding the relevant calculations. Recently, a series of presentations of Heim theory was made by Häuser, Dröscher and von Ludwiger. A paper based on the former was published in a conference proceedings by the American Institute of Physics journal in 2005 (see table of contents in [13] and abstract of paper in [14]). This article has won a prize for the best paper received in 2004 by the AIAA Nuclear and Future Flight Technical Committee. Von Ludwiger's presentation was to the First European Workshop on Field Propulsion, January 20-22, 2001 at the University of Sussex (see list of talks [15]). Dröscher was allegedly able to extend Heim's six-dimensional theory, which had been sufficient for derivation of the mass formula, to an eight-dimensional theory which included particle interactions, thus re-producing the structures seen in the standard model.[citation needed] Predictions of the theory

Two of the main experimentally testable predictions of Heim's theory are:

   Predictions for the masses of neutrinos, and
   Predictions for the conversion of photons into the so-called "gravito-photons" resulting in a measurable force.

These empirical predictions are, in principle, experimentally verifable. An important success of Heim theory has been the discovery that neutrinos have non-zero mass, as predicted by Heim in the 1980s. The first experiment to observe neutrino oscillation, a phenomenon which implies that neutrinos have non-zero mass, was Super Kamiokande, conducted in 1998. The neutrino observatory SNO and the MINOS experiment both confirmed these results and carried out further measurements of neutrino oscillation, in 2001 and 2006, respectively.

On the other hand, empirical confirmation of supersymmetry (for example detecting the hypothetical Lightest Supersymmetric Particle or any other particle predicted by the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model) would falsify all existing versions of Heim theory, which are mutually exclusive with supersymmetry. Also, it is not certain whether Heim theory would be able to accommodate the existence of the Higgs boson, the only undiscovered particle expected in the Standard Model, and one which has not been predicted by the published versions of the Heim mass formula. Heim theory uses a Higgsless mass creation mechanism and explains particle masses without the need of a Higgs boson.[citation needed] The ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider are likely to discover the Higgs boson in the next several years, if it exists. Introduction

In order to appreciate the significance of Heim theory and other "theories of everything," it is necessary to briefly discuss the incompatibilities of quantum theory and general relativity. For sufficiently small and bound systems, (say, around the size of atoms and quarks) quantum theory proposes that these systems behave as if certain physical characteristics of them are quantized. For example, only fixed amounts of energy can be exchanged with such systems. For sufficiently large and unbound systems, general relativity proposes that energy and mass are interchangeable, and that such systems possess a continuum of energies as particles approach the speed of light. If we consider the situation where small particles move close to the speed of light in a bound system, both theories become problematic in describing the full behaviour of the observed system. This is because discretization of energy proposed by quantum mechanics is apparently incompatible with the continuum of energy proposed by general relativity and its consequences. A similar situation arises when an attempt is made to describe a large quantity of mass or energy confined to a small region of space. In particular, a successful theory that can unify quantum and general relativity theory should be able to explain the lifetimes of particles (how long the particle exists before it decays into energy and disappears), and the reasoning behind the observed quantization of mass in elementary particles.

To resolve this difference, Heim theory attempts to explain the nature of elementary particles, along with their observed lifetimes and discrete mass spectrum using a concept known as quantized geometrodynamics. This concept involves an abstract mathematical object embedded in twelve-dimensional space. The space occupied by this object is extremely small. In this model, all space consists of many quantized surface elements on the order of 10-70 m2 small. Each quantized surface element is known as a metron (term coined by Heim). The theory is a purely geometrical theory - that is, space is considered quantized and all the nuclear forces arise analogously to gravity in general relativity. Some features of the theory are:

   The reasonable accuracy of the mass formula - The mass formula predicts the masses of sixteen elementary particles to a relative accuracy of one part in 10,000. No other established theory of fundamental particles at present have made comparable theoretical predictions to this accuracy.

