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Blue Line (Namma Metro)

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Blue Line
Overview
Other name(s)ORR East-Airport Metro Line
OwnerBangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL)
LocaleBangalore, Karnataka, India
Termini
Connecting linesOperational (1):
Purple Line
Upcoming (4):
Yellow Line Red Line Pink Line Orange Line
Stations13 (Phase-2A) + 16 (Phase-2B) = 29
03 (Phase-2B) - Future stations
Websitebmrc.co.in
Service
TypeMetro
SystemNamma Metro
Depot(s)Baiyappanahalli, Doddajala
History
Planned openingPhase 2A - June 2026; 1 year's time (2026-06)
Phase 2B - June 2026; 1 year's time (2026-06)
Technical
Line length58.19 km (36.16 mi)
Number of tracks2
CharacterElevated, At Grade, Underground
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC third rail
Blue Line Map (TBC)

Legend
Yellow Line towards RV Road
 Central Silk Board
Yellow Line
Under construction
 HSR Layout
Red Line towards Hebbala
 Agara
Red Line
Proposed
 Ibbaluru
Red Line
Proposed
Red Line towards Sarjapura
 Bellandur
Kadubeesanahalli
Kodibeesanahalli
Marathahalli
ISRO
Indian Railways Towards UpperLeft arrow Hosur and
LowerRight arrow Banaswadi or Baiyyappanahalli
 Doddanekundi
Bagmane Developers - DRDO Sports Complex
Sarasvathi Nagara
Krishnarajapura Krishnarajapuram railway station
Purple Line
Indian Railways Towards Left arrow Krishnarajapuram and
Down arrow Yelahanka Jn or Bengaluru Cantt. Right arrow
Mainline rail interchange Baiyappanahalli Depot (U/C)
 Kasturi Nagar
Horamavu
HRBR Layout
Kalyan Nagar
HBR Layout
Nagawara
Pink Line
Under construction
 Veerannapalya
Kempapura
Orange Line
Red Line towards Sarjapura Up arrow
Orange Line to JP Nagar 4th Phase Right arrow
 Hebbala Hebbal railway station
Red Line
Planned
 Kodigehalli
Jakkur Cross
Jakkur Plantation (no scope)
Indian Railways Towards
Left arrow KSR Bengaluru and Yelahanka Jn Right arrow
 Yelahanka
Bagalur Cross
Bettahalasuru (no scope)
Chikkajala (future)
Doddajala
Indian Railways Towards
Left arrow Kolar and Yelahanka Jn Right arrow
Mainline rail interchange Doddajala Depot (U/C)
 (at-grade)
Airport City
KIAL Terminals

The Blue Line or ORR-Airport Metro Line is part of the Namma Metro rail network for the city of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. It consists of two sections - Phase-2A (Central Silk Board to Krishnarajapura) and Phase-2B (Krishnarajapura to Airport). Construction of Phase-2A began in August 2021. Construction of Phase-2B began in February 2022. The 58.19 km line connects Central Silk Board with the Kempegowda International Airport. The Line is mostly elevated but also has an at-grade (surface) section close to the Airport and 2 short underground sections where it passes the Jakkur Aerodrome and Yelahanka AFB. There are 30 stations on the line of which the two station/s at the Airport may be at surface level or underground. Blue Line will have interchanges with the Yellow Line at Central Silk Board, Purple Line at KR Pura, Pink Line at Nagawara and with the future /proposed Orange Line at Hebbal.

