1862–63 United States Senate elections

1863 United States Senate election in West Virginia
Needed to win: Majority support of the Joint Session of the Legislature
	Elected U.S. senators ; Waitman Willey (UU); Peter Van Winkle (UU);

1862–63 United States Senate elections
22 of the 68 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections); 25 seats needed for a majority
	Results of the elections:; Democratic gain Democratic hold; Republican gain Republican hold; Unionist Hold Unconditional Unionist Gain; Confederacy
Majority Party before election; ; Republican	Elected Majority Party ; ; Republican

The 1862–63 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states, occurring during the American Civil War. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1862 and 1863, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.^[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 1.

Since many Southern states seceded in 1860 and 1861, six senators resigned to join the Confederacy, and 14 were expelled for supporting the rebellion: these seats were declared vacant. To establish a quorum with fewer members, a lower total seat number was taken into account.

The Republican Party increased their control of the Senate by gaining three seats, bringing their majority to two-thirds of the body. Also caucusing with them were Unionists and Unconditional Unionists, giving them a commanding majority.

Results summary

Senate party division, 38th Congress (1863–1865)

Majority party: Republican (31), later rose to 33
Minority party: Democratic (10)
Other parties: Unionist (4), later dropped to 3; Unconditional Unionist (3), later rose to 4
Vacant: 20, later rose to 22
Total seats: 48, later rose to 50

Change in composition

Before the elections

At the beginning of 1862.

V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇ Fla. No race	V₈ Miss. No race	V₉ Tenn. No race	V₁₀ Texas No race	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
U₄ Md. Unknown	U₃	U₂	U₁	U₁₀ Mo. Expelled	D₉ Minn. Retired	D₈ Del. Ran	D₇ Calif. Ran	D₆	D₅
U₅ Ind. Retired	U₆ Va. Retired	R₃₂ N.J. Retired	R₃₁ Pa. Retired	R₃₀ R.I. Unknown	R₂₉ Wis. Ran	R₂₈ Vt. Ran	R₂₇ Ohio Ran	R₂₆ N.Y. Ran	R₂₅ Mich. Ran
Majority →									R₂₅ Mich. Ran
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂ Conn. Ran	R₂₃ Maine Ran	R₂₄ Mass. Ran
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

As a result of the elections

V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇ Fla. No race	V₈ Miss. No race	V₉ Tenn. No race	V₁₀ Texas No race	D₁	D₂	D₃	D₄
U₄ Md. Hold	U₃	U₂	U₁	D₁₀ Pa. Gain	D₉ N.J. Gain^[c]	D₈ Ind. Gain^[c]	D₇ Del. Re-elected	D₆	D₅
U₅ Va. Hold	UU₁ Mo. Gain^[d]	R₃₂ Minn. Gain	R₃₁ Calif. Gain	R₃₀ R.I. Hold	R₂₉ N.Y. Hold	R₂₈ Wis. Re-elected	R₂₇ Vt. Re-elected	R₂₆ Ohio Re-elected	R₂₅ Mich. Re-elected
Majority →									R₂₅ Mich. Re-elected
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂ Conn. Re-elected	R₂₃ Maine Re-elected	R₂₄ Mass. Re-elected
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

Beginning of the next Congress

V₄	V₃	V₂	V₁
V₅	V₆	V₇	V₈	V₉	V₁₀	D₁	D₂	D₃ Ill. Gain^[c]	D₄
U₄	U₃	U₂	U₁	D₉	D₉ N.J. Gain^[c]	D₈ Ind. Gain^[c]	D₇	D₆	D₅
UU₃ Md. Changed	UU₂ Mo. Changed	UU₁	R₃₁	R₃₀ R.I. Hold^[c]	R₂₉	R₂₈	R₂₇	R₂₆	R₂₅
Majority →									R₂₅
R₁₅	R₁₆	R₁₇	R₁₈	R₁₉	R₂₀	R₂₁	R₂₂	R₂₃	R₂₄
R₁₄	R₁₃	R₁₂	R₁₁	R₁₀	R₉	R₈	R₇	R₆	R₅
V₁₆	V₁₅	V₁₄	V₁₃	V₁₂	V₁₁	R₁	R₂	R₃	R₄
V₁₇	V₁₈	V₁₉	V₂₀

