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Beppyo shrine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Beppyō shrine (Beppyō Jinja (別表神社)) is a category of Shinto shrine, as defined by the Association of Shinto Shrines.[1] They are considered to be remarkable in some way, and thus given a higher status than other shrines.[2] It is considered the successor to the more detailed modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.

Overview

[edit]

With the abolition of the state administration of shrines on February 2, 1946, the official system of shrine rankings (modern shrine rankings system) was abolished, and another system was established in 1948 to replace it. After the abolition of the shrine rating system, all shrines were considered to be on an equal footing (except for Ise Shrine). However, since it would be inconvenient to treat the former official national shrines and some of the larger shrines in the same way as ordinary shrines with regard to the advancement and retirement of Shinto priests, the "Regulations Concerning the Advancement and Retirement of Officials and Employees" stipulate that special treatment be given to them. Since these shrines are listed in the Beppyō of the regulations, they are called "Beppyō Shrines".[1]

The Beppyō shrine will be given special treatment in terms of personnel, as follows:

  • If a certain level of standards are met, a gonin priest is allowed to be appointed under a priest.
  • Guji and Guji[clarification needed] are not appointed unless they have a rank above the Ming floor (at a general shrine, they are above the Gonjo floor).
  • Only those who have a rank above the front floor can be appointed (at a general shrine, the floor is above the direct floor).
  • Gonjoi is appointed only to those who have a rank above the right floor (at a general shrine, it is above the direct floor).
  • The status of the priest / Guji priest during his tenure is special grade, and those other than the first and second grades are second grade.
  • Appointment and dismissal of priests and priests is not a matter of mandate of the director of the shrine of each prefecture (direct appointment and dismissal of the governing of the Association of Shinto Shrines)

In 1951, the Association of Shinto Shrines issued a notice titled "Selection of Shrines for Beppyō", which outlined the criteria for selecting shrines other than those listed in the government's Beppyō shrine list. The criteria were as follows:

  • History
  • Status of facilities related to the shrine, such as shrine buildings and precincts
  • Number of full-time priests
  • Economic situation in the last three years
  • Activities of the shrine
  • Number and distribution of Ujiko worshippers

As a result of this provision, the number of Beppyō shrines, mainly former prefectural shrines and Protectorate Shrines designated by the Minister of Home Affairs, has gradually increased to 353 as of 2006.

Beppyō shrine is not a rating of shrines, like the rating of a shrine, but a distinction that concerns only the personnel of the Shinto priests. However, the shrines listed in Beppyō are relatively large in terms of the number of shrines, precincts, and priests, and are generally regarded as a kind of rating. In addition, Ise Jingu is not included in the Beppyō shrine as a separate shrine, and the Grand Priest of Jingu is appointed and dismissed by the Imperial Court according to the "Jingu Rules", which gives it special treatment.