   The eight-dimensional extension by Droescher gives the interactions - and a group structure as in the Standard Model. It also gives two additional gravity forces - one that has the characteristics called quintessence. The observed apparent acceleration in the expansion of the universe can be rationalized with a combination of Heim and Droescher's theories.

   There are four input parameters in the theory - h (Planck's Constant), G (Gravitational constant), vacuum permittivity and permeability. Combinations of these constants in various mathematical functions derived from Heim theory allows one to derive existing particle masses and their lifetimes to within a reasonable experimental error. It also proposes that other particles, not discovered at present, are in existence. The Heim theory also proposes that the fine structure constant is dependent on these four other constants.

   Some of the predictions are still outstanding - e.g. the neutrino masses (see selected results in [16]).

   A sign that the theory is perhaps undergoing a renewal of interest is a paper published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics in 2005 authored by Droescher and Haeuser. The paper discusses potential aerospace applications of Heim theory. It was decided by the Nuclear and Future Flight Propulsion Technical Committee of the AIAA to acknowledge the publication with a "best paper of the year" award in July 2005. This award attracted much attention, including the cover story for the first 2006 issue of New Scientist [17]

Terminology

Heim theory as any scientific discipline requires strict terminology to be used, even more stringent than in other disciplines due to the complexity and vastness of the theory. This section declares the terms and gives a short explanation:

   Corpuscle: A particle such as a photon can be considered a wave or a quantum, and can be described in a materialistic (measuring, weighting etc.) or energetic (as holographic wave interference-patterns) fashion. The term dates back to Newton (Corpuscular theory), and is adapted in a modern way by Heim.
   The Metron is a unit of surface area and is analogous to the surface elements of the spin networks of loop quantum gravity. The Metron is approximately equal to the Planck length squared, or 10−70 m².

Heim introduced in his theory a new vocabulary which describes his predicted forces and interactions with matter. As a majority of these terms were originally in German, translation of these into English has resulted in some ambiguity. The mass formulae

The mass formulae are perhaps the most important aspects of Heim's theory at the moment. This is because it is the portion of his theory which can be thoroughly analyzed by comparing its numerical results and a standard table of masses for fundamental particles. There are multiple mass formula equations used in succession to compute the entire theoretical "mass spectrum".

The mass spectrum predicts the masses of fundamental particles and their "resonances". It consists of several nested levels of variables, and is described in summary in the paper "Recommendation of a Way to a Unified Description of Elementary Particles" by Burkhard Heim, published in the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. Teil A, Band 32A Heft 1-7, 1977 Jan.-Juli, pg. 233-243.

Heim gives the form of the mass spectrum to be

   m = a 4 η q 2 N 2 N − 1 {\displaystyle m=a^{4}\eta _{q}{\sqrt {\frac {2N}{2N-1}}}} {\displaystyle m=a^{4}\eta _{q}{\sqrt {\frac {2N}{2N-1}}}}

In Heim's 1989 mass formula [18], the expression for the masses is broken down as follows:

   M = μ α + [ ( G + S + F + ϕ ) + 4 q α − ] {\displaystyle M=\mu \alpha _{+}[(G+S+F+\phi )+4q\alpha _{-}]} {\displaystyle M=\mu \alpha _{+}[(G+S+F+\phi )+4q\alpha _{-}]}

(see the above link for explanations of the terms in this expression).

The derivation of Heim's 1989 formula relies on the partial result published in 1977. Also, there are specific mass spectrum formulae for charged particles, and uncharged particles. These formulae are based on their respective hermetry forms. Comparison between theoretical and experimental values

Here are tables comparing the experimental masses and lifetimes of selected particles with the data generated using Heim's non-peer reviewed code: Particle name Theoretical mass (MeV/c2) Experimental mass (MeV/c2) Absolute error Relative error standard deviations Proton 938.27959 938.272029±0.000080 0.00756 0.00000776 94.5 Neutron 939.57337 939.565360±0.000081 0.00801 0.00000853 98.9 Electron 0.51100343 0.510998918±0.000000044 0.00000451 0.00000883 102.5 Neutral electron 0.51617049 Unobserved N/A N/A N/A

