White-shouldered starling
| White-shouldered starling | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Sturnidae |
| Genus: | Sturnia |
| Species: | S. sinensis
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| Binomial name | |
| Sturnia sinensis (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
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| Synonyms | |
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Sturnus sinensis | |
The white-shouldered starling (Sturnia sinensis) is a species of bird in the starling family Sturnidae. It breeds in southern China and northern Vietnam; it winters in Southeast Asia.
Taxonomy
[edit]The white-shouldered starling was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the orioles in the genus Oriolus and coined the binomial name Oriolus sinensis.[2] The specific epithet sinensis is Modern Latin for "Chinese".[3] Gmelin based his description on "Le Kink" from China that had been described in 1775 by the French polymath the Comte de Buffon in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux.[4] A hand-coloured engraving by François-Nicolas Martinet was published to accompany Buffon's text.[5]
The white-shouldered starling was formerly placed in the genus Sturnus. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2008 found the genus was polyphyletic.[6] In the reoganization to create monotypic genera, the white-shouldered starling was one of five starlings moved to the resurrected genus Sturnia that had been introduced in 1837 by René Lesson. The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.[7]
Description
[edit]The white-shouldered starling has blue eyes, a grey bill, and a white patch on the shoulder. The adult male has a light brown head and breast and a white belly while an adult female is darker brown on the back and belly. This bird is usually found in large flocks.[8]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The bird can be found in Asian countries including Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam.[9] Common names for the white-shouldered starling are gray-backed myna, Chinese myna, Chinese starling, and Mandarin myna.[9]
Conservation status
[edit]The conservation status of the white-shouldered starling is that of "Least Concern".[10]
References
[edit]- ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Sturnia sinensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22710877A94265438. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710877A94265438.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
- ^ Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 394.
- ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 357. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1775). "Le Kink". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 3. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. p. 253.
- ^ Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Le Kink, de la Chine". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 7. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 617.
- ^ Zuccon, D.; Pasquet, E.; Ericson, P.G.P. (2008). "Phylogenetic relationships among Palearctic–Oriental starlings and mynas (genera Sturnus and Acridotheres: Sturnidae)". Zoologica Scripta. 37 (5): 469–481. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00339.x.
- ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Nuthatches, Wallcreeper, treecreepers, mockingbirds, starlings, oxpeckers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ "White-shouldered Starling - eBird". ebird.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- ^ a b "White-shouldered Starlings | Beauty of Birds". www.beautyofbirds.com. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
- ^ "White-shouldered Starling (Sturnia sinensis) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2022-04-13.
- BirdLife International 2004. Sturnus sinensis. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 24 July 2007.
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