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License tagging for File:Mtnhp.org.jpg

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Welcome!

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Some cookies to welcome you!

Welcome to Wikipedia, Rickproser! I am S73v3n and have been editing Wikipedia for quite some time. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions, feel free to leave me a message on my talk page or by typing {{helpme}} at the bottom of this page. I love to help new users, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful:

I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Oh yeah, I almost forgot, when you post on talk pages you should sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place {{helpme}} on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome!

Ϛŧēvěŋ 13:46, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Cannabis

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You are invited to join WikiProject Cannabis, a WikiProject dedicated to improving articles related to Cannabis. You received this invitation because of your history editing articles related to the plant. The WikiProject Cannabis group discussion is here. If you are interested in joining, please visit the project page, and add your name to the list of participants.

Cannabis (drug) cultivation -> Marijuana cultivation

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Hello. I don't necessarily agree with this move, and would like to discuss moving it back or renaming the article simply Cannabis cultivation if conciseness is all that is desired. Marijuana is a slang term and should not be preferred for the name of this article. —Whig (talk) 22:55, 23 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]

You must gain consensus before making such a controversial move, i have moved it to cultivation of cannabis, I suggest you join in the talk discussion re moving it to marijuana, which is a slangy US term for cannabis. i for one strongly oppose such a move. Thanks, SqueakBox talk 16:21, 24 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Minor edits

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Marking an edit as "minor" (example) does not mean "small change". The official line is at Help:Minor edit but generally a minor edit is a typo fix, or uncontroversial grammar fix such as inserting a comma, or fixing a bad link. I'm just letting you know my opinion for you to consider; there is no need to reply. I undid the above change, for reasons totally unrelated to it being marked as minor. Let's discuss any differences about the article over at Talk:Polymorphism (biology), but I'll say here that I was a bit picky about the edit because I think there have been too many changes to the established article in recent times. Johnuniq (talk) 03:38, 26 June 2009 (UTC)[reply]


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File Copyright problem
File Copyright problem

Thank you for uploading File:Chain species.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NW (Talk) 18:44, 11 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]


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File Copyright problem
File Copyright problem

Thank you for uploading File:Disruptive selection.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NW (Talk) 02:43, 12 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]


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File Copyright problem
File Copyright problem

Thank you for uploading File:Disruptive selection.jpg. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. NW (Talk) 01:37, 13 July 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Primary production

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Hi Rick. Just to say that I've commented on your (now reverted) merge of primary production over here. Cheers, --PLUMBAGO 08:47, 27 November 2009 (UTC)[reply]

Hi again Rick. You might like to take a look at the productivity article. I think that might benefit from your input. Cheers, --PLUMBAGO 11:42, 3 December 2009 (UTC)[reply]
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Hello. Concerning your contribution, File:Mtnhp.org.jpg, please note that Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images obtained from other web sites or printed material, without the permission of the author(s). This article or image appears to be a direct copy from http://fieldguide.mt.gov/detail_PDBRA06290.aspx. As a copyright violation, File:Mtnhp.org.jpg appears to qualify for deletion under the speedy deletion criteria. File:Mtnhp.org.jpg has been tagged for deletion, and may have been deleted by the time you see this message.

If you believe that the article or image is not a copyright violation, or if you have permission from the copyright holder to release the content freely under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA) then you should do one of the following:

However, for textual content, you may simply consider rewriting the content in your own words. While we appreciate contributions, we must require all contributors to understand and comply with our copyright policy. Wikipedia takes copyright concerns very seriously, and persistent violators will be blocked from editing. Thank you. Jafeluv (talk) 13:38, 31 January 2010 (UTC)[reply]

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Thank you for uploading File:Simple dichasium.png. However, it currently is missing information on its copyright status. Wikipedia takes copyright very seriously. It may be deleted soon, unless we can determine the license and the source of the file. If you know this information, then you can add a copyright tag to the image description page.

