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Vancouver Quadra

Coordinates: 49°15′22″N 123°12′18″W / 49.256°N 123.205°W / 49.256; -123.205
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Vancouver Quadra
British Columbia electoral district
Vancouver Quadra in relation to other electoral districts in the Vancouver area
Federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
MP
 
 		 
Joyce Murray
Liberal
District created1947
First contested1949
Last contested2021
District webpageprofile, map
Demographics
Population (2016)[1]105,608
Electors (2021)75,538
Area (km²)[1]42
Pop. density (per km²)2,514.5
Census division(s)Metro Vancouver
Census subdivision(s)Greater Vancouver A, Musqueam 2, Vancouver

Vancouver Quadra is a federal electoral district in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia, Canada. It has been represented in the House of Commons of Canada since 1949. The constituency bears the name of the Spanish explorer who surveyed the area in 1775, Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra.[2] Since 2007, the riding has been represented by Liberal MP Joyce Murray, who has served in the 29th ministry under Prime Minister of Canada Justin Trudeau.

Within the boundaries of this riding are the University of British Columbia and the western portions of the affluent West Side of Vancouver. Voters within Vancouver Quadra have tended to elect centrist candidates, which is an exception to the province as a whole where politics has tended to be more polarized. Though the Liberals have held the seat since 1984, MPs tend to be on the right wing of the party. For example, the current MP, Joyce Murray, was previously a cabinet minister in the centre-right British Columbia Liberal Party, which is unaffiliated with the federal Liberal party and attracts the vast majority of voters who vote for the Conservative Party of Canada in federal elections.

Demographics

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This is the sixth wealthiest riding in Canada, with an average family income of over $145,000. As of 2006, this riding had 37% immigrants, most of whom are Chinese-Canadians. The province's largest university, the University of British Columbia, is situated in this riding. The major employer is the professional, scientific and technical service sector. The unemployment rate is 5.2%.[3] Nearly every single-family house in this riding is worth over a million dollars; the median house value is over 2 million dollars.[citation needed]

The Vancouver Quadra riding has a very high level of educational attainment; it has the highest percentage of people with a university certificate or degree in all of Canada (53.1%) and also tops the following educational attainment sub-categories:

  • Earned doctorate: 4.7%
  • Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry: 2.5%
  • Bachelor's degree: 27.4%[4]
Panethnic groups in Vancouver Quadra (2011−2021)
Panethnic
group 		2021[5] 2016[6] 2011[7]
Pop. % Pop. % Pop. %
European[a] 57,765 53.96% 59,835 58.24% 63,605 63.4%
East Asian[b] 33,805 31.58% 31,615 30.77% 26,990 26.9%
South Asian 3,705 3.46% 2,785 2.71% 2,175 2.17%
Middle Eastern[c] 2,590 2.42% 1,710 1.66% 1,305 1.3%
Southeast Asian[d] 2,535 2.37% 1,685 1.64% 1,825 1.82%
Indigenous 2,000 1.87% 1,940 1.89% 1,840 1.83%
Latin American 1,700 1.59% 1,295 1.26% 870 0.87%
African 860 0.8% 605 0.59% 575 0.57%
Other[e] 2,095 1.96% 1,270 1.24% 1,135 1.13%
Total responses 107,055 97.92% 102,740 97.28% 100,325 97.96%
Total population 109,328 100% 105,608 100% 102,416 100%
Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Demographics based on 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution riding boundaries.

According to the 2016 Canadian census:

Languages: 66.0% English, 1.6% French, 31.3% other, 1.1% multiple languages
Religions: 27.9% Protestant, 16.3% Catholic, 4.5% Buddhist, 4.2% Other Christian, 3.8% Jewish, 2.4% Christian Orthodox, 1.1% Muslim, 38.5% no religious affiliation
Average income: $46,991

Geography

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The district includes the parts of the West Side of Vancouver and the University of British Columbia Endowment Lands.

History

[edit]

The electoral district was created in 1947 from Vancouver East and Vancouver South ridings. It was a swing riding for most of its first four decades. However, in 1984, John Turner, then Prime Minister, unseated Progressive Conservative incumbent Bill Clarke even as Turner's Liberals suffered what was then the biggest seat loss in Canadian history. It was one of only two Liberal-held seats west of Ontario. The seat has stayed in Liberal hands ever since.