Key:

D_#	Democratic
R_#	Republican
UU_#	Unconditional Unionist
U_#	Unionist
V_#	Vacant

Race summaries

Elections during the 37th Congress

In these elections, the winners were seated during 1862 or in 1863 before March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
Michigan (Class 2)	Kinsley S. Bingham	Republican	1858	Incumbent died October 5, 1861. New senator elected January 17, 1862. Republican hold.	▌Y Jacob M. Howard (Republican) [data missing]
Oregon (Class 2)	Benjamin Stark	Democratic	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired September 12, 1862 when successor elected. New senator elected September 12, 1862. Democratic hold.	▌Y Benjamin F. Harding (Democratic) [data missing]
Rhode Island (Class 1)	James F. Simmons	Republican	1841 1847 (lost) 1856	Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected September 5, 1862.^[2]^[3] Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to the next term.	▌Y Samuel G. Arnold (Republican) 87.65% ▌Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 8.64% ▌Elisha Dyer (Republican) 1.24% ▌Thomas G. Turner (Republican) 1.24% ▌Moses B. Lockwood (Unknown) 1.24%^[3]
Illinois (Class 2)	Orville H. Browning	Republican	1861 (appointed)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term. New senator elected January 12, 1863. Democratic gain.	▌Y William Richardson (Democratic) 63.11% ▌Richard Yates (Republican) 36.89%^[4]
Indiana (Class 1)	Joseph A. Wright	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term, as the next senator had already been elected.	▌Y David Turpie (Democratic) [data missing]
New Jersey (Class 1)	Richard S. Field	Republican	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired January 14, 1863 when successor elected. New senator elected January 14, 1863. Democratic gain. Winner was not elected to the next term.	▌Y James W. Wall (Democratic) [data missing]

Elections leading to the 38th Congress

In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1863; ordered by state.