In June 2022, BMRCL launched the first ever U Girder span on ORR-Airport metro line.[1][2][3] The extension of the Purple Line and construction of the Pink and Yellow Lines is currently in progress. The Pink, Yellow and Blue lines will be CBTC-signaling enabled, unlike Namma Metro's first two lines (Purple and Green lines use distance-signaling). In June 2023, the Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka D. K. Shivakumar informed that Metro line to Kempegowda International Airport will be completed by June 2026, plus or minus 3 months.[4][5][6]

History

[edit]

The routes under Phase-2A and Phase-2B (Blue Line) were actually part of Phase-3 but 'fast-tracked' and prioritized under Phase-2. As early as in February 2012, the Central government had also requested BMRC to start work on the airport link during Phase 2 itself.[7][8]

The route from Central Silkboard to K R Puram along the eastern part of Outer Ring Road (ORR) was included as Phase-2A since development on that part of ORR had leap-frogged much ahead of the rest of the city with huge number of new office buildings. As a result, traffic increased several fold with employees traveling from different parts of the city to this new CBD. Chief Minister of Karnataka, Siddaramaiah announced in September 2016 that a new 18 km (11 mi) line connecting Central Silk Board with K.R.Puram along ORR would be included in Phase 2 as Phase-2A of the project at an estimated cost of ₹4202 crores.[9][10]

Kempegowda International Airport (opened during May 2008) being very far from city center (about 35 km), commuting time by road in traffic congestion is time-consuming. Hence, attention for building a fast mass transit was in the minds of planners from the very beginning, especially since air traffic had kept increasing. The old airport in Bengaluru, the HAL Airport, located well within the city, had closed for commercial operations as part of the terms of the PPP for the new airport.

To connect airport to city, there had initially been a proposal to build a 33 km (21 mi) high speed rail line from MG Road to Kempegowda International Airport (KIA). Cost was estimated at ₹5,767 crore (US$810 million). This was to be executed by an independent SPV - Bangalore Airport Rail Link Limited (BARLL).[11] However, the plan for an exclusive city-airport high speed rail was canceled during October 2013 due to high cost and viability concerns.[12]

It was decided that BMRC would manage the airport rail project and a regular metro line with fewer halts would be built instead of a high speed rail. Following this, suggestions were invited from public during September 2016 to choose any one of nine possible extension routes from existing and proposed metro lines to the airport.[13] The proposed extension routes had an average length of 30 km (19 mi), and cost estimates ranged between ₹4,500 crore and ₹7,000 crore. A 25.9 km (16.1 mi) extension from Nagawara via Kannur and Bagaluru was the shortest, while the 35.4 km (22.0 mi) extension from Yeshwanthpur via Yelahanka, Kannur and Bagaluru was the longest of the proposed routes. BMRC received 1,300 responses from the public.[14] The shortest (25.9 km, 16.1 mi) extension of the Kalena Agrahara (previously Gottigere) – Nagawara line via Kannur and Bagaluru to the airport emerged as the most popular choice.[15] In February 2017, the Centre requested BMRC to start work on the airport link before Phase 3. Thus, the Airport Line was included in Phase 2 as Phase 2B.[16]

Since the airport's managing company, Bengaluru International Airport Limited (BIAL) forbade underground construction from the southern side of the airport (due to security concerns as it would have to pass beneath the airport's second runway), the shortest route options (i.e. extending the Pink line from Nagawara directly north) were eliminated. An alternate route proceeding north till RK Hegde Nagar and then turning west to Jakkur and then along Airport Road was explored. Bangalore Development Minister K. J. George announced on 12 May 2017 that the government had finalized the Nagawara—Ramakrishna Hegde Nagar—Jakkur—Yelahanka route to the airport.[17] However, this route had an obstacle as a high-pressure petroleum pipeline was passing through the originally proposed route.[18]

This was changed and on 10 January 2019, the State Cabinet approved a change in alignment for the proposed metro line to the airport. The new line would begin at Krishnarajapura (K.R. Puram) and be aligned along the northern part of ORR (Outer Ring road), passing Kasturinagar, Nagawara, Hebbal, and Jakkur before heading towards the airport. The line would be 38 km long, about 9 km longer than the route previously proposed, estimated to cost ₹10,584 crore (US$1.5 billion).[19]