The 2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Vancouver Quadra should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections.[8] The redefined Vancouver Quadra loses a portion of its current territory east of the Arbutus Corridor to the new district of Vancouver Granville. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the 42nd Canadian federal election, scheduled for October 2015.[9]

Historical boundaries

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  • 1947 representation order
    1947 representation order
  • 1952 representation order
    1952 representation order
  • 1966 representation order
    1966 representation order
  • 1976 representation order
    1976 representation order
  • 1987 representation order
    1987 representation order
  • 1996 representation order
    1996 representation order
  • 2003 representation order
    2003 representation order
  • 2013 representation order
    2013 representation order

Members of Parliament

[edit]

This riding has elected the following members of Parliament:

Parliament Years Member Party
Vancouver Quadra
Riding created from Vancouver East and Vancouver South
21st  1949–1953     Howard Charles Green Progressive Conservative
22nd  1953–1957
23rd  1957–1958
24th  1958–1962
25th  1962–1963
26th  1963–1965     Grant Deachman Liberal
27th  1965–1968
28th  1968–1972
29th  1972–1974     Bill Clarke Progressive Conservative
30th  1974–1979
31st  1979–1980
32nd  1980–1984
33rd  1984–1988     John Turner Liberal
34th  1988–1993
35th  1993–1997 Ted McWhinney
36th  1997–2000
37th  2000–2004 Stephen Owen
38th  2004–2006
39th  2006–2007
 2008–2008 Joyce Murray
40th  2008–2011
41st  2011–2015
42nd  2015–2019
43rd  2019–2021
44th  2021–present

Current member of Parliament

[edit]

Its member of Parliament (MP) is Joyce Murray (Liberal), a former British Columbia cabinet minister and provincial Member of the Legislative Assembly. She was first elected in a March 2008 by-election, by a small margin. Murray was re-elected in the general elections of 2008, 2011 and 2015 with larger margins. She was again re-elected in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections, albeit by reduced margins.

Election results

[edit]
Graph of election results in Vancouver Quadra (minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)