All of the elections involved the Class 1 seats.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
California	Milton Latham	Democratic	1860 (special)	Incumbent lost re-election. New senator elected as a Democrat in 1862 or 1863. Senator then changed party to Republican after the election. Republican gain.	▌Y John Conness (Democratic) ▌Milton Latham (Democratic) [data missing]
Connecticut	James Dixon	Republican	1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James Dixon (Republican) [data missing]
Delaware	James A. Bayard Jr.	Democratic	1851 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James A. Bayard Jr. (Democratic) [data missing]
Florida	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Stephen Mallory (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1868.	None.
Indiana	Joseph A. Wright	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired. New senator elected in 1862. Democratic gain. Appointee was not a candidate to finish the term; see below.	▌Y Thomas A. Hendricks (Democratic) [data missing]
Maine	Lot M. Morrill	Republican	1861 (special)	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 14 William P. Haines 1^[5]
Maryland	Anthony Kennedy	Unionist	1856–57	Incumbent lost re-election or retired. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Unionist hold.	▌Y Reverdy Johnson (Unionist) [data missing]
Massachusetts	Charles Sumner	Republican	1851 (special) 1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	Y Charles Sumner 74.46% ▌Josiah Gardner Abbott (Democratic) 23.37% ▌Charles Francis Adams Sr. (Republican) 1.09% ▌Caleb Cushing (Democratic) 1.09%^[6]
Michigan	Zachariah Chandler	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Zachariah Chandler (Republican) [data missing]
Minnesota	Henry Mower Rice	Democratic	1858	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Republican gain.	▌Y Alexander Ramsey (Republican) 45 (72.58%) ▌Andrew G. Chatfield (Democratic) 17 (27.42%)^[7]
Mississippi	Vacant since January 21, 1861 when Jefferson Davis (D) resigned.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Missouri	John B. Henderson	Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee elected as an Unconditional Unionist in 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y John B. Henderson (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
New Jersey	John Renshaw Thomson	Democratic	1853 (special) 1857	Incumbent died September 12, 1862. New senator elected in 1862 or 1863. Democratic hold.	▌Y William Wright (Democratic) ▌James Walter Wall (Democratic) [data missing]
New York	Preston King	Republican	1857	Incumbent lost renomination. New senator elected February 3, 1863. Republican hold	▌Y Edwin D. Morgan (Republican) ▌Erastus Corning (Democratic) ▌John Adams Dix (Democratic) ▌Fernando Wood (Democratic) ▌Daniel S. Dickinson (Democratic)
Ohio	Benjamin Wade	Republican	1851 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y Benjamin Wade (Republican) [data missing]
Pennsylvania	David Wilmot	Republican	1861 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected January 13, 1863. Democratic gain.	▌Y Charles R. Buckalew (Democratic) 50.38% ▌Simon Cameron (Republican) 48.87% ▌William D. Kelley (Republican) 0.75%
Rhode Island	James F. Simmons	Republican	1841 1847 (lost) 1856	Incumbent resigned August 15, 1862 before the Senate could vote to expel him. New senator elected in 1862. Republican hold. Winner was not a candidate to finish the term.	▌Y William Sprague IV (Republican) 89.32% ▌James F. Simmons (Republican) 4.85% ▌Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 4.85%^[8]
Tennessee	Vacant since March 4, 1862 when Andrew Johnson (D) resigned to become Military Governor of Tennessee.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1866.	None.
Texas	Vacant since March 23, 1861 when Louis Wigfall (D) withdrew.			Legislature failed to elect during Civil War and Reconstruction. Seat remained vacant until 1870.	None.
Vermont	Solomon Foot	Republican	1850 1856	Incumbent re-elected in 1862.	▌Y Solomon Foot (Republican) [data missing]
Virginia	Waitman T. Willey	Unionist	1861 (special)	Incumbent retired. New senator elected in 1863. Unionist hold.	▌Y Lemuel J. Bowden (Unionist) [data missing]
Wisconsin	James R. Doolittle	Republican	1857	Incumbent re-elected in 1863.	▌Y James R. Doolittle (Republican) [data missing]

Elections during the 38th Congress

In these elections, the winners were elected in 1863 after March 4; ordered by election date.

State	Incumbent			Results	Candidates
State	Senator	Party	Electoral history	Results	Candidates
West Virginia (Class 1)	None (new state)			West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y Peter G. Van Winkle (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
West Virginia (Class 2)	None (new state)			West Virginia admitted to the Union June 19, 1863. Senator elected August 4, 1863. Unconditional Unionist gain.	▌Y Waitman T. Willey (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]
Missouri (Class 3)	Robert Wilson	Unconditional Unionist	1862 (appointed)	Interim appointee retired when successor elected. New senator elected November 13, 1863. Unconditional Unionist hold.	▌Y B. Gratz Brown (Unconditional Unionist) [data missing]

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Illinois (special)

Republican appointee Orville Browning, who had been appointed in June 1861 on the death of Stephen A. Douglas, retired instead of running to finish the class 2 term.

Democrat William Richardson won the January 12, 1863 special election over Governor of Illinois Richard Yates.

Y William Richardson (Democratic) 65 votes (63.11%)
Richard Yates (Republican) 38 votes (36.89%)^[4]

Richardson would lose renomination in the 1865 election to the next term, which Yates would win.

Indiana

Indiana (special)

Democratic incumbent Jesse D. Bright was expelled from the Senate February 5, 1862 for supporting the Confederacy.

The governor appointed Unionist former-Governor Joseph A. Wright February 24, 1862, until a successor could be elected to finish the term.