List of Beppyō shrines

[edit]
Name Settlement In the formula Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines Other shrines Year of column
Hokkaido
Hokkaidō Shrine Sapporo Chūō-ku, Sapporo Kanpei-taisha (官大) Ezo Ichinomiya 1948
Hakodate Hachiman Shrine Hakodate Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Sumiyoshi Shrine Otaru Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1955
Kamikawa Shrine Asahikawa Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1955
Obihiro Shrine Obihiro Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1976
Tarumaezan Shrine Tomakomai Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1986
Aomori Prefecture
Iwakiyama Jinja Hirosaki Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Mutsu Province Ichinomiya 1948
Saruka Jinja Hirakawa, Aomori Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1959
Iwate Prefecture
Komagata Shrine Ōshū, Iwate Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Rikuchū Province Ichinomiya 1948
Shiwa Inari Shrine [ja] Shiwa District, Iwate Shiwa, Iwate － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Morioka Hachimangū Morioka － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Miyagi Prefecture
Shiogama Jinja Shiogama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Mutsu Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kinkasan Shrine [ja] Ishinomaki Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1952
Takekoma Inari Shrine Iwanuma Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Miyagiken Gokoku Shrine Sendai Aoba-ku, Sendai － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Ōsaki Hachimangū Sendai Aoba-ku, Sendai Village shrines (村社) 2016
Akita Prefecture
Koshiō Shrine Akita (city) Kokushi genzaisha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Taiheiyama Miyoshi Shrine [ja] Akita (city) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Akita Suwa Shrine [ja] Senboku District, Akita Misato, Akita Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Akita Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Akita (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Yamagata Prefecture
Three Mountains of Dewa Gassan Shrine Higashitagawa District, Yamagata Shōnai, Yamagata Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Dewa Shrine Tsuruoka Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Yudonosan Shrine Tsuruoka Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Chōkaisan Ōmonoimi Shrine Akumi District, Yamagata Yuza Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Dewa Province Ichinomiya 1948
Uesugi Shrine Yonezawa, Yamagata － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Kinpō Jinja Tsuruoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kumano Shrine Nan'yō, Yamagata Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Yamagata Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Yamagata － Gokoku Shrine (護国) 1953
Ayukai Hachimangu [ja] Nishiokitama District, Yamagata Shirataka － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Yachi Hachimangu [ja] Nishimurayama District, Yamagata Kahoku, Yamagata － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Chōkai gassan ryōsho-gu [ja] Yamagata － Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1961
Sagae Hachimangu [ja] Sagae － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Hokutan Shrine [ja] Shōnai, Yamagata － District Shrine (郷社) 1961
Fukushima Prefecture
Tsutsukowake Shrine Higashishirakawa District, Fukushima Tanagura, Fukushima Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Mutsu Province Ichinomiya 1948
Isasumi Shrine Ōnuma District, Fukushima Aizumisato Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Fukushima Ninomiya・Iwashiro Province Ichinomiya 1948
Tsutsukowake Shrine Tanagura, Fukushima Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Fukushima Ichinomiya 1948
Ryōzen Shrine Date, Fukushima － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Fukushima Gokoku Shrine [ja] Fukushima － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Ibaraki Prefecture
Kashima Shrine Kashima, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Hitachi Province Ichinomiya・Chokusaisha 1948
Oarai Isosaki Shrine Higashiibaraki District, Ibaraki Ōarai, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Sakatsura Isosaki Shrine Hitachinaka, Ibaraki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Tokiwa Jinja Mito, Ibaraki － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Tsukubasan Shrine Tsukuba Myojin Taisha (名神)・Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Mito Tōshō-gū Mito, Ibaraki － Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Osugi Shrine [ja] Inashiki District Shrine (郷社)
Kasama Inari Shrine Kasama, Ibaraki Village shrines (村社)
Ibaraki Prefectural Gokoku Shrine [ja] Mito, Ibaraki － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Tochigi
Futarasan jinja Tochigi Nikkō Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Shimotsuke Province Ichinomiya 1948
Utsunomiya Futarayama Jinja Tochigi Utsunomiya Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Shimotsuke Province Ichinomiya 1948
Karasawayama Shrine Tochigi Sano, Tochigi － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Gunma Prefecture
Nukisaki Shrine Tomioka, Gunma Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Kozuke Ichinomiya 1948
Gunma Gokoku Shrine [ja] Takasaki － Gokoku Shrine (護国) 1996
Saitama Prefecture
Hikawa Shrine (Saitama) Saitama (city) Ōmiya-ku, Saitama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Saitama Ichinomiya( third Shrine)・Chokusaisha 1948
Kanasana Shrine Kodama District, Saitama Kamikawa, Saitama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei Chūsha (官中) Saitama Ninomiya 1948
Chichibu Shrine Chichibu, Saitama Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Chichibu Province Ichinomiya 1948
Mitsumine Shrine [ja] Chichibu, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Hodosan Shrine [ja] Nagatoro, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Yakyu Inari Shrine [ja] Higashimatsuyama, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Hikawa Shrine (Kawagoe) Kawagoe, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Washinomiya Shrine Kuki, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社) 2001
Koma Shrine Hidaka, Saitama Prefectural Shrine (県社) 2006
Chiba Prefecture
Awa Shrine Tateyama, Chiba Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Awa Province (Chiba) Ichinomiya 1948
Katori Shrine Katori, Chiba Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Shimōsa Province Ichinomiya・Chokusaisha 1948
Tamasaki Shrine Chōsei District Ichinomiya, Chiba Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Kazusa Province Ichinomiya 1948
Komikado Shrine Narita, Chiba － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Chiba Gokoku Shrine [ja] Chiba (city) Chūō-ku, Chiba － Gokoku Shrine (護国) 1996
Tokyo
Meiji Shrine Tokyo Shibuya － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 2010
Hie Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 1948
Ōkunitama Shrine Fuchū, Tokyo Kanpei-shōsha (官小) Chokusaisha・Musashi Province Sōja (Shinto) 1948
Tokyo Daijingu Chiyoda, Tokyo － Former Tokyo Branch Office of Jingu Shichou
Nogi Shrine (Tokyo) Minato, Tokyo － Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Kanda Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo Metropolitan Shrine (府社) Chokusaisha
Tōgō Shrine Tokyo Shibuya － Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Ōmiya Hachiman Shrine (Tokyo) Suginami － Metropolitan Shrine (府社) 1966
Yushima Tenmangū Bunkyō Metropolitan Shrine (府社) 2001
Igusa Hachimangu [ja] Suginami － District Shrine (郷社) 1966
Kanagawa Prefecture
Samukawa Shrine Kōza District, Kanagawa Samukawa Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Sagami Province Ichinomiya 1948
Tsurugaoka Hachimangū Kamakura － Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Sometimes referred to as Ichinomiya, Sagami Province. 1948
Hakone Shrine Ashigarashimo District, Kanagawa Hakone Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Enoshima Shrine Fujisawa, Kanagawa Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Iseyama Kotaijingu [ja] Yokohama － Prefectural Shrine (県社) shrine of religious sect 1953加列