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If you have any questions, please feel free to ask them at the media copyright questions page. Thanks again for your cooperation. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 20:20, 6 May 2010 (UTC)[reply]

A new view on Inflorescence

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Inflorescence (inflorescere: to begin to bloom) refers to either the process of flowering in angiosperms or any flowering part of those, as in flower cluster or other arrangement. In the context of botany, it is a subfield of plant morphology. Flowering plants can be classified according to their mode of inflorescence and specifically the geometric arrangement, maturation pattern and anatomy of their flowers, flower-bearing stalks, bracts and leaves.[1][2] Although helpful, such taxonomy may become composite to the point that discrete order vanishes, thus reflecting the existence of an "inflorescence continuum". Furthermore, the scientific community has yet to reach consensus on terminology.[3]

Basics

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The central axis supporting an entire inflorescence is called peduncle or rachis but this designation is relative. The peduncle may be identical to the primary stem or be part of a lateral branch. The stalk that directly bears a flower is called pedicel and may be lengthy or almost non-existent.[3]

Bracts are leaf-like organs that subtend a pedicel, a flower axis, a flower, or a group or cluster of flowers. They are typically (but not always) specialized and may organize into conspicuous, aggregational structures (as in circular whorls or rosettes) called involucres (if below an entire inflorescence) or involucels (if below a unit of inflorescence). A spathe is a large, often colored bract that encloses and protects the inflorescence.[2][3][4]

Growth is said to be indeterminate when the apical meristem of a shoot has potential for unlimited growth by remaining active at all times. Growth is determinate when the shoot terminates, either by inactivation of the apical meristem or conversion into a functional complex (as in flower, fruit, thorn, tendril and the like).[3]

Determinate inflorescence is one whose peduncle follows determinate growth and hence terminates in a flower. Usually the terminal flower matures first with subsequent basipetal maturation. An indeterminate inflorescence is one whose peduncle follows indeterminate growth. Usually it follows acropetal maturation and lateral branches terminate in a flower.[3]

A maturation pattern is acropetal when it occurs from the base towards the apex. Accordingly, basipetal maturation develops towards the base and divergent follows two opposite directions, one acropetal and one basipetal. Other patterns include centrifugal (flowers of the peduncle mature first and lateral flowers last) and centripetal maturation.[3][5]

A whorl is a circular arrangement of similar anatomical parts (as leaves or flowers) around an axial point.[2]

Inflorescence is said to be:[3][6][5]

  • Axillary, if it arises from the axil of the nearest vegetative leaf.
  • Terminal, if it arises form the tip of a terminal shoot that gave rise to the nearest vegetative leaves.
  • Cauliflorous, if it grows directly from a woody stem or trunk.
  • Scapose if it consists of one or more flowers on an essentially leafless peduncle, usually arising from a basal rosette.

Determinate Inflorescences

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A cyme or cymose (meaning swollen) is a generic characterization of determinate and centrifugal inflorescence, i.e. the central or terminal flower(s) open first and those on lateral branches last. Examples include members of Sambucus and Allium. Some scientists use the terms "cyme" and "determinate" interchangeably.[1][7][8]

Dichasia

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A dichasium is a type of cyme where lateral branching below the terminal flower(s) originates from two or more opposite buds and is primarily sympodial. A simple dichasium has a single terminal flower and two opposite lateral flowers with pedicels of equal length, as in Stellaria nemorum. Bracts may subtend the two lateral flowers or may be absent. A small, simple dichasium is also called cymule. A compound dichasium branches progressively and symmetrically into cymules. A compound cyme is similar to a compound dichasium but lacks consistent dichasial branching pattern. Some compound cymes actually have the same branching pattern as a compound dichasium but with certain internodes reduced or eliminated, thus appearing more compact. Such compound patterns are often flat-topped or round-topped.[3][7][1]

  • Simple dichasium
    Simple dichasium
  • Compound dichasium
    Compound dichasium

Monochasia

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A monochasium is a cyme that develops through single (not paired) branches at each node, as in buttercup. Monochasial patterns include:[5][3][8][7]

  • Helicoid (a.k.a. bostryx) and drepanium: In both patterns each new axis develops on only one side of a preexisting axis. If viewed from above, helicoids appear to extend in a plane whereas drepania appear to extend linearly. Helicoids are common in monocotyledons.
  • Scorpioid (a.k.a. cincinnus) and rhipidium: In both patterns each new axis develops on alternating sides of preexisting axes. If viewed from above, scorpioids appear to extend in a plane whereas rhipidia appear to extend linearly. In some versions, rhipidia exhibit an acropetal pattern.

In reality, these four monochasial patterns are not discrete; several intermediate forms may occur.

