William Metcalfe

The Reverend
William Metcalfe
The Reverend William Metcalfe
	Portrait from History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church
Born	March 11, 1788; Orton, Westmoreland, England
Died	October 16, 1862 (aged 74); Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Occupation(s)	Minister, doctor, activist
Years active	1811–1862
Known for	Vegetarianism activism
Spouse	Susanna Wright (m. 1810; died 1854)
Children	1

William Metcalfe (March 11, 1788 – October 16, 1862) was an English-American minister in the Bible Christian Church, homeopathic physician, and activist for vegetarianism, pacifism, temperance and abolitionism. He was a prominent figure in the American vegetarian movement.

Born in 1788, he was converted by William Cowherd in 1809, becoming a Bible Christian Church minister in 1811. He embarked on a journey to the United States in 1817, establishing the Philadelphia Bible Christian Church. Metcalfe and his wife faced challenges due to the beliefs they promoted. Despite the church's financial struggles, Metcalfe actively engaged in preaching, education, and publications addressing societal issues. He played a pivotal role in founding the American Vegetarian Society in 1850 and succeeded William Alcott as its president in 1859. Metcalfe's influence extended through his friendship with leading advocates like Alcott and Sylvester Graham. Metcalfe died in 1872, at the age of 74.

Biography

Early life

William Metcalfe was born in Orton, Westmoreland, on March 11, 1788, to Jonathan and Elizabeth Metcalfe. At the age of 19, he became a clerk in Keighly, Yorkshire. There, he encountered a congregation of Swedenborgians led by Rev. Joseph Wright, to whom Metcalfe became attached. Wright persuaded Metcalfe to study theology, leading him to an academy in Salford, presided over by William Cowherd, the founder of the Bible Christian Church. Cowherd ordained Metcalfe as a minister in 1811. In 1810, Metcalfe married Susanna, a fellow vegetarian and abstainer, who was the daughter of Rev. Joseph Wright;^[1]^: 23 their son, Joseph, was born in the same year.^[1]^: 58

Philadelphia Bible Christian Church

In 1817, Metcalfe, and the Reverend James Clark,^{[note 1]} along with around 40 members of the Bible Christian Church,^{[note 2]} embarked on a journey to the United States under the guidance of Cowherd.^[4] There they formed the Philadelphia Bible Christian Church; it was not only the United States' first vegetarian church but also the inaugural assembly of a substantial community embracing vegetarianism.^[5] Among the group, a portion maintained their vegetarian lifestyle, becoming a foundational force in the emergence of the American vegetarian movement.^[4]

After establishing themselves in the United States, Metcalfe and his wife, endeavored to impart lessons on pacifism, temperance, abolitionism, and vegetarianism to their neighbors—core principles of their faith. Although their church did not achieve widespread popularity, its smaller size was compensated by a dedicated and loyal following.^[6] The community Metcalfe led were vegetarians who not only refrained from consuming meat but also held the conviction that Jesus himself was vegetarian. Despite his amiable and well-regarded nature, Metcalfe faced challenges in expanding his congregation due to his promotion of this belief. Occasionally, he encountered resistance and criticism for his stance on vegetarianism, with newspapers questioning his preaching and character, even labeling him as an "Infidel."^[6]

Metcalfe consistently faced the challenge of maintaining the church's financial stability. Beyond his preaching duties, he devoted his time to instructing in the church's modest school and authored and published two newspapers addressing topics like slavery, temperance, and presumably, vegetarianism.^[6] He also treated patients with homeopathy.^[7]

Vegetarianism activism

Metcalfe was the first outspoken advocate of vegetarianism to gain recognition throughout the Northeastern United States. He later befriended the prominent vegetarianism advocate William Alcott. He also invited guest speakers to Philadelphia, with Sylvester Graham being one of the notable figures.^[5] In 1850 Metcalfe, Graham, Alcott and Russell Trall, established the American Vegetarian Society (AVS) in New York City, drawing inspiration from the Vegetarian Society,^[8] a British organization formed in 1847,^[9] who he served as Foreign Corresponding Secretary.^[10]

Death

In 1854, Metcalfe's wife died. In 1859, following the death of AVS president William Alcott, he was elected as his successor.^[11] Metcalfe himself died on October 16, 1862, at the age of 74, from a pulmonary hemorrhage.^[1]^: 51In 1872, his son published his father's discourses under the title, Out of the Clouds into the Light.^[12]

Publications

Bible Testimony, on Abstinence from the Flesh of Animals as Food: Being an Address Delivered in the Bible-Christian Church (1840)
Memoir of the Rev. William Metcalfe, M.D. Late Minister of the Bible-Christian Church, Philadelphia (1866)
Out of the Clouds: Into the Light (1872)

Notes

^ Not to be confused with James Clark (1830–1905). Clark's surname was also spelled Clarke.^[2]
^ Among the group was Metcalfe's wife,^[3] and his son.^[1]^: 58

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The Maintenance Committee (1917). History of the Philadelphia Bible-Christian Church: From 1817 to 1917. Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott Company.
^ Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013). "CHAPTER ONE Proto-vegetarianism". The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/9781469608921_shprintzen.5. ISBN 978-1-4696-0891-4.
^ "Vegetarianism in North America", Sins of the Flesh, University of British Columbia Press, pp. 308–332, 2009-07-01, doi:10.59962/9780774815116-015, ISBN 978-0-7748-1511-6, retrieved 2024-01-10
^ ^a ^b "History of Vegetarianism". Vegetarian Society. 2007-12-30. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ ^a ^b Lehmkuhl, Vance. "Vegetarianism and Veganism". Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "History of Vegetarianism - Rev. William Metcalfe (1788-1862)". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ "Cornflake Crusade". The Vegetarian Resource Group (VRG). Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ "American Vegetarian Society". International Vegetarian Union. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
^ Avey, Tori (January 28, 2014). "From Pythagorean to Pescatarian – The Evolution of Vegetarianism". PBS Food: The History Kitchen. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
^ Forward, Charles W. (1898). Fifty Years of Food Reform: A History of the Vegetarian Movement in England. London: Ideal Pub. Union. p. 12 – via Internet Archive.
^ Williams, Howard (1883). "William Metcalfe M.D. 1788-1862". The Ethics of Diet – via International Vegetarian Union.
^ "Metcalfe, William, Md". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online. Retrieved 2024-01-10.