Democrat David Turpie was elected to finish the term, ending March 3, 1863.

Turpie was not a candidate for the next term, however.

Indiana (regular)

Former United States Representante Thomas A. Hendricks, who had not been a candidate to finish the current term, was elected in 1862 to the next term, starting March 4, 1863.

Maine

First-term Republican Lot M. Morrill was elected to his first full term January 13, 1863.

Y Lot M. Morrill (Republican) 14 votes
William P. Haines 1 vote^[5]

Maryland

Reverdy Johnson won election by an unknown margin of votes, for the Class 1 seat.^[9]

Massachusetts

Two-term Republican Charles Sumner was re-elected.

Y Charles Sumner 137 votes (74.46%)
Josiah Gardner Abbott (Democratic) 43 votes (23.37%)
Charles Francis Adams Sr. (Republican) 2 votes (1.09%)
Caleb Cushing (Democratic) 2 votes (1.09%)^[6]

Sumner would be re-elected again in 1869 and serve until his death in 1874.

Michigan

Michigan (special)

Michigan (regular)

Minnesota

Minnesota's U.S. Senate election was held January 14, 1863 by the state legislature in a joint convention. Alexander Ramsey was a former Whig U.S. Representative from Pennsylvania's 14th Congressional District (1843-1847), former Minnesota Territorial Governor (1849-1853), former mayor of St. Paul (1855), and sitting Minnesota governor (1860-1863). Ramsey's main challengers for the Republican nomination were Cyrus Aldrich, David Cooper, and James Smith during balloting on January 12, 1863.^[7] Andrew G. Chatfield was a former New York state legislator and Associate Justice of the Minnesota Territorial Supreme Court (1849-1858).^[7]


Vote for U.S. Senator in joint session of the Minnesota legislature^[7]
Republican	Alexander Ramsey	45	72.58
Democrat	Andrew G. Chatfield	17	27.42

Mississippi

Missouri

Missouri (regular)

Democrat Trusten Polk was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 1 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) John B. Henderson was appointed January 17, 1862 to finish the term.

Henderson was elected to the next term in 1863.

Missouri (special)

Democrat Waldo P. Johnson was expelled January 10, 1862 from the Class 3 seat for supporting the rebellion. Unionist (and later Unconditional Unionist) Robert Wilson was appointed January 17, 1862 to continue the term, pending a special election.

Fellow Unconditional Unionist Benjamin Gratz Brown was elected and would align with the Radical Republicans. He would retire at the end of his term in 1867 due to ill health.

New Jersey

In both elections, the New Jersey legislature elected its senators in joint convention.

New Jersey (special)

Elected January 14, 1863

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature^[10]
	Candidate	Votes	%
Democratic	James W. Wall	53	67.1
Republican	Richard S. Field	23	29.1
Unknown	William Cook	1	1.3
Republican	William A. Newell	2	2.5

Wall was not elected to the next term, so he only served for less than two months.

New Jersey (regular)

Former senator William Wright was elected February 26, 1863.

Vote for U.S. senator in joint session of the New Jersey legislature^[11]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	William Wright	54	68.4
	Republican	William A. Newell	25	31.6

Wright would serve until his death in 1866.

New York

The New York election was held February 3, 1863 by the New York State Legislature.

Republican Preston King had been elected in February 1857 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1863.

At the State election in November 1861, 22 Republicans and 10 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1862–1863) in the state senate. At the state election in November 1862, Democrat Horatio Seymour was elected governor; and a tied Assembly of 64 Republicans and Democrats each was elected for the session of 1863. In December, in the 15th Senate District, Republican William Clark was elected for the session of 1863 to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Democrat John Willard. The 86th New York State Legislature met from January 6 to April 25, 1863, at Albany, New York.