The mass for the neutron has been predicted by the formula a decade before experimental data existed. Particle type Particle name Theoretical mass (MeV/c2) Measured mass (MeV/c2) Theoretical mean life/10-8 sec Measured mean life/10-8 sec Lepton Ele-Neutrino 0.381 × 10-8 < 5 × 10-8 Infinite Infinite Lepton Mu -Neutrino 0.00537 < 0.17 Infinite Infinite Lepton Tau-Neutrino 0.010752 < 18.2 Infinite Infinite Lepton Neutrino 4 0.021059 Excluded by LEP (unless > 45000) Infinite N/A Lepton Neutrino 5 0.207001 Excluded by LEP (unless > 45000) Infinite N/A Lepton Electron 0.51100343 0.51099907 ± 0.00000015 Infinite Infinite Lepton Muon 105.65948493 105.658389 ± 0.000034 219.94237553 219.703 ± 0.004 Baryon Proton 938.27959246 938.27231 ± 0.00026 Infinite Infinite Baryon Neutron 939.57336128 939.56563 ± 0.00028 917.33526856 × 108 (886.7 ± 1.9) × 108

   "measured" = Particle Data Group Cern 2002
   "theoretical" = Heim-theory Group 2003

Heim's approach to calculating the mass spectrum requires 4 parameters, of which the gravitational constant G is the least precise. It has an uncertainty of up to 0.001 (see e.g. [19] where it is suggested that uncertainty might even be higher). As a result, relative errors of up to 0.001 are expected. This assumption holds if the mass formula equations are more or less linear with respect to G.

The errors indicated in the table are approximately 100 times lower than this value. This indicates that the theory is either:

   Nonlinear in G;
   The value of G fortuitously produces these results.

A more precise estimate of the expected error due to G from the theorists would be required to determine which case this is, but this has apparently not yet been produced. As a result, no error bars have been computed for the theoretical values. Gravitation

Heim theory assumes that a gravitational potential arises from the gradient of a field φ(r). Position dependent mass is the function m(r), and r is the radial distance from a quanta of a point mass.

A differential equation used to describe the basis is

   ( d ϕ d r ) 2 + 32 c 2 3 F ( d ϕ d r + F ϕ ) = 0 , F = 1 r h 2 + γ m 3 r h 2 − γ m 3 r . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {d\phi }{dr}}\right)^{2}+32{\frac {c^{2}}{3}}F\left({\frac {d\phi }{dr}}+F\phi \right)=0,F={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {h^{2}+\gamma m^{3}r}{h^{2}-\gamma m^{3}r}}.} {\displaystyle \left({\frac {d\phi }{dr}}\right)^{2}+32{\frac {c^{2}}{3}}F\left({\frac {d\phi }{dr}}+F\phi \right)=0,F={\frac {1}{r}}{\frac {h^{2}+\gamma m^{3}r}{h^{2}-\gamma m^{3}r}}.}

If this equation is nondimensionalized the characteristic length of the system is

   r c = h 2 γ m 3 . {\displaystyle r_{c}={\frac {h^{2}}{\gamma m^{3}}}.} {\displaystyle r_{c}={\frac {h^{2}}{\gamma m^{3}}}.}

The characteristic length is the distance from a point mass for which the field φ(r)=0. It is also the case that the field attains its absolute minimum. Hence, the gravitational force is identically zero at this distance.

The solution to the differential equation has the curve φ(r) concave up. The gravitational potential that arises from this field can be positive, negative or zero. Further technical details

The 8 dimensions of Heim theory is the result of two mathematical objects

   a non-linear operator whose matrix representation C consists of 4 submatrices
       These submatrices are generated with the 4 non-linear operators indexed as Ca
   64 state functions ψ indexed with three independent labels ψabc

The three indices run from 1 to 4, resulting in 64 different eigenvalue equations