2021 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Joyce Murray 20,814 43.63 +0.10 $93,921.31
Conservative Brad Armstrong 13,786 28.90 +1.15 $103,409.23
New Democratic Naden Abenes 9,220 19.33 +4.20 $9,885.59
Green Devyani Singh 2,922 6.12 –6.31 $18,663.20
People's Renate Siekmann 963 2.02 +1.18 $20,173.89
Total valid votes/expense limit 47,705 100.00   $108,762.68
Total rejected ballots 291 –
Turnout 47,996 63.54 –
Eligible voters 75,538
Liberal hold Swing –0.53
Source: Elections Canada
2021 federal election redistributed results[10]
Party Vote %
  Liberal 21,464 43.39
  Conservative 14,455 29.22
  New Democratic 9,593 19.39
  Green 2,950 5.96
  People's 1,004 2.03
2019 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Joyce Murray 22,093 43.53 −15.21 $98,274.21
Conservative Kathleen Dixon 14,082 27.75 +1.87 $101,180.50
New Democratic Leigh Kenny 7,681 15.13 +4.25 none listed
Green Geoff Wright 6,308 12.43 +8.19 $9,668.18
People's Sandra Filosof-Schipper 428 0.84 – none listed
Independent Austen Erhardt 162 0.32 – $769.45
Total valid votes/expense limit 50,754 100.0
Total rejected ballots 251
Turnout 51,005 68.0
Eligible voters 74,984
Liberal hold Swing −8.54
Source: Elections Canada[11][12]
2015 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Joyce Murray 31,102 58.71 +15.25 $97,238.16
Conservative Blair Lockhart 13,683 25.83 -10.60 $138,478.02
New Democratic Scott Andrews 5,748 10.85 -3.60 $28,356.72
Green Kris Constable 2,229 4.21 -1.44 $9,999.97
Pirate Trevor Clinton Walper 86 0.16 – $246.50
Marijuana Marc Boyer 65 0.12 – –
Independent Jean-François Caron 59 0.11 – $20.80
Total valid votes/expense limit 52,972 100.00   $207,109.54
Total rejected ballots 144 0.27 –
Turnout 53,116 71.17 –
Eligible voters 74,633
Liberal hold Swing +12.92
Source: Elections Canada[13][14]
2011 federal election redistributed results[15]
Party Vote %
  Liberal 20,226 43.47
  Conservative 16,953 36.43
  New Democratic 6,723 14.45
  Green 2,629 5.65
2011 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Joyce Murray 22,903 42.17 -3.42
Conservative Deborah Meredith 20,984 38.64 +1.73
New Democratic Victor Elkins 7,499 13.81 +5.75
Green Laura-Leah Shaw 2,922 5.38 -3.44
Total valid votes 54,308 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 144 0.26 -0.02
Turnout 54,452 63.17 -0.20
Eligible voters 86,203
Liberal hold Swing -2.58
2008 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Joyce Murray 25,393 45.59 +9.54 $79,097
Conservative Deborah Meredith 20,561 36.91 +1.39 $83,516
Green Dan Grice 4,916 8.82 -4.64 $6,621
New Democratic David Caplan 4,493 8.06 -6.37 $19,537
Libertarian Norris Barens 333 0.59 –
Total valid votes/expense limit 55,696 100.0     $89,046
Total rejected ballots 158 0.28 +0.01
Turnout 55,854 63.37 +29
Liberal hold Swing +4.08
Canadian federal by-election, March 17, 2008
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Joyce Murray 10,155 36.05 -12.79 $71,894
Conservative Deborah Meredith 10,004 35.52 +6.43 $86,890
New Democratic Rebecca Coad 4,064 14.43 -1.67 $59,591
Green Dan Grice 3,792 13.46 +8.32 $37,353
Rhinoceros John Turner 111 0.39 –
Canadian Action Psamuel Frank 40 0.14 – $58
Total valid votes/expense limit 28,166 100.0     $87,208
Total rejected ballots 77 0.27 +0.05
Turnout 28,243 34 -34
Liberal hold Swing -9.61
By-election due to the resignation of Stephen Owen
2006 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Stephen Owen 28,655 49.14 -3.29 $66,112
Conservative Stephen Rogers 16,844 28.89 +2.58 $81,186
New Democratic David Askew 9,379 16.08 +1.09 $28,264
Green Ben West 2,974 5.10 -0.50 $1,187
Independent Betty Krawczyk 263 0.45 –
Marijuana Marc Boyer 158 0.27 –
Marxist–Leninist Donovan Young 41 0.07 -0.02
Total valid votes 58,314 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 131 0.22 -0.07
Turnout 58,445 68 -1
Liberal hold Swing -2.94
2004 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Stephen Owen 29,187 52.43 +7.60 $68,710
Conservative Stephen Rogers 14,648 26.31 -19.47 $78,433
New Democratic David Askew 8,348 14.99 +9.77 $51,374
Green Doug Warkentin 3,118 5.60 +2.72 $4,289
Canadian Action Connie Fogal 165 0.29 -0.49 $5,222
Libertarian Katrina Chowne 151 0.27 –
Marxist–Leninist Donovan Young 48 0.08 -0.21
Total valid votes 55,665 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 164 0.29 -0.11
Turnout 55,829 66.53 +3.19
Liberal hold Swing +13.54
Change for the Conservatives is based on the combined totals of the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservatives.
2000 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Stephen Owen 22,253 44.83 +2.69 $60,542
Alliance Kerry-Lynne Findlay 18,613 37.50 +9.91 $64,240
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 4,112 8.28 -8.59 $12,355
New Democratic Loretta Woodcock 2,595 5.22 -4.81 $10,844
Green Doug Warkentin 1,434 2.88 +0.30 $16,556
Canadian Action Chris Shaw 390 0.78 – $5,683
Natural Law Steven Beck 126 0.25 -0.22
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 109 0.21 -0.09 $18
Total valid votes 49,632 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 194 0.40
Turnout 49,826 63.34 -4.32
Liberal hold Swing -3.61
Change for the Canadian Alliance is based on the Reform Party.
1997 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±% Expenditures
Liberal Ted McWhinney 18,847 42.14 +2.73 $55,589
Reform Joanne Easdown 12,340 27.59 +5.44 $57,114
Progressive Conservative Geoff Chutter 7,546 16.87 -0.55 $53,095
New Democratic Donovan T. Kuehn 4,486 10.03 -0.66 $11,981
Green Kelly White 1,155 2.58 +1.43
Natural Law Alan Mackenzie Brooke 211 0.47 -0.26
Marxist–Leninist Anne Jamieson 135 0.30 +0.15
Total valid votes 44,720 100.0  
Total rejected ballots 202 0.45
Turnout 44,922 67.76
Liberal hold Swing -1.36
1993 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Ted McWhinney 20,366 39.41 -4.54
Reform Bill McArthur 11,447 22.15 +20.12
Progressive Conservative Geoff Chutter 9,002 17.42 -13.07
New Democratic Tommy Tao 5,524 10.69 -10.69
National W.J. Willy Spat 3,303 6.39 –
Green Alannah New-Small 594 1.15 –
Libertarian Walter Boytinck 410 0.79 +0.56
Natural Law Alan M. Brooke 376 0.73 –
Christian Heritage Walter Opmeer 208 0.40 –
Independent Roman York 170 0.33 –
Independent Janet Ludlam 138 0.27 –
Marxist–Leninist Dorothy-Jean O'Donnell 80 0.15 –
Commonwealth of Canada J.G. Joseph Jackman 59 0.11 +0.07
Total valid votes 51,677 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing -12.33
1988 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal John Turner 24,021 43.95 +0.02
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 16,664 30.49 -6.97
New Democratic Gerry Scott 11,687 21.38 +4.56
Reform J.R. Jack Ford 1,112 2.03 –
Rhinoceros John Turner (no relation) 760 1.39 –
Libertarian Walter Boytinck 129 0.24 +0.06
Communist Bert Ogden 75 0.14 –
Independent Albert A. Ritchie 74 0.14 –
Independent Blair T. Longley 52 0.10 –
Confederation of Regions Nora Galenzoski 35 0.06 –
Commonwealth of Canada G.J. Joseph Jackman 23 0.04 +0.02
Independent Allen Soroka 22 0.04 –
Total valid votes 54,654 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing +3.50
1984 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal John Turner 21,794 43.94 +13.23
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 18,581 37.46 -8.63
New Democratic Ray Cantillon 8,343 16.82 -4.93
Green Jim Bohlen 389 0.78 –
Rhinoceros Ian McConkey 219 0.44 –
Independent Diane Jones 111 0.22 –
Libertarian Marco Den Ouden 87 0.18 –
Independent Bill Burgess 28 0.06 –
Independent David Michael Shebib 20 0.04 –
Commonwealth of Canada T. Gaetan Feuille D'érable Wall 20 0.04 –
Independent J.G. Joseph Jackman 12 0.02 –
Total valid votes 49,604 100.0  
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +10.93
1980 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 20,993 46.09 +0.52
Liberal Peter Pearse 13,987 30.71 +1.31
New Democratic Alan Bush 9,907 21.75 -2.71
Rhinoceros Verne John Eh McDonald 405 0.89 –
Social Credit Elaine Wanstall 104 0.23 –
Independent Peter Rabbit Milne 73 0.16 –
Marxist–Leninist Allen Soroka 50 0.11 -0.04
Independent Byron Nelson 26 0.06 –
Total valid votes 45,545 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing -0.40
1979 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 19,869 45.57 -2.69
Liberal Paul Manning 12,820 29.40 -10.09
New Democratic Alan Bush 10,665 24.46 +13.13
Libertarian Campbell Osborne 144 0.33 –
Marxist–Leninist David Fuller 64 0.15 -0.16
Independent Fred Gilbertson 37 0.08 –
Total valid votes 43,599 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +3.70
1974 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 18,892 48.26 +5.69
Liberal Frank Low-Beer 15,458 39.49 +3.55
New Democratic Nigel Nixon 4,434 11.33 -8.82
Social Credit Edith Garner 179 0.46 -0.45
Marxist–Leninist Brian Keith Sproule 120 0.31 –
Independent Norman G. Dent 61 0.16 –
Total valid votes 39,144 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +1.07