  • Helicoid: side and top view
    Helicoid: side and top view
  • Drepanium: side and top view
    Drepanium: side and top view
  • Scorpioid: side and top view
    Scorpioid: side and top view
  • Rhipidium: side and top view
    Rhipidium: side and top view

Indeterminate Inflorescences

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A raceme or racemose is a generic characterization of indeterminate and acropetal inflorescence. Some sources require racemes to be unbranched (consisting of a single peduncle), carry pedicellate flowers and/or follow monopodial growth. Often the terms "raceme" and "indeterminate" are used interchangeably. Examples include Convallaria majalis and members of Digitalis.[5]

Panicles

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Panicles are compound (branched) racemes. The branches are raceme themselves and may originate from alternating sides of the peduncle, often spirally. Panicles are believed to be one of the earliest forms of raceme from which other types evolved. Examples: Yucca, Poaceae.[8][3][9][7]

A thyrse is a panicle of oppositely positioned, cymose (usually dichasia) lateral branches.[3][8]

Spikes

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Spikes are unbranched racemes of very short pedicels (i.e. the flowers are sessile). Examples: Poaceae (also known as grasses) such as wheat, Cyperaceae (also known as the sedges), plantain, Orchidaceae, Typha and Calluna vulgaris. The spikes of Poaceae and Cyperaceae are further composed of spikelets (small spike, also called earlet). Cyperaceae spikelets have sessile flowers on a short axis called rachilla, each flower subtended by a bract, the scale. A Poaceae spikelet consists of a rachilla, typically bearing two basal bracts called glumes and one or more short lateral branch units (florets), each of which bears two bracts, lemma and palea that subtend a terminal, reduced flower. In Holcus and Setaria the whole spikelet is a dispersal unit.[5][10][7][3]

A spadix is a spike whose peduncle is fleshy and broadens continuously into a swollen, large, petal-like bract (the spathe) that bears flowers often unisexual and/or clustered. Examples: Araceae, Arisaema triphyllum.[8]

A catkin (also known as ament) is a spike of unisexual flowers that hangs down from the stem (i.e. it is pendulus) after flowering or fruiting, as in oak, willow and birch males.[3]

  • Panicle
    Panicle
  • Thyrse
    Thyrse
  • Spike
    Spike
  • Spadix
    Spadix
  • Catkin
    Catkin

Advanced and mixed inflorescences

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The verticillaster (meaning false whorl), typical of Lamiaceae, is a single-axis raceme or cyme. At the nodes flowers may be sessile, arise from the axils of opposite bracts and cluster into pairs in a whorl-like manner, or develop into dense, oppositely arranged cymose branches with reduced to non-existent internodes and pedicels.[3][8][7][5][9]

Corymbs and Umbels

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Corymbs are racemes in which the lower flower-bearing stalks are longer than the higher ones, resulting in a round-topped or flat-topped appearance. If viewed from the side and in a latitudinal direction, the flowers seem to follow a centripetal maturation pattern. Simple corymbs are unbranched, consisting of a central axis bearing pedicellate flowers. Compound corymbs are branched. Examples: Aronia obtusifolia, members of Crataegus, Brassicaceae and Viburnum.[5][7][4][9]

Umbels are determinate or indeterminate, round-topped or flat-topped, simple (like Asclepias syriaca) or compound (like members of Apiaceae) inflorescences in which flower-bearing stalks originate from roughly the same point on the peduncle. In compound umbels, secondary axes (called rays) stem from a point of the peduncle. Simple, flat-topped umbels are attached to the tip of each ray. Umbels are sometimes considered mixed, as they derive from both cymes and racemes by reduction of the internodes of the peduncle. A pseudoumbel, although it appears as if a simple umbel, in reality it consists of compact monochasia, as in Alliaceae and Amaryllidaceae.[3]

Capitulum

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Inner and outer florets of the sunflower (Helianthus anuus)

A capitulum or anthodium or head (found in Asteraceae and Taraxacum) is a determinate or indeterminate inflorescence where the usually short peduncle expands into a compound receptacle (mass of tissue at the apex of a peduncle that bears more than one flower, also called torus) which is itself clustered by sessile or subsessile florets and often subtended by an involucre. This results in a type of pseudanthium (Greek: a "lying" flower) where upon close examination a seemingly solitary inflorescence (consisting of a single flower) is revealed as a delicate, compact organization of numerous small flowers. In several members of Asteraceae such as Helianthus anuus the outer flowers (also called rays) are generally sterile and attain a distinguishable zygomorphic corolla while the inner (disk) flowers are complete (with both male and female reproductive organs) and have a small actinomorphic corolla. Inflorescences that resemble a head but lack a compound receptacle are termed headlike.[3][7] Scientific research suggests that the pseudanthium is an evolutionary pioneer. It is believed that inflorescence tends to produce minimized flowers integrated into clusters of specialized florets, with the outer regions more flashy and the inner focused on reproduction. The more condensed the inflorescence, the more efficient the pollination.[8][7]