   C ^ a ψ a b c = λ a b c ψ a b c ⇒ C ^ a | a b c ⟩ = λ a b c | a b c ⟩ {\displaystyle \,\!{\hat {C}}_{a}\psi _{abc}=\lambda _{abc}\psi _{abc}\Rightarrow {\hat {C}}_{a}\left|abc\right\rangle =\lambda _{abc}\left|abc\right\rangle } {\displaystyle \,\!{\hat {C}}_{a}\psi _{abc}=\lambda _{abc}\psi _{abc}\Rightarrow {\hat {C}}_{a}\left|abc\right\rangle =\lambda _{abc}\left|abc\right\rangle }

The resulting matrix representation for the four C operators is a 64 by 64 matrix defined by

   C = ⟨ a b c | C ^ d | d e f ⟩ . {\displaystyle \,\!C=\left\langle abc\right|{\hat {C}}_{d}\left|def\right\rangle .} {\displaystyle \,\!C=\left\langle abc\right|{\hat {C}}_{d}\left|def\right\rangle .}

This large matrix is entirely zero with the exception of 24 elements on the main diagonal. The 64 elements on the main diagonal represent the components of an energy density tensor. The 64 elements can be arranged in an 8 by 8 matrix T such that

   T = [ T 11 T 12 T 13 T 14 0 0 0 0 T 21 T 22 T 23 T 24 0 0 0 0 T 31 T 32 T 33 T 34 0 0 0 0 T 41 T 42 T 43 T 44 T 45 T 46 0 0 0 0 0 T 54 T 55 T 56 0 0 0 0 0 T 64 T 65 T 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ] {\displaystyle T={\begin{bmatrix}T_{11}&T_{12}&T_{13}&T_{14}&0&0&0&0\\T_{21}&T_{22}&T_{23}&T_{24}&0&0&0&0\\T_{31}&T_{32}&T_{33}&T_{34}&0&0&0&0\\T_{41}&T_{42}&T_{43}&T_{44}&T_{45}&T_{46}&0&0\\0&0&0&T_{54}&T_{55}&T_{56}&0&0\\0&0&0&T_{64}&T_{65}&T_{66}&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\end{bmatrix}}} {\displaystyle T={\begin{bmatrix}T_{11}&T_{12}&T_{13}&T_{14}&0&0&0&0\\T_{21}&T_{22}&T_{23}&T_{24}&0&0&0&0\\T_{31}&T_{32}&T_{33}&T_{34}&0&0&0&0\\T_{41}&T_{42}&T_{43}&T_{44}&T_{45}&T_{46}&0&0\\0&0&0&T_{54}&T_{55}&T_{56}&0&0\\0&0&0&T_{64}&T_{65}&T_{66}&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\end{bmatrix}}}

The non-zero elements Tij are equal to the appropriate eigenvalue which has been mapped into this matrix. This matrix has 8 eigenvalues (and thus 8 eigenvectors) which can be grouped into 4 unique groups based on their degeneracy. The eigenvectors span a coordinate space called R8. This space has coordinates x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, which can be grouped as {x1, x2, x3}, {x4}, {x5, x6}, and {x7, x8}.

Note also that if we take the basic number of physically existing dimensions to be 6, corresponding to the 6x6 non-zero sub-matrix of T, then we can use Heim's formula relating this number, P, to the maximum possible number of dimensions, n, in a containing 'hyperspace'i.e.:

   n = 1 + 1 + p ( p − 2 ) ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle n=1+{\sqrt {1+p(p-2)(p-1)}}} {\displaystyle n=1+{\sqrt {1+p(p-2)(p-1)}}}

to give n = 12 for p = 6. This explains the 6 'extra' dimensions of the fully extended theory. Note that the above equation only has low integer solutions (p,n) = (4, 6) or (6, 12). The next highest solution is (57, 420). After that, solutions are spaced by approximately 1,000,000 or more. Additional considerations rule out the higher dimensional variations, leaving only the lower two as unique solutions. Interpretation

These groupings are labeled respectively

       R3, representing the typical cartesian state space
       T1, representing the time coordinate
       S2, representing the "entelechial" and "aeonic" coordinates
       I2, representing the coordinates which govern the probability state space

The last 4 coordinates have various different interpretations, of which many are "unphysical". They are usually interpreted as auxiliary coordinates which project into the spaces R3 and T1 through special operators.

