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Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign

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Walter Mondale for President 1984
Campaign1984 Democratic primaries
1984 U.S. presidential election
CandidateWalter Mondale
42nd Vice President of the United States
(1977–1981)
Geraldine Ferraro
U.S. Representative for New York's 9th district
(1979–1985)
AffiliationDemocratic Party
StatusAnnounced: February 21, 1983
Presumptive nominee: June 6, 1984
Official nominee: July 19, 1984
Lost election: November 6, 1984
Key peopleJames A. Johnson (campaign chairman)[1]
Bob Beckel (campaign manager)
Paul Tully (deputy campaign manager)
Bert Lance (general chairman; resigned on August 3, 1984)[2]
Maxine Isaacs (press secretary)
Tom Donilon (convention director)
Peter D. Hart (pollster)
John R. Reilly (senior advisor & VP Vetter)
Michael S. Berman (senior advisor & liaison with the Democratic National Committee)
Richard Moe (senior advisor)
Marty Kaplan (speechwriter)
Roy Spence (television adviser)
Pat Caddell (debate prep)[3]
SloganAmerica Needs a Change
For New Leadership
America Needs New Leadership
Where's the beef?

The Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign began on February 21, 1983, when Walter Mondale, a former Minnesota senator and vice president of the United States, announced that he was running for president in a speech at the Minnesota State Capitol.[4] Mondale won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination after convincing Frank Lautenberg, a previously unpledged party delegate, to support him. Lautenberg's vote gave Mondale the 1,967 delegate votes needed to become the Democratic Party's nominee.[5] Mondale picked Geraldine Ferraro, a U.S. representative from New York, as his running mate.

Mondale lost the general election, held on November 6, 1984, to incumbent Republican President Ronald Reagan in a landslide.[6] Had Mondale been elected, he would have been the first U.S. president from Minnesota and the first non-incumbent vice president since Richard Nixon to take office as president. Ferraro would also have been the country's first female vice president, and the first person from New York since Nelson Rockefeller to become vice president, whereas her husband, John Zaccaro, would also have been the country's first second gentleman.

Background

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Main article: Walter Mondale

A former United States Senator from Minnesota, Mondale considered running for the Democratic nomination in the 1976 presidential election, but he dropped out of the race on November 21, 1974, after having built a campaign for two years. When he dropped out, he said that he felt he lacked "the overwhelming desire to be President" and wanted to avoid "sleeping in Holiday Inns." In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential election, with Mondale as his running mate. Mondale served as vice president under Carter from 1977 to 1981.[7] In January 1981, shortly before Mondale left office as vice president, CBS News reported that he had decided to run for president in 1984.[8]

Gaining the nomination

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Democratic presidential primaries

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Main article: 1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries
Mondale at a presidential forum in September 1983

Mondale's opponents in the race for the Democratic nomination in 1984 included Reubin Askew, Jesse Jackson, George McGovern, and Gary Hart.[9] In early polls, Mondale had a comfortable lead over his primary rivals, and he was considered the front-runner for the nomination by odds makers.[9][10] John Glenn was considered Mondale's closest rival early in the race, but Glenn's campaign collapsed early on, as did most of the other Democratic candidates' campaigns.[9] In 1983, Mondale was endorsed by almost all AFL–CIO leaders, as well as by the National Organization for Women, who had not endorsed a candidate since they were founded 17 years earlier.[11][12]

After Mondale trounced Hart in the February 20, 1984 Iowa caucuses, getting 48% of the vote to Hart's 16%, many in the media thought that the primaries were effectively over.[10] Mondale's fate soon began to turn, however, after Hart won the New Hampshire primary, which cost Mondale his front-runner status. In an attempt to regain it, he effectively deployed the phrase "Where's the beef?" to cast doubt on Hart's claim that he offered "new ideas."[9] During the course of all the primaries, Mondale got about 6.8 million votes, Hart 6.5 million, and Jackson 3.3 million.[10]

Mondale clinched the nomination in June 1984 by receiving significantly more votes from superdelegates than Hart did. Lautenberg then stated, "I believe it is time for Gary Hart to come home to the Democratic party and behind the nomination of Walter Mondale." Nevertheless, Hart refused to concede and instead announced his intention to challenge the results at the party's upcoming convention.[5]

