Baharna
.jpg) Bahārna during Muharram | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Indigenous to Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatif, Al-Hasa), with notable presence in UAE, and Iran (Hormozgan province) | |
| Languages | |
| Arabic (Bahrani Arabic, Gulf Arabic) | |
| Religion | |
| Shia Islam |
The Bahārna (Arabic: بُحارنة, lit. 'Buharnah', or Arabic: اِلبحارنه, lit. 'il baharneh'),[1] are an ethnoreligious group of Shia Muslim Arabs indigenous to the historical region of Bahrain. They are generally regarded to be the original inhabitants of Eastern Arabia.[2] They inhabited the area even before the arrival of the Banu Utbah in the 18th century which the Bahraini royal family descends from.[3] Most Bahraini citizens are Baharna. Regions with most of the population are in Eastern Arabia (Bahrain, Qatif, al-Ahsa), with significant populations in Kuwait,[1] United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, Iraq, Khoramshahr, Hormozgan province of Iran.[4][5][6]
Origin
[edit]The origin of the Baharna is debated;[2] there are different theories regarding their origins. Several Western scholars believe the Baharna originate from Bahrain's ancient population and pre-Islamic population which consisted of partially-Christianized Arabs,[7][8] Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists,[7][9][10] Persian Zoroastrians, and a small amount of Jews.[2] According to one historian, Arab settlements in Bahrain may have begun around 300 B.C. and control of the island was maintained by the Rabyah tribe, who converted to Islam in 630 A.D.[11]
Local anecdotal evidence suggests that the Baharna's ancestry is diverse as some word variants spoken in the dialects of the native people of the villages of Bani Jamra and A'ali are only used in places as far as Yemen and Oman, indicating southern Arabian ancestry.[12] Many Baharna families descended from members of the Banu Abdul Qays, who were mostly Nestorian Christians before the seventh century,[13] as-well as the Anizah tribe which is a cousin tribe the Abd Al-Qays and are both part of the greater Rab’ia tribe. Many are also from the Bani Tamim tribe, such as the ruler of Bahrain during the early islamic era, and Al-Azd.[14]
The Bahrani Arabic dialect exhibits Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features.[15][16] The sedentary people of pre-Islamic Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a liturgical language.[9] The Bahrani dialect might have borrowed the Akkadian, Aramaic and Syriac features from Mesopotamian Arabic.[17]
According to Robert Bertram Serjeant, the Baharna may be the last of the "descendants of converts from the original population of Christians (Aramaeans), Jews and ancient Persians/Iranians (Majus) inhabiting the island and cultivated coastal provinces of Eastern Arabia at the time of the Arab conquest".[7][18]
Genetics
[edit]Bahrani people are mostly (around 37~50%) eastern peninsular Arabs and (around 30%~) North West Asian (Iranian, Caucasian, and Mespotamian) according to their genes.[citation needed] Further DNA testing is required.
Etymology
[edit]The term Bahrani serves to distinguish the Bahrana from other Kuwaiti or Bahraini ethnic groups, such as the ethnic Bahraini-Iranians who fall under the term Ajam, as well as from the Sunni Arabs in Bahrain who are known as Al Arab ("Arabs"), such as Bani Utbah.[19] In the United Arab Emirates, the Baharna make up 5% of Emiratis and are generally descended from Baharna coming around 100–200 years ago.[20]
In Arabic, bahrayn is the dual form of bahr ("sea"), so al-Bahrayn means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute.[21] The term appears five times in the Qur'an, but does not refer to the modern island—originally known to the Arabs as "Awal".
Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the island,[22] the seas north and south of the island,[citation needed] or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground.[23] In addition to wells, there are places in the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water, noted by visitors since antiquity.[24]
An alternate theory offered by al-Ahsa was that the two seas were the Persian Gulf and a peaceful lake on the mainland Near Al-Ahsa, known as Al-Asfar Lake; still another provided by Ismail ibn Hammad al-Jawhari is that the more formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.[23]
History
[edit]After the rise of Islam in the 7th century, Bahrain became an important region under the early Islamic Caliphates. The region was originally part of the Rashidun Caliphate, and later the Umayyads and Abbasids. It was during this period that Islam began to spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Bahrain's population, including the Baharnah, were initially Sunni Muslims, as they were in line with the broader Islamic traditions of the time.[citation needed]
The spread of Shia Islam in Bahrain is thought to have gained momentum from the 9th century onward. During this period, political and religious dynamics in the region were shifting, especially with the growing influence of the Ismaili and Twelver Shia movements. The rise of Shia political power in the region, such as the establishment of the Qarmatian state in Bahrain in the 9th century, played a significant role in promoting Shia beliefs.[citation needed]
The Qarmatians, a radical Ismaili Shia sect, established a strong presence in Bahrain around the 9th and 10th centuries. They ruled over Bahrain for several centuries, promoting their distinct form of Shia Islam, which had a significant impact on the local population. The Qarmatians’ influence and their promotion of Shia beliefs contributed to the gradual shift of the Baharnah from Sunni to Shia Islam.[citation needed]
The Safavid dynasty, which established Shia Islam as the state religion in Persia (modern-day Iran) in the 16th century, had a further influence on the Shia communities of Bahrain. Bahrain’s close proximity to Persia, along with political and religious ties, made it easier for Shia Islam to further spread in the region. Persian influence, particularly in trade and religious exchanges, reinforced the practice of Twelver Shia Islam among the Baharnah.[citation needed]
Between 1501-1800 the Safavid Empire, which controlled parts of the Gulf region, including Bahrain, was a Shia-majority empire.[citation needed] The Baharna, being predominantly Shia, generally aligned with the Safavids.[citation needed] However, the region experienced ongoing political and sectarian tensions between the Safavids and their rivals, such as the Ottomans and various Sunni Arab tribes.[citation needed] During the later part of Safavid rule, some Baharna families left Bahrain and sought refuge in Khuzestan, particularly when political instability and conflicts with neighbouring Sunni tribes increased. This phase of migration happened in the 17th century.
After the Safavid Empire fell in the early 18th century, Bahrain became vulnerable to invasions and shifts in power. The Omani invasion of Bahrain in 1717 destabilized the region, causing internal strife and pressure on the Shia Baharna population.[citation needed] The uncertainty and insecurity in Bahrain led some Baharna to migrate to Khuzestan, where they found refuge among local Arab tribes, such as the Muhammarah. This migration was more sporadic but occurred during the early 18th century.[citation needed]
In 1783, the Al Khalifa family, who were Sunni Arabs from the Najd region (modern-day Saudi Arabia), took control of Bahrain after defeating the Persian rulers who were aligned with the Baharna.[citation needed] This shift in power led to increased sectarian tensions, as the predominantly Sunni Al Khalifa rulers imposed their authority over the Shia Baharna population. Many Baharna felt marginalized and oppressed under the new rule. Consequently, a significant number of Baharna families migrated to Khuzestan during the late 18th century, where they settled and integrated with Arab tribes like Banu Kaab and Banu Kanaan.[citation needed]
Throughout the 19th century, Bahrain continued to experience internal conflicts, especially between the ruling Al Khalifa family and the Baharna population. Disputes over land, taxation, and sectarian discrimination pushed more Baharna to seek better conditions elsewhere.[citation needed] During this period, additional Baharna families migrated to Khuzestan, where they joined the earlier waves of migrants. By this time, they had established strong ties with local Arab tribes, including the House of Ghannam and the Al Hilalat.[citation needed]
The journey of return for some Baharnah to their homeland of Bahrain began in 1951, following the intensification of Persian harassment campaigns against the Arabs of Muhammarah. Some of them were politically active within the ranks of the Arab national movement, which aimed to restore Arab rule.[6]
Over the centuries, the Baharnah people increasingly identified with the Shia community, in part due to the social and political dynamics of the region. Shia Islam was often seen as a unifying force against the Sunni rulers or dominant forces in the region, such as the various local ruling families or the Ottoman Empire. As Shia Islam became more integrated into the local identity of the Baharnah, it strengthened the community's sense of unity and distinctiveness within the broader Islamic world.