As an aside, in the original theory of Heim, the tensor T is only a 6 by 6 matrix. In this Heim-Droescher extension, the tensor is an 8 by 8 matrix. The theory of Heim is typically extended by redefining the operator C to have more components. Hence, the generalization of Heim's theory is usually done in this manner. The operator C arises from an indexing of state functions and tensors.

Focussing on only the elements of the 6 by 6 tensor, it can be interpreted as a coupling between two sets of coordinate systems. The elements T11 to T33 represent the Cartesian coordinates. The elements T11 to T44 represent the cartesian coordinates plus the time coordinate. These 16 elements are the constituents of Einstein's tensor representing spacetime.

An extension by Droescher to 12 dimensional theory allows some aspects of quantum mechanics to result from Heim theory. Matter and forces

In Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity, gravitation is interpreted in a geometrical way; it is a consequence of the curvature of space-time. Heim Theory expands this approach to all forces, so all physical phenomena, even matter itself, are a consequence of the structure of space-time. As it was stated before, Heim Theory uses an 8-dimensional space. Different subsets of R8, that Heim called "hermetries", give rise to all the known particles and interactions:

       H1 = R3∪I2: gluons
       H2 = R3∪T1∪I2: color charges
       H3 = R3∪T1∪S2∪I2: W bosons
       H4 = R3∪S2∪I2: Z bosons
       H5 = T1∪S2∪I2: photons
       H6 = H6 (T1∪I2) * H7 (T1∪S2): weak charge
       H8 = R3∪S2: neutral particles with mass
       H9 = R3∪T1∪S2: particles with electric charge and mass
       H10 = I2: probability field
       H11 = S2∪I2: gravito-photon
       H12 = S2: graviton

Note that, according to Heim, either S2 or I2 (or both) is always necessary for interactions to take place. It's worth noting that Heim Theory predicts the existence of all the known 4 forces, along with 2 new gravitational-like forces:

       H1 predicts gluons, carriers of the strong nuclear force.
       H3 and H4 predicts the W bosons and Z boson, carriers of the weak nuclear force.
       H5 predicts photons, carriers of the electromagnetic force.
       H10 predicts quintessence, a weak gravitational-like repulsive force that would cause the expansion of universe.
       H11 predicts gravito-photons, as of yet unobserved particles that would, theoretically, allow the conversion of an electromagnetic field into a gravitational-like field.
       H12 predicts gravitons, carriers of gravity.

These force carriers together also allow one to predict novel forms of space travel. Whether this holds true in practice remains controversial. Misnomers

The method of extending Heim Theory to higher dimensions than the four known, results in a theory which describes the physical world in terms of an increasing number of dimensions. These extra dimensions (which are auxiliary to length, width, height, and time) are often liberally associated with notions such as "consciousness", "spirit", etc. This, however, is a misinterpretation of Heim, as he always associated x5 and x6 only with organisation and nothing more. This misunderstanding is probably due to Heim's interest later in his life to provide a framework for such perceptions and experiences.

It should be noted that it is convenient to label the additional dimensions, but this only serves as a tool for organization. The additional dimensions need not necessarily correspond to physical reality and be interpreted literally. This is because the labelling is arbitrary, and it serves to provide a name for a particular property of the equations in Heim Theory. This is analogous to quantum chromodynamics where quarks are assigned properties named after different colours. Particle physicists are not suggesting that quarks have "colour", rather, that they have an important property for which an arbitrary label has been applied.

These extra dimensions in Heim Theory should be considered auxiliary coordinates occurring as a mathematical tool in the theory. It introduces symmetry into Heim Theory which simplifies its expression and manipulation. The phenomena described in these auxiliary coordinates of Heim theory are projected into real coordinate space which then describe the physics of fundamental particles and the universe.