The election of a Speaker proved to be difficult in the stalemated Assembly. The Democrats voted for Gilbert Dean, the Republicans for Henry Sherwood, of Steuben Co. The Republicans, led by Chauncey M. Depew, became worried about the U.S. Senate election, due to occur on the first Tuesday in February. If the Assembly was not organized by then, the seat would become vacant, and could remain so until the next elected Assembly met in 1864.^[e] The Republicans, with a majority of 14 on joint ballot, were anxious to fill the seat, to have a maximum of support for President Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Senate during the ongoing American Civil War. Theophilus C. Callicot, a Democratic assemblyman from Brooklyn, approached Depew to propose a deal: the Republicans should vote for Callicot as Speaker, and Callicot would help to elect the Republican candidate to the U.S. Senate. Depew put the proposition before the Republican caucus, and they accepted. On January 16, Sherwood and Dean withdrew. The Republicans then voted for Callicot, the Democrats for Eliphaz Trimmer, of Monroe Co. The Democrats, whose intention it was to prevent the election of a U.S. Senator,^[12] managed to postpone the vote for Speaker by filibustering for another ten days, but on January 26, Callicot was elected Speaker on the 92nd ballot (vote: Callicot 61, Trimmer 59, 3 Democrats were absent and 3 Republicans were paired). Thus the Assembly was organized to begin the session of 1863, three weeks late but in time for the U.S. Senate election.^[13]

The caucus of Republican^[f] State legislators met on February 2, State Senator Alexander H. Bailey presided. They nominated Ex-Governor Edwin D. Morgan (in office 1859–1862) for the U.S. Senate. The incumbent senator Preston King was voted down.

**1863 Republican caucus for United States Senator result**
Office	Candidate	Informal ballot	First ballot	Second ballot
U.S. Senator	Edwin D. Morgan	25	39	50
	Preston King	19	16	11
	Daniel S. Dickinson	15	11	13
	Charles B. Sedgwick	11	7	1
	David Dudley Field	7	5	2
	Henry J. Raymond	6	8	9
	Ward Hunt	4
	Henry R. Selden	1
	blank	1

The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met on the evening of February 2, State Senator John V. L. Pruyn presided. They did not nominate any candidate, instead adopting a resolution that "each Democratic member of the Legislature be requested to name for that office such person as he deems proper." They met again on the morning of February 3, and nominated Congressman Erastus Corning. The vote in an informal ballot stood: 28 for Corning, 21 for Fernando Wood, and 18 scattering. Wood's name was however withdrawn and Cornings nomination was made unanimous.

In the Assembly, Edwin D. Morgan received the votes of the 64 Republicans, and Erastus Corning the votes of 62 Democrats. Bernard Hughes (Dem.), of New York City, voted for Ex-Mayor of New York Fernando Wood, and Speaker Callicot voted for John Adams Dix. Thus the vote was tied, and no choice made. Speaker Callicot, although elected by the Republicans, refused to vote for the Republican caucus nominee, insisting in his vote for Dix who had been U.S. Senator and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury as a Democrat, but was now a Union general in the Civil War. A second ballot was then taken, and the Republicans took Callicot's hint, and voted for Dix who was nominated by the Assembly. Thus Callicot kept his part of the bargain, knowing that, on joint ballot, the Republican state senate majority will outvote the Democrats, and elect their candidate. It was just necessary that the Assembly nominate somebody, so that it became possible to proceed to a joint ballot.

In the state senate, Edwin D. Morgan was nominated.

Both houses of the legislature then proceeded to a joint ballot.

Edwin D. Morgan was declared elected after a joint ballot of the state legislature.