1972 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Bill Clarke 17,767 42.57 +12.27
Liberal Grant Deachman 15,001 35.94 -18.34
New Democratic Nigel Nixon 8,411 20.15 +5.20
Social Credit Edith Garner 378 0.91 –
Independent Rupert Beebe 180 0.43 –
Total valid votes 41,737 100.0  
Progressive Conservative gain from Liberal Swing +15.30
1968 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Grant Deachman 20,788 54.29 +15.45
Progressive Conservative John A. Pearkes 11,604 30.30 -7.49
New Democratic George Trasov 5,727 14.96 -1.13
Republican Robert Hein 175 0.46 –
Total valid votes 38,294 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing +11.47
1965 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Grant Deachman 12,895 38.84 -2.90
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 12,549 37.80 -0.07
New Democratic George E. Trasov 5,342 16.09 +1.43
Social Credit Donald W. Gosse 2,416 7.28 +1.54
Total valid votes 33,202 100.0  
Liberal hold Swing -1.42
1963 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Liberal Grant Deachman 15,160 41.73 +10.66
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 13,756 37.87 -7.59
New Democratic Dorothy Gretchen Steeves 5,324 14.66 -2.49
Social Credit James P.R. Mason 2,085 5.74 -0.59
Total valid votes 36,325 100.0  
Liberal gain from Progressive Conservative Swing +9.12
1962 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 15,113 45.46 -25.26
Liberal Grant Deachman 10,331 31.07 +14.79
New Democratic Philip H. Waddell 5,699 17.14 +7.17
Social Credit Emil Peter Schafer 2,103 6.33 +3.30
Total valid votes 33,246 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing -20.02
Change for the New Democrats is based on the Co-operative Commonwealth.
1958 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 24,802 70.72 +6.78
Liberal Francis Cecil Boyes 5,713 16.29 +0.33
Co-operative Commonwealth Bill Pierce 3,496 9.97 +1.26
Social Credit Stephen Halom 1,062 3.03 -8.37
Total valid votes 35,073 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +3.22
1957 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 21,719 63.93 +20.11
Liberal Ted R. Burnett 5,423 15.96 -10.76
Social Credit Christy McDevitt 3,871 11.39 -5.61
Co-operative Commonwealth James G. Lorimer 2,959 8.71 -3.74
Total valid votes 33,972 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing +15.44
1953 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 12,769 43.82 -6.31
Liberal Russell Charles Gordon 7,786 26.72 -5.37
Social Credit Tom Boothman 4,955 17.01 –
Co-operative Commonwealth Gordon H. Dowding 3,628 12.45 -5.33
Total valid votes 29,138 100.0  
Progressive Conservative hold Swing -0.47
1949 Canadian federal election
Party Candidate Votes %
Progressive Conservative Howard Charles Green 16,661 50.13
Liberal Thomas Foster Isherwood 10,665 32.09
Co-operative Commonwealth Harold Winston Mason 5,908 17.78
Total valid votes 33,234 100.0  
This riding was created from parts of Vancouver East and Vancouver South, which elected a Co-operative Commonwealth and a Progressive Conservative, respectively, in the previous election. Howard Charles Green was the incumbent from Vancouver South.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • "Vancouver Quadra (Code 59033) Census Profile". 2011 census. Government of Canada - Statistics Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2011.
  • Expenditures – 2004
  • Expenditures – 2000
  • Expenditures – 1997
  • Riding history from the Library of Parliament