Tendering

[edit]
Blue Line
Tendering Section Length Successful Bid /Cost Contractor Award
Detailed Design Consultant Central Silk Board - HBR Layout 26.633 km (16.549 mi) ₹8.30 crore (US$970,000) SMEC International 07 Feb 2020
HBR Layout - KIAL Airport 30.692 km (19.071 mi) ₹6.26 crore (US$730,000) AECOM – CEG JV 12 Feb 2020
Pre Construction Work KR Pura - KIAL Airport 37.692 km (23.421 mi) ₹9.27 crore (US$1.1 million) Various 19 Dec 2020
Package 2A/P1/60(a) Central Silk Board - Kodibeesanahalli 9.859 km (6.126 mi) ₹785.25 crore (US$92 million) Afcons 25 May 2021
Package 2A/P2/60(b) Kodibeesanahalli - KR Pura 9.774 km (6.073 mi) ₹623.55 crore (US$73 million) Shankaranarayana 25 May 2021
Package 2B/P2/69(a) KR Pura - Kempapura 11.003 km (6.837 mi) ₹739.04 crore (US$86 million) NCC 17 Nov 2021
Package 2B/P2/69(b) Kempapura - Bagalur Cross 11.678 km (7.256 mi) ₹747.99 crore (US$88 million) NCC 17 Nov 2021
Package 2B/P2/69(c) Bagalur Cross - KIAL Terminals 15.011 km (9.327 mi) ₹680.21 crore (US$80 million) NCC 17 Nov 2021
Project Management Consultant ₹20.58 crore (US$2.4 million) RITES 17 Dec 2021
Remodelling Baiyappanahalli Depot ₹249.19 crore (US$29 million) J Kumar – AICPL JV 18 Mar 2023
Airport Depot ₹182.39 crore (US$21 million) J Kumar – AICPL JV 18 Mar 2023
Ballastless Track Work ₹500.94 crore (US$59 million) Larsen & Toubro 02 Jun 2023
Rolling Stock (222 Coaches) ₹2,217.78 crore (US$260 million) BEML 08 Aug 2023
Track Turnout ₹29.98 crore (US$3.5 million) Vossloh 22 Mar 2024
Engineering, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commissioning of Power Supply ₹248.61 crore (US$29 million) KEC International 10 Jun 2024
750V DC Third Rail electrification ₹764.64 crore (US$89 million) Siemens – RVNL JV 11 Jun 2024
Signalling System (CBTC) & PSD ₹626.8 crore (US$73 million) Alstom 12 Jun 2024
Electrical & Mechanical Bids Under Evaluation
Total 58.19 km (36.16 mi) ₹8,440.79 crore (US$990 million)

Phase-2A

[edit]

BMRCL prepared the detailed project report for the proposed Central Silk Board - KR Puram Line and submitted the DPR to the state government on 28 October 2016. Phase 2A was approved by the State Cabinet on 1 March 2017.

Tenders for the ORR (East) Metro line were called in February 2018 and IL&FS emerged the lowest bidder for all packages. However, the tenders were quashed due to cash flow problems and bankruptcy proceedings by the selected firm, IL&FS. A second round of tendering was done in December 2019.[20] The project cost was revised to ₹5994 crores.[20] Fresh bids were received by multiple firms in March 2020.[21][22] There are two packages. The first package included 2.84 km of ramps for a flyover at Central Silk board junction in addition to 9.859 km of viaduct with six elevated stations. The second package was for 8.377 km viaduct with seven elevated stations, 1.097 km depot line and a 0.30 km pocket track.

Central government's approval was much delayed[23][24] and finally received in April-2021.[25] Tenders were awarded in May-2021 and construction on Phase-2A finally began in August-2021.[26] Opening of this phase as per August 2022 from MD of BMRCL is expected around December 2024.