House	Republican		Democrat		Also ran
State Senate (32 members)	Edwin D. Morgan	23	Erastus Corning	7
State Assembly (128 members) first ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	64	Erastus Corning	62	John Adams Dix	1	Fernando Wood	1
State Assembly (128 members) second ballot			Erastus Corning	63	John Adams Dix	65
State Legislature (160 members) joint ballot	Edwin D. Morgan	86	Erastus Corning	70	John Adams Dix	1	Daniel S. Dickinson	1

Ohio

Oregon (special)

Pennsylvania

The Pennsylvania election was held January 13, 1863. Charles Buckalew was elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.^[14]

The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 13, 1863, to elect a senator as follows:

State Legislature Results^[14]^[15]
Party		Candidate	Votes	%
	Democratic	Charles R. Buckalew	67	50.38
	Republican	Simon Cameron	65	48.87
	Republican	William D. Kelley	1	0.75
Totals			133	100.00%

Rhode Island

Two-term (once in the 1840s and again until 1863) Republican James F. Simmons resigned August 15, 1862 as the Senate was preparing to expel him for bribery.

Rhode Island (special)

Republican Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island Samuel G. Arnold was elected September 5, 1862 to finish Simmons's term.

Y Samuel G. Arnold (Republican) 87.65%
Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 8.64%
Elisha Dyer (Republican) 1.24%
Thomas G. Turner (Republican) 1.24%
Moses B. Lockwood (Unknown) 1.24%^[3]^[2]

Rhode Island (regular)

Republican Governor of Rhode Island William Sprague IV was elected to the next term.

Y William Sprague IV (Republican) 89.32%
James F. Simmons (Republican) 4.85%
Nathan F. Dixon II (Republican) 4.85%^[8]

Tennessee

Texas

Vermont

Virginia

Wisconsin

West Virginia

There were two races for the new state.

Peter G. Van Winkle and Waitman T. Willey, both Unconditional Unionists, were elected August 4, 1863.

Van Winkle would serve just until the 1869 end of his term.

Before being elected senator from West Virginia, Willey was a senator from Virginia representing the Restored Government of Virginia, presenting their petition to Congress for West Virginia's statehood. He would be re-elected in 1865 to the next term served until the end of that term in 1871.


Party		Candidate	Ballots
Party		Candidate	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th
	Unconditional Union	Waitman Willey	50	Elected
	Unconditional Union	Peter Van Winkle	22	19	23	26	33	46
	Republican	Archibald Campbell	27	26	22	22	15	12
	Democratic	Benjamin H. Smith	24	17	13	5	4	2
	Democratic	Daniel Lamb	Not nominated			6	6	With.
	Scattering		10	6	8	8	9	7
Total			133	68	66	67	67	67
Needed to win			35	35	34	34	34	34

Notes

^ 20 seats would remain vacant due to Southern secession.
^ as Republican Conference Chair
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Same party result in the regular and the special elections, although different winners
^ Also appointed as a Unionist to finish the current term
^ In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.
^ The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.
^ During the first ballot, members were allowed to cast two votes simultaneously, nearly doubling the number of votes in the election. However, the necessary threshold for election stood at a majority of members voting (35) rather than a majority of votes themselves (67), allowing Willey to win on the first ballot. On successive ballots, each member only cast one vote, as there remained only one seat left to fill.

References

^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Manual with rules and orders for the use of the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island manual-1973/74. Providence Press Co.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate - Special Election Race - Sep 05, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Special Race - Jan 12, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ ^a ^b Journal of the Senate of Maine 1863. Augusta, Maine: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State. 1863. p. 57.
^ ^a ^b "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Jan 15, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020. (citing Lowell Daily Citizen and News, January 16, 1863)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d University of Minnesota Libraries, University of Minnesota. "1863 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election". Minnesota Historical Election Archive. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate Race - May 28, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 448–449. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
^ "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 450. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.
^ Important from Albany – New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in The New York Times on January 17, 1863
^ Important from Albany – Mr. Callicott Elected Speaker in The New York Times on January 27, 1863
^ ^a ^b "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1863" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
^ "PA US Senate - 1863". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