Notes

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  1. ^ Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  2. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  3. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^ Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.
  1. ^ a b Statistics Canada: 2011
  2. ^ "Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra | the Canadian Encyclopedia".
  3. ^ Vancouver Quadra, CBC.ca, 2008.
  4. ^ "2006 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations | Highest Certificate, Diploma or Degree (14), Location of Study (5), Major Field of Study - Classification of Instructional Programs, 2000 (14), Age Groups (10A) and Sex (3) for the Population 15 Years and Over of Canada, Provinces, Territories and Federal Electoral Districts (2003 Representation Order), 2016 Census - 20% Sample Data". 2.statcan.gc.ca. February 8, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
  5. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  6. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021). "Census Profile, 2016 Census". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  7. ^ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015). "NHS Profile". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
  8. ^ Final Report – British Columbia
  9. ^ Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts
  10. ^ "Transposition of Votes from the 44th General Election to the 2023 Representation Orders". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  11. ^ "List of confirmed candidates". Elections Canada. Retrieved October 4, 2019.
  12. ^ "Election Night Results". Elections Canada. Retrieved November 15, 2019.
  13. ^ Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Vancouver Quadra, 30 September 2015
  14. ^ Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates
  15. ^ Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections


49°15′22″N 123°12′18″W / 49.256°N 123.205°W / 49.256; -123.205

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