Another type of pseudanthium unique in Euphorbiaceae, the cyathium , consists of small, unisexual flowers grouped together and surrounded by an involucre (the perigon) often consisting of petaloid glands.[8][3]

A hypanthodium (not to be confused with hypanthium) bears numerous flowers on the inside or on the walls of a convex or involuted compound receptacle, as in Ficus, Hibiscus and Solanum.[3][5]

  • Simple Corymb
    Simple Corymb
  • Compound Corymb
    Compound Corymb
  • Umbel
    Umbel
  • Compound umbel
    Compound umbel
  • Compound umbel
    Compound umbel
  • Capitulum
    Capitulum
  • Round capitulum
    Round capitulum
  • Capitulum
    Capitulum

References

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  1. ^ a b c http://www.wolframalpha.com
  2. ^ a b c Merriam-Webster's dictionary and thesaurus
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Plant Systematics by M. Simpson, Elsevier Academic Press 2006
  4. ^ a b Microsoft Encarta 2009
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h http://zipcodezoo.com
  6. ^ http://davesgarden.com/guides/terms/go/3503/
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Encyclopaedia Britannica 2009
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Encyclopedia of life sciences John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2007
  9. ^ a b c http://botanydictionary.org/
  10. ^ http://www.mondofacto.com

Love

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Your insert into the lede needs a source. Do you know of any neutral sources that suggest that what animals feel is "love," or that what we call "love" - in its highest conception - is something animals share? -Stevertigo (w | t | e) 21:39, 15 August 2010 (UTC)[reply]

File permission problem with File:Arabis fecunda.jpg

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Thanks for uploading File:Arabis fecunda.jpg. I noticed that while you provided a valid copyright licensing tag, there is no proof that the creator of the file agreed to license it under the given license.

If you created this media entirely yourself but have previously published it elsewhere (especially online), please either

  • make a note permitting reuse under the CC-BY-SA or another acceptable free license (see this list) at the site of the original publication; or
  • Send an email from an address associated with the original publication to permissions-en@wikimedia.org, stating your ownership of the material and your intention to publish it under a free license. You can find a sample permission letter here. If you take this step, add {{OTRS pending}} to the file description page to prevent premature deletion.

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If you believe the media meets the criteria at Wikipedia:Non-free content, use a tag such as {{non-free fair use in|article name}} or one of the other tags listed at Wikipedia:File copyright tags#Fair use, and add a rationale justifying the file's use on the article or articles where it is included. See Wikipedia:File copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

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Hi. When you recently edited Natural farming, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Organic (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Hi. When you recently edited Agricultural soil science, you added links pointing to the disambiguation pages Cell, Biota and Anaerobic (check to confirm | fix with Dab solver). Such links are almost always unintended, since a disambiguation page is merely a list of "Did you mean..." article titles. Read the FAQ • Join us at the DPL WikiProject.

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Merge discussion for Natural farming

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An article that you have been involved in editing, Natural farming, has been proposed for a merge with another article. If you are interested in the merge discussion, please participate by going here, and adding your comments on the discussion page. Thank you. Nirvana2013 (talk) 06:41, 30 July 2012 (UTC) Nirvana2013 (talk) 06:41, 30 July 2012 (UTC)[reply]

RfC: Should a separate article on the dried flowers and leaves variant of the Cannabis plant be made?

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Talk:Cannabis (drug)#RFC: Should the section about the dried whole-flower-and-leaf preparation have its own article? If you have the time, would you please analyse my request, as you interested in our Cannabis project. Do you think there should be a separate section for this topic? მაLiphradicusEpicusთე 21:40, 1 May 2014 (UTC)[reply]

File:Tree1.jpg listed for deletion

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A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Tree1.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for deletion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Stefan2 (talk) 21:56, 15 October 2015 (UTC)[reply]

ArbCom elections are now open!

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Hi,
You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:01, 24 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

ArbCom elections are now open!

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Hi,
You appear to be eligible to vote in the current Arbitration Committee election. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to enact binding solutions for disputes between editors, primarily related to serious behavioural issues that the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the ability to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate, you are welcome to review the candidates' statements and submit your choices on the voting page. For the Election committee, MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:05, 24 November 2015 (UTC)[reply]

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