Notable people
[edit]
- Abdul Hadi Al-Khawaja, Bahraini political activist.
- Ramin Bahrani
- Ayat Al-Qarmizi
- Nabil Rajab
- Mahdi Abu Deeb
- Hassan Mushaima
- Zainab Al-Khawaja, Bahraini political activist and daughter of Abdul Hadi Al-Khawaja.
- Mohammed Haddad
- Mohammed Sayed Adnan
- Mohammed Al-Maskati
- Hussain Al-Sabaa
- Tariq Al-Farsani
- Jassim Al-Huwaidi
- Alaa Hubail, Bahraini footballer.
See also
[edit]Language and culture
Geography
Bahrani People
References
[edit]- ^ a b Zubaydah Ali M. Ashkanani (June 1988). Middle-aged women in Kuwait: Victims of change (Thesis). Durham University. p. 309.
The Social Composition of Failakans
- ^ a b c Al-Rumaihi, Mohammed Ghanim (1973). "Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War" (PDF). Durham University. pp. 46–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 Aug 2022.
- ^ Krieg, Andreas (2017-03-27). Socio-Political Order and Security in the Arab World: From Regime Security to Public Security. Springer. p. 62. ISBN 978-3-319-52243-2.
- ^ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004107632.
- ^ الجزيري, الوسط-محمود. "البحرينيون في بندر لنجة: نزحوا بعاداتهم... فشيَّدوا المنامة في كل زقاق". صحيفة الوسط البحرينية (in Arabic). Retrieved 25 March 2024.
- ^ a b السبع, وسام (2012-12-11). "آل قاروني... ذكريات الغربة الطويلة". صحيفة الوسط البحرينية (in Arabic). Retrieved 2024-09-10.
- ^ a b c Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. pp. XXIV–XXVI. ISBN 978-9004107632.
Thus the elements in the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and administrators, with strong links to Persia, which they maintained close contact; a small sedentary, non-tribal community of Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists; a Persian clergy, who we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and writing more generally, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language.
- ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2006-03-09). A Popular Dictionary of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 9781135797737.
- ^ a b Smart, J. R. (2013). Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780700704118.
- ^ Houtsma, M. Th. (1993). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5. BRILL. p. 98. ISBN 978-9004097919.
- ^ "Bahrain - History Background". education.stateuniversity.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015.
- ^ Language Variation And Change In A Modernising Arab State: The Case Of Bahrain Google Books
- ^ Peter Hellyer. Nestorian Christianity in the Pre-Islamic UAE and Southeastern Arabia, Journal of Social Affairs, volume 18, number 72, winter 2011
- ^ "من هم البحارنة؟ – ســنــوات الــجــريــش" (in Arabic). 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
- ^ Holes, Clive (2002). Non-Arabic Semitic elements in the Arabic dialects of Eastern Arabia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 270–279. ISBN 9783447044912.
- ^ Holes, Clive (2001). Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary. BRILL. pp. XXIX–XXX. ISBN 978-9004107632.
- ^ Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary By Clive Holes. Page XXIX
- ^ Robert Bertram Serjeant (1968). "Fisher-folk and fish-traps in al-Bahrain". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 31 (3). SOAS: 488. JSTOR 614301.
- ^ Lorimer, John Gordon, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia, republished by Gregg International Publishers Limited Westemead. Farnborough, Hants., England and Irish University Press, Shannon, Irelend. Printed in Holland, 1970, Vol. II A, entries on "Bahrain" and "Baharna"
- ^ John Gordon Lorimer. Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf. Vol. II. Geographical and Statistical. 1908. p.241–242
- ^ Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I. "Bahrayn", p. 941. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1960.
- ^ Room, Adrian. Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7.
- ^ a b Faroughy, Abbas. The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf. Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951.
- ^ Rice, Michael. The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf, c. 5000-323 BC. Routledge, 1994. ISBN 0415032687.