Democratic National Convention

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Further information: 1984 Democratic National Convention

Shortly before the 1984 Democratic National Convention, Mondale chose Bert Lance to be his campaign's general chairman, and unsuccessfully attempted to remove Charles Manatt from his position as party chairman. Mondale and his campaign stopped their effort to oust Manatt in response to protests from party leaders. On Mondale's decisions, one anonymous Democratic Party aide told the New York Times: "It's a disaster. People are gulping hard. No one knows why he did it."[13] His choice of Lance proved controversial because Lance had previously left his job in the Carter administration amid charges of bank fraud (of which he was later exonerated).[14]

Mondale and Ferraro campaigning in 1984

Mondale picked three-term Congresswoman Geraldine Ferraro to be his running mate on July 12, 1984, making her the first woman nominated for vice president by a major U.S. political party.[15] The pick was intended to energize Mondale's campaign, which it did at first. This effect proved short-lived, however, as it was soon overshadowed by a scandal involving Ferraro's and her husband's finances.[9]

Shortly before the general election, Mondale defended his choice of Ferraro as his running mate against Reagan, who had recently said that her nomination was not a major breaking point. Mondale replied that he chose Ferraro "because she's the best," adding that "She is far better prepared for her position than Mr. Reagan was when he was elected president of the United States."[16]

Mondale officially accepted the Democratic Party's nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention. He delivered his acceptance speech on the night of July 19, 1984, climaxing that year's convention.[17] During the speech, Mondale controversially vowed to raise taxes but claimed that Reagan would also do so: "He won't tell you. I just did."

Many observers were surprised by Mondale's decision to call for raising taxes on millions of voters openly during a presidential election, with Reagan campaign consultant Stuart Spencer telling CBS, "I've never heard a politician say he is going to raise taxes to 30 million, 40 million, 50 million people in a campaign."[18] Some of Mondale's fellow Democrats also distanced themselves from his tax plan.[19]

Campaign

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Reagan and Mondale during the second presidential debate (October 21, 1984)

During the general election, over a dozen political professionals doubted whether Mondale was appealing enough as a person to win the election and questioned his decision to spend considerable time campaigning in states that he had almost no chance of winning. Some of these professionals also told the New York Times that they were "amazed" at the sloppy preparation the campaign put into organizing events.[20] In October 1984, shortly before the election, Mondale attempted to focus on trying to win California. That effort included spending over $3 million on television advertising there and flying Mondale in for a rally shortly thereafter. That was part of his strategy to try to win at least one big Sun Belt state.[21]

In the general election, Mondale was endorsed by The New York Times, The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Detroit Free Press, and the Atlanta Journal-Constitution, among other newspapers.[22][23]

Endorsements

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List of Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign endorsements
Presidents
U.S. Senate
U.S. House of Representatives
Governors
Statewide officials
State legislative leaders
State legislators
Party officials
Organizations

Results

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Main article: 1984 United States presidential election

Soon after the election, Democrats offered multiple different theories for why Mondale lost in a landslide: Jesse Jackson argued that the Democrats had pandered too much to white men, and Mondale himself said in February 1985 that he lost because of his inability to appear compelling on television. William Raspberry disagreed with Mondale's self-assessment and argued, "What cost Mondale was the perception that Reagan, while perhaps on the wrong side of a number of specific issues, generally stood for what most Americans stood for, while Mondale, though often on the right side of the specifics, didn't really stand for anything at all."[40] Writing in the Washington Post in March 1985, Mark Shields argued, "The single, biggest mistake made by candidate Mondale and his campaign was the failure to endorse and to embrace the Fair Tax plan of Sen. Bill Bradley (D–N.J.) and Rep. Dick Gephardt (D–Mo.)."[41]