Phase-2B

[edit]
Installation of U-Girders (Hebbala - KIAL Terminals stretch) under Blue Line of Namma Metro as of October 2024

DPR for the Airport Line had been prepared in September 2017[27][28] and cleared by Government of Karnataka in January 2019.[19]

Tenders for the Airport line were called in July 2020. There are three packages. The first package was for 11.003 km viaduct, including 281 mtrs viaduct beyond Phase-2A with eight elevated stations and 650 mtrs link line to Baiyyappanahalli depot. The second package was for 11.678 km viaduct with 250 mtrs pocket track and two elevated stations. The third package was for 15.011 km viaduct, including 718.18 mtrs cut and cover portion in front of Yelahanka Air Force Station. All three packages include road widening, utility diversion and allied works.

Bettadahalasuru station would be built by Embassy group at a cost of ₹140 crore. Kempegowda International Airport is likely to fund the construction of two airport stations off the highway.[29][30] An MoU was signed between BMRC and KIAL for construction of the 4.95 km line and stations entailing an investment of ₹800 crore.

Central government's approval was delayed[23][24] and finally received in April 2021.[25] Nagarjuna Construction Company (NCC) emerged as the lowest bidder to construct the line on September 16, 2021. Construction finally began in February 2022. Opening of this phase as per August 2022 from MD of BMRCL is expected around December 2025.

In January 2023, there was an accident when an reinforcement cage of the under-construction metro pier fell on a woman software engineer, Tejaswini Sulakhe and her son Vihan in HBR Layout,[31][32] which led to their eventual death.[33][34] BMRCL announced a financial assistance of ₹ 20 lakh.[35][36] Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai also announced a separate compensation of Rs 10 lakh for each of the deaths from the Chief Ministers’ Relief Fund.[37][38]

Funding

[edit]

The Union and State governments will contribute ₹3,973 crore by way of equity and subordinate debt. Land acquisition costs, estimated at ₹2,762 crore, will be funded by the Government of Karnataka. BMRCL will raise the remaining amount of ₹5,960 crores through loans. In March-2021, it had entered into a loan agreement with JICA for US$318 million (₹2,317 crore). BMRC has raised US$500 million (₹3643 crore) from ADB to fund construction of the Blue Line (Phase-2A and 2B).[39][40]

Thus, financial arrangements have been completed for Phases 2A and 2B. The 58.19-km line is estimated to cost ₹14,788 crores.[41]

On June 10, 2024, Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd. (RVNL) disclosed in a BSE filing that its joint venture with Siemens has secured a contract worth approximately Rs. 762 crore from Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation. This contract encompasses the 750V DC third rail electrification work under package EPC5-CC for the 57 km Blue Line of the Namma Metro.[42]

Stations

[edit]

The Blue Line will have 29 stations.

Interchanges

[edit]

Passenger interchange facilities, connecting to other metro and railway lines, will be provided at the following stations:

Blue Line
Phase-2A
# Station Name Expected Opening [43] Connections Station Layout Platform Level Type
English Kannada
1 Central Silk Board ಕೇಂದ್ರ ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಮಂಡಳಿ June 2026 Yellow Line (Under Construction) Elevated Side
2 HSR Layout ಎಚ್‌ ಎಸ್‌ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ June 2026 Elevated Side
3 Agara ಅಗರ June 2026 Red Line (Approved) Elevated Side
4 Ibbaluru ಇಬ್ಬಲೂರು June 2026 Red Line (Approved) Elevated Side
5 Bellanduru ಬೆಳ್ಳಂದೂರು June 2026 Elevated Side
6 Kadubeesanahalli ಕಾಡುಬೀಸನಹಳ್ಳಿ June 2026 Elevated Side
7 Kodibeesanahalli ಕೋಡಿಬೀಸನಹಳ್ಳಿ June 2026 Elevated Side
8 Marathahalli ಮಾರತಹಳ್ಳಿ June 2026 •Mainline rail interchange Marathahalli Suburban station (UC)  Kanaka 
 Elevated Side
9 ISRO ಇಸ್ರೋ June 2026 Elevated Side
10 Doddanekundi ದೊಡ್ದನೆಕ್ಕುಂದಿ June 2026 Elevated Side
11 DRDO Sports Complex ರ.ಸಂ.ಅ.ಸಂ. ಕ್ರೀಡಾ ಸಂಕೀರ್ಣ June 2026 Elevated Side
12 Saraswathi Nagar ಸರಸ್ವತಿ ನಗರ June 2026 Elevated Side
13 Krishnarajapura ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜಪುರ June 2026 Purple Line
Mainline rail interchange Krishnarajapuram