Sources and external links

"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present". Senate.gov.
Hough, Franklin Benjamin; Hutchins, Stephen C.; Werner, Edgar Albert, eds. (1867). The New York Civil List., see pg. 568 for U. S. Senators; pg. 443 for state senators 1863; pg. 496ff for Members of Assembly 1863
"Thirty-Eighth Congress – March 4, 1863, to March 3, 1865" (PDF). August 25, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 25, 2009. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
Result state election 1861 in The Tribune Almanac for 1862 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
Result state election 1862 in The Tribune Almanac for 1863 compiled by Horace Greeley of the New York Tribune
Important from Albany – Nomination of Ex-Governor Morgan for United States Senator by the Union Caucus. The Democrats Decline to Make a Nomination in The New York Times on February 3, 1863
Proceedings of the Legislature; Senate... The Adjourned Democratic Caucus in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
Important from Albany – Ex-Governor Morgan Elected U.S. Senator in The New York Times on February 4, 1863
Result in the Senate: Journal of the Senate (86th Session) (1863; pg. 95f)
Result in the Assembly: Journal of the Assembly (86th Session) (1863; pg. 151f and 154)
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006 from the Wilkes University Election Statistics Project

[1] 20 seats would remain vacant due to Southern secession.

[2] s Republican Conference Chair

[Same-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Same party result in the regular and the special elections, although different winners

[5] Also appointed as a Unionist to finish the current term

[16] In 1819, 1825 and 1839, no U.S. Senator could be elected because nobody was nominated by either the Assembly or the State Senate due to stalemated votes.

[19] The newspapers used at the time the terms "Republican", "Republican Union" and "Union" synonymously. Many, but not all, of these legislators had been elected on a Union ticket nominated by Republicans and War Democrats. The word Union also referred to those who supported the incumbent federal administration during the Civil War as opposed to both the Southern "Confederates", and the Anti-War Democrats, headed by Governor Horatio Seymour.

[votes-22] During the first ballot, members were allowed to cast two votes simultaneously, nearly doubling the number of votes in the election. However, the necessary threshold for election stood at a majority of members voting (35) rather than a majority of votes themselves (67), allowing Willey to win on the first ballot. On successive ballots, each member only cast one vote, as there remained only one seat left to fill.

[3] "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.

[RIHathi-6] Manual with rules and orders for the use of the General Assembly of the State of Rhode Island. Rhode Island manual-1973/74. Providence Press Co.

[RISpecial-7] "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate - Special Election Race - Sep 05, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[IllinoisOurCampaigns-8] "Our Campaigns - IL US Senate Special Race - Jan 12, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[Maine-9] Journal of the Senate of Maine 1863. Augusta, Maine: Stevens & Sayward, Printers to the State. 1863. p. 57.

[MassachusettsOurCampaigns-10] "Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Jan 15, 1863". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020. (citing Lowell Daily Citizen and News, January 16, 1863)

[:0-11] University of Minnesota Libraries, University of Minnesota. "1863 Minnesota U.S. Senate Election". Minnesota Historical Election Archive. Archived from the original on August 24, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.

[RIOurCampaigns-12] "Our Campaigns - RI US Senate Race - May 28, 1862". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 16, 2020.

[13] "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 00, 1863". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.

[NJSpecial-14] "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 448–449. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.

[NJGeneral-15] "Journal of the Nineteenth Senate of the State of New Jersey begin the Eighty-seventh Session of the Legislature". Senate Journal. Morristown, New Jersey: Louis C. Vogt: 450. 1863. hdl:2027/njp.32101064301342.

[17] Important from Albany – New Phase In the Struggle for the Speakership. Withdrawal of Mr. Sherwood from the Contest. Mr. Callicott, of Kings, Democrat, Nominated by the Republicans. Filibustering by the Democrats to Prevent a Vote in The New York Times on January 17, 1863

[18] Important from Albany – Mr. Callicott Elected Speaker in The New York Times on January 27, 1863

[results-20] "U.S. Senate Election - 13 January 1863" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 23, 2012.

[21] "PA US Senate - 1863". OurCampaigns. Retrieved December 22, 2012.

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[b]

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