References

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  1. ^ "EXPANDING MONDALE'S TIGHT CIRCLE OF ADVISERS". New York Times. July 22, 1984. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  2. ^ "LANCE QUITS POST IN MONDALE DRIVE OVER 'OLD CHARGES". New York Times. August 3, 1984. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  3. ^ "REAGAN AND MONDALE POLISH DEBATE STRATEGY". New York Times. October 4, 1984. Retrieved February 22, 2022.
  4. ^ "Walter Mondale announces candidacy for president". Minnesota Public Radio. 1983-02-21. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  5. ^ a b Rosenbaum, David E. (1984-06-07). "Democratic Leaders Put Mondale on Top in a Day of Decision". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  6. ^ Raines, Howell (1984-11-07). "Reagan Wins By a Landslide, Sweeping at Least 48 States; G.O.P. Gains Strength in House". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  7. ^ "U.S. Senate: Walter F. Mondale, 42nd Vice President (1977-1981)". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  8. ^ "Vice President Walter Mondale has decided to run for". UPI. 1981-01-14. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  9. ^ a b c d e "United States presidential election of 1984". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  10. ^ a b c Greenfield, Jeff (2007-09-07). "Remember 1984". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  11. ^ Peterson, Bill (1983-12-11). "Mondale Wins Endorsement of NOW, Black Alabama Democrats". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  12. ^ King, Seth S. (1983-10-09). "Labor Gives Mondale All That It's Got". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  13. ^ Raines, Howell (1984-07-16). "Mondale's Changes at the Last Minute". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  14. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (1984-07-22). "Expanding Mondale's Tight Circle of Advisers". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  15. ^ "Ferraro named vice presidential candidate". HISTORY.com. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
  16. ^ "Walter Mondale drew his biggest crowd of the campaign". UPI. 1984-11-01. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  17. ^ Weinraub, Bernard (1984-07-20). "SHAPING MONDALE ACCEPTANCE SPEECH TOOK WEEKS OF DEBATE, WRITER SAYS". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  18. ^ "Walter Mondale's warning that taxes must be increased to". UPI. 1984-07-20. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  19. ^ "WALTER MONDALE & THE ISSUES". Christian Science Monitor. 1984-10-03. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2018-09-27.
  20. ^ "Mondale Strategists View Debates as Key to Galvanizing Campaign". The New York Times. 1984-09-16. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  21. ^ Raines, Howell (1984-10-28). "Mondale Pressing Campaign Effort to Win California". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-18.
  22. ^ "Reagan Is Endorsed by Several Papers; Mondale by Others". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1984-10-29. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  23. ^ "The Atlanta Constitution endorsed Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale". UPI. 1984-10-19. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  24. ^ "Carter Backs Mondale For Presidency in 1984". 11 May 1982.
  25. ^ "Isle Caucus Avoids Choice". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. March 14, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  26. ^ a b "Isles' delegates mostly 'uncommitted'". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. March 14, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on March 21, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ a b Lynn, Frank (March 7, 1984). "Hart Scores Again In Vermont Vote". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 17, 2024.
  28. ^ "MCGOVERN, ENDORSING MONDALE, URGES 'STIRRING VISION' FOR NATION". 14 June 1984.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Roberti Endorses". Napa Valley Register. March 10, 1984. p. 13. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ a b c d e "Mondale says he's offering voters a 'real Democrat'". The Gazette. January 29, 1984. p. 24A. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  31. ^ a b "Primaries". Star-Gazette. June 3, 1984. p. 6A. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  32. ^ "Andrus urges female Demo running mate". South Idaho Press. June 10, 1984. p. 3. Archived from the original on February 20, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  33. ^ "Hart, Mondale showdown today in state". Casper Star-Tribune. March 10, 1984. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  34. ^ "Florida Governor Endorses Mondale". 14 June 1982.
  35. ^ "Roberti Endorses". Napa Valley Register. March 10, 1984. p. 13. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  36. ^ Raines, Howell (January 29, 1984). "Southern Primaries Could Spell Trouble for Glenn". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2024.
  37. ^ "Many voters still undecided, 'soft'". The Des Moines Register. February 5, 1984. p. 5A. Archived from the original on February 13, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  38. ^ Broder, David (August 28, 1984). "Anderson To Endorse Mondale". Washington Post.
  39. ^ Peterson, Bill (1983-12-11). "Mondale Wins Endorsement of NOW, Black Alabama Democrats". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  40. ^ Raspberry, William (1985-02-20). "The Real Reason Mondale Lost". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  41. ^ Shields, Mark (1985-03-15). "Mondale's Mistake". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
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