As an analogy, in Max Born's interpretation of quantum mechanics, the wavefunction ψ itself has no physical meaning, but its magnitude squared |ψ|2 has physical meaning corresponding to probability density. Likewise, the additional coordinates in Heim theory have no physical meaning - only when they are combined together in some mathematical manner does the result have any meaningful physical result. Relation to other theories Quantum theory

The theory is consistent with quantum mechanics, as it is a quantised form of General Relativity (GR). Also, the 8-dimensional theory of Dröscher & Heim reproduces the group structure of the standard model (SU(3)xSU(2)xU(1)). Electromagnetism

In Heim-Theory, electromagnetism is explained in the same geometrical way as Gravity in General Relativity. Relativity

The theory is consistent with general relativity (GR), as it is a quantised form thereof. The results of this quantisation lead to Heim-Theory being an extension of GR to higher dimensions. Loop quantum gravity and string theory

The theory shares a similar physical picture with LQG, namely a quantized spacetime, i.e. with the recently published loop quantum gravity theory (LQG) by Lee Smolin, Abhay Ashtekar, Carlo Rovelli, Martin Bojowald et al. Unresolved inconsistencies with current physical theory Neutral electron

Despite making many accurate predictions about sub-atomic particles, Heim-Theory makes at least one prediction that does not seem to agree with the current state of knowledge in this area, namely that there might be a neutral electron with almost the same mass as the normal electron, however HT does not demand the existence of a neutral electron. Experiments have been done to detect a neutral electron, but they may have focused more on far higher mass ranges than the actual electron. In addition, the selection rules for Heim-Theory are not complete, so it may still turn out that this particle is forbidden. See also

   Burkhard Heim
   List of pseudoscentific theories in physics
   Category:Theories of gravitation for mainstream alternatives to general relativity
   Kaluza-Klein theory, a five-dimensional extension of general relativity unifying gravitation and electromagnetism.
   Eugene Podkletnov, allegedly observed gravity shielding effects of rotating superconductors in 1992.

       A similar (though opposite, in that the Cooper pairs actually weigh more than predicted by general relativity ) result has been confirmed as of March 2006 by recent and extensive studies carried out by the European Space Agency, and the results do not correlate with the gravitomagnetism, that is predicted by general relativity, by several orders higher in magnitude. (see ESA report at [20] and paper at [21])

   Theory of everything
   Loop quantum gravity

Further reading First publication in a peer reviewed scientific journal

   Burkhard Heim:
   Vorschlag eines Weges einer einheitlichen Beschreibung der Elementarteilchen
   (Suggestion of a way of a unified description of the elementary particles),
   Zeitschrift für Naturforschung (Max Planck Society), 1977, Vol. 32a, pp. 233-243.

Bibliography

   Burkhard Heim:
   Elementarstrukturen der Materie: Einheitliche strukturelle Quantenfeldtheorie der Materie und Gravitation, Band 1
   (Elementary structures of matter: Unified structural quantum field theory of matter and gravitation, Volume 1);
   Resch-Verlag, Innsbruck (Austria); 3rd corrected edition 1998;
   ISBN 3-85382-008-5, ISBN 978-3-85382-008-7; in German. [22]

   Burkhard Heim:
   Elementarstrukturen der Materie: Einheitliche strukturelle Quantenfeldtheorie der Materie und Gravitation, Band 2
   (Elementary structures of matter: Unified structural quantum field theory of matter and gravitation, Volume 2);
   Resch-Verlag, Innsbruck (Austria); 2nd edition 1996;
   ISBN 3-85382-036-0, ISBN 978-3-85382-036-0; in German. [23]

   Walter Dröscher, Burkhard Heim:
   Strukturen der physikalischen Welt und ihrer nichtmateriellen Seite
   (Structures of the physical world and its immaterial aspect);
   Resch-Verlag, Innsbruck (Austria); 1st edition 1996;
   ISBN 3-85382-059-X, ISBN 978-3-85382-059-9; in German. [24]