•Mainline rail interchangeKR Pura Suburban station(UC) Mallige 

 Elevated Side
Phase-2B
14 Kasturi Nagar ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ನಗರ December 2026 Elevated Side
15 Horamavu ಹೊರಮಾವು December 2026 Elevated Side
16 HRBR Layout ಎಚ್‌ ಆರ್‌ ಬಿ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ December 2026 Elevated Side
17 Kalyan Nagar ಕಲ್ಯಾಣ ನಗರ December 2026 Elevated Side
18 HBR Layout ಎಚ್‌ ಬಿ ಆರ್ ಬಡಾವಣೆ December 2026 Elevated Side
19 Nagawara ನಾಗವಾರ December 2026 Pink Line (Under Construction) Elevated Side & Island
20 Veerannapalya ವೀರಣ್ಣಪಾಳ್ಯ December 2026 Elevated Side
21 Kempapura ಕೆಂಪಾಪುರ December 2026 Orange Line (Approved) Elevated Side
22 Hebbala ಹೆಬ್ಬಾಳ September 2026 Mainline rail interchangeHebbal suburban railway station(UC) Mallige 

Bus interchangeHebbal TTMC (Planned)

Orange Line (Approved);

Red Line (Approved)

Elevated Side
23 Kodigehalli ಕೊಡಿಗೇಹಳ್ಳಿ September 2026 Elevated Island
24 Jakkur Cross ಜಕ್ಕೂರು ಅಡ್ಡ September 2026 Elevated Island
25 Yelahanka ಯಲಹಂಕ September 2026 Elevated Island
26 Bagalur Cross ಬಾಗಲೂರು ಅಡ್ಡ September 2026 Elevated Island
27 Doddajala ದೊಡ್ಡಜಾಲ September 2026 •Mainline rail interchangeDoddajala Suburban station (UC)  Parijata 
 Elevated Side
28 Airport City ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ನಗರ September 2026 Airport City (Proposed) At-Grade Side
29 KIAL Terminals ಕ ಅಂ ವಿ ನಿ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ September 2026 Kempegowda International Airport Underground Island

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Bengaluru: Namma Metro's first U-girder launched on ORR". The Times of India. 19 June 2022.
  2. ^ "BMRCL launches U Girder for the first time on ORR-Airport metro line". The Hindu. 19 June 2022.
  3. ^ "BMRCL to switch to U-girders for ORR, KIA Metro lines". The Times of India. 16 September 2019.
  4. ^ "Metro line to Bengaluru Airport to be ready by June 2026: D K Shivakumar".
  5. ^ "Karnataka deputy CM DK Shivakumar clarifies on upcoming new metro lines in Bengaluru. Details".
  6. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (12 February 2024). "Namma Metro link to Bengaluru airport will be completed by June 2026: Governor". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 February 2024. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ "DPR for Metro link to BIA in five months". Deccan Herald. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  8. ^ "Bangalore Metro Rail yet to decide on route for Airport Line". Archived from the original on 12 August 2019.
  9. ^ "Metro line from Silk Board to KR Puram to be fast-tracked". The Times of India. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  10. ^ "KR Puram-Silk Board Metro line gets Cabinet approval". Deccan Herald. 2 March 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  11. ^ "Bangalore High-Speed Rail Link". Railway Technology. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  12. ^ "Cost, viability nix high-speed rail link to Bengaluru International Airport". The Times of India. 19 October 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  13. ^ "Now, suggest a Namma Metro route to the airport". Deccan Herald. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  14. ^ "Central funding brightens prospects of metro line to Bengaluru airport". The Hindu. 14 January 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  15. ^ Kidiyoor, Suchith (7 December 2016). "Bengaluru wants KIA Metro line via Nagawara". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  16. ^ "Bangalore Metro Rail yet to decide on route for Airport Line – RailNews Media India Ltd". Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  17. ^ "Govt finalises KIA metro link route". Deccan Herald. 13 May 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  18. ^ "Bengaluru Metro airport line to now run through Hebbal". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Karnataka government clears suburban rail project, Metro to airport". The Times of India. 11 January 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  20. ^ a b "Bengaluru: Dead lines of Namma Metro". Deccan Herald. 25 January 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  21. ^ "9 Companies Bid for Namma Metro's ORR Project". Urban Railways. 16 March 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  22. ^ "Namma Metro ORR line tender receives 14 bids". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  23. ^ a b Singh, Neha (4 June 2020). "BMRCL expecting central nod on ORR Metro Corridor in Next 3 months". Metro Rail News. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  24. ^ a b Menezes, Naveen. "Bengaluru Metro Corp to Blame for ORR, Airport Lines Delay?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  25. ^ a b "Bengaluru Metro: Govt approves 58-km phase 2 project, to cost 14,788 crore". mint. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  26. ^ "Soil testing marks start of work on Namma Metro ORR line". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  27. ^ "Kempe Gowda International Airport Metro link DPR ready, but for Phase 2 or 3?". Bangalore Mirror. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  28. ^ "Bengaluru Metro | BMRC plans two metro stations at Bengaluru Airport". Metro Rail News. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  29. ^ "Public-Private Partnership between Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) and Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) for Airport section of the ORR-Airport Metro: Signing of MoU". Public-Private Partnership between Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) and Bangalore International Airport Limited (BIAL) for Airport section of the ORR-Airport Metro: Signing of MoU. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  30. ^ "Embassy Group signs MoU with BMRCL for Bettahalasur Metro Station". Moneycontrol. 8 September 2020. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  31. ^ "Metro pillar crash: Sudden loss leaves Bengaluru family shattered". The Times of India. 12 January 2023.
  32. ^ "'I wish I had died too': Husband recalls Bengaluru metro accident horror". 11 January 2023.
  33. ^ "Bengaluru metro structure falls; techie, kid killed". The Times of India. 11 January 2023.
  34. ^ "What caused the under-construction metro pier in Bengaluru to fall?". 11 January 2023.
  35. ^ "Metro structure falls on family of 4, kills mother & toddler-son in Bengaluru". The Times of India. 11 January 2023.
  36. ^ "I regret not insisting on her to work from home, says mother-in-law of Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim". 10 January 2023.
  37. ^ "'I will pay you Rs 1 crore. Can you bring back my daughter and grandson?': Bengaluru Metro pillar collapse victim's father". 11 January 2023.
  38. ^ "Bengaluru News Highlights: Woman, her son die after under-construction metro pillar collapses in Hennur CM Bommai announces Rs 10 lakh compensation each". 9 January 2023.
  39. ^ "Metro Seeks ₹3.5k cr from ADB - The Economic Times - Bangalore, 2/26/2019". epaper.timesgroup.com. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  40. ^ "ADB approves $500 million loan for Silk Board-airport metro". Deccan Herald. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  41. ^ "BMRCL signs loan agreement with ADB". The Hindu. 20 August 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  42. ^ Staff Reporter (12 June 2024). "Bangalore Metro: Siemens - RVNL JV Bags Rs. 762 Crore Electrification Contract Of Blue Line - Metro Rail News". Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  43. ^ B.P, Darshan Devaiah (29 November 2024). "Bengaluru metro's Pink Line to be opened by December 2025; Blue Line to KIA by 2026". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 29 November 2024.
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