   Walter Dröscher, Burkhard Heim, Andreas Resch:
   Einführung in Burkhard Heim: Einheitliche Beschreibung der Welt
   (Introduction to Burkhard Heim: Unified description of the world);
   Resch-Verlag, Innsbruck (Austria); 1st edition 1998;
   ISBN 3-85382-064-6, ISBN 978-3-85382-064-3; in German. [25]

References

R. Brandelik et al. (TASSO collaboration) (1979). "Evidence for Planar Events in e+e- Annihilation at High Energies". Phys. Lett. B. 86: 243–249. G. Arnison et al. (UA1 collaboration) (1983). "Experimental Observation of Isolated Large Transverse Energy Electrons with Associated Missing Energy at s {\displaystyle {\sqrt {s}}} \sqrt{s} = 540 GeV". Phys. Lett. B. 122: 103–116.

   S. Eidelman; et al. (2004). "Review of Particle Properties". Phys. Lett. B. 592: 1.  {{cite journal}}: Empty citation (help): Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); External link in |title= (help)

External links Theory

A site which claims to offer an explanation of Heim theory:

   http://www.heim-theory.com

Description of the theory in a (non-mainstream) scientific journal paper:

   T. Auerbach, I. von Ludwiger "Heim’s Theory of Elementary Particle Structures" Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 217-231, 1992

Various Implementations of Heim theory mass formula

Heim's mass formula has been implemented in several programming languages. The first version was implemented by physicists from DESY in collaboration with Burkhard Heim. More recent implementations are available in Java, C, C#, Pascal, Fortran, Excel, Mathematica and Maxima.

   Thread about Burkhard Heim's Particle Structure Theory on Physorg Forum offers the source code of the original Heim / DESY Fortran implementation as well as more recent implementations.

   Project Heim-Theory on Sourceforge offers source code of some of the recent implementations.

   Heim Mass Calculator The Java implementation as an applet (runs directly in the web browser).

   Protosimplex The Protosimplex site was among the first to offer a popularized introduction of Heim theory in both German and English. The Excel Worksheet Heim Mass Calculator is available there.

Neutral electron searches

   Searches for Heavy Neutral Leptons at Particle Data Group of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
   Searches for unstable neutral leptons at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
   DYNAMICAL ROLE OF LIGHT NEUTRAL LEPTONS IN COSMOLOGY at SLAC -- mentions that most searches only look for heavy leptons - which would not exclude the neutral electron.

Conference proceedings

   http://proceedings.aip.org/proceedings/confproceed/746.jsp
   http://proceedings.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=746&Issue=1

Propulsion physics

   Papers by Walter Dröscher and Jochem Häuser at HPCC-Space GmbH
       Physical Principals of Advanced Space Propulsion Based on Heim's Field Theory 2002
       Future Space Propulsion Device Based on Heim's Field Theory 2003 presentation
       Guidelines for a Space Propulsion Device Based on Heim's Quantum Theory 2004 AIAA Best Paper (pdf: A4, US letter)
       Magnet Experiment to Measuring Space Propulsion Heim-Lorentz Force 2005 presentation
       Spacetime Physics and Advanced Propulsion Concepts August 2006 paper (revised and extended version)
   The Physics of Burkhard Heim and its Applications to Space Propulsion by Illobrand von Ludwiger 2001
   NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Project
   Artificial Gravitational Field Generated in the Laboratory? Heim theory confirmed?
   Experimental Detection of the Gravitomagnetic London Moment Dr. M. Tajmar (July 2006) experiment

News items

   Welcome to Mars express: only a three hour trip, The Scotsman, 2006-01-05
   Take a leap into hyperspace, New Scientist, 2006-01-05
   Spaceships of the future to take humans to Mars in 2.5 hours, Pravda, 2006-02-16
   Towards a new test of general relativity?, (Tajmar gravimagnetic field experiment) European Space Agency News, 2006-03-23
   Light shed on mysterious particle - Neutrino, BBC, 2006-03-31

Categories:

   ProtoscienceFaster-than-light travelFringe physics