2003削除

2016再加列

Hiratsuka Hachimangu [ja] Hiratsuka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Hōtoku Ninomiya Shrine Odawara － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Inage Shrine [ja] Kawasaki, Kanagawa Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki District Shrine (郷社) 1966
Oyama Aburi Shrine [ja] Isehara, Kanagawa Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Niigata Prefecture
Yahiko Shrine Nishikanbara District, Niigata Yahiko, Niigata Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Echigo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Watatsu Shrine Sado, Niigata Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Sado Province Ichinomiya 1948
Niigata Gokoku Shrine [ja] Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hakusan Shrine [ja] Niigata (city) Chūō-ku, Niigata Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Toyama Prefecture
Takase Shrine Nanto, Toyama Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Toyama Ichinomiya 1948
Oyama Shrine (Tateyama) Nakaniikawa District, Toyama Tateyama, Toyama Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Toyama Ichinomiya 1948
Imizu Jinja Takaoka, Toyama Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Etchū Province Ichinomiya 1948
Toyamaken Gokoku Shrine Toyama city － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hie Shrine (Toyama) [ja] Toyama city － Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1968
Ishikawa Prefecture
Shirayama Hime Shrine Hakusan, Ishikawa Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Kaga Province Ichinomiya 1948
Sugo Ishibe Shrine [ja] Kaga, Ishikawa Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Kaga Province Ninomiya 1948
Oyama Shrine (Ishikawa) Kanazawa － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Onominato Shrine [ja] Kanazawa Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Ishikawa Gokoku Shrine [ja] Kanazawa － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Fukui Prefecture
Kehi Shrine Tsuruga, Fukui Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Echizen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kanegasaki-gū Tsuruga, Fukui － Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Wakasahiko Shrine Obama, Fukui Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Wakasa Province Ichinomiya 1948
Tsurugi Shrine [ja] Nyū District, Fukui Echizen, Fukui (town) Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Echizen Province Ninomiya 1948
Fujishima Shrine Fukui (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Fukui Shrine [ja] Fukui (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Fukui Gokoku Shrine [ja] Fukui (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Shinmei Shrine [ja] Fukui (city) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Yamanashi Prefecture
Ichinomiya Asama Shrine Fuefuki Myojin Ronsha (名神論社) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Kai Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kitaguchi Hongu Fuji Asama Shrine [ja] Fujiyoshida Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Fuji Omuro Asama Shrine [ja] Minamitsuru District, Yamanashi Fujikawaguchiko Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1971
Takeda Shrine Kōfu － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Fuji Yamashitamiya Komuro Asama Shrine [ja] Fujiyoshida District Shrine (郷社) 1957
Yamanashi Gokoku Shrine [ja] Kōfu － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Nagano Prefecture
Suwa-taisha Kamisha Hongu Suwa, Nagano Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Shinano Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kamisha Maemiya Chino, Nagano
Shimosha Harumiya Suwa District, Nagano Shimosuwa
Shimosha Akimiya Shimosuwa Town, Suwa District
Ikushimatarushima Shrine Ueda, Nagano Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Togakushi Shrine Nagano (city) Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Hotaka Shrine Azumino Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Shinano Province third Shrine 1948
Nagano Gokoku Shrine [ja] Matsumoto, Nagano － Gokoku Shrine (護国) 1957
Yohashira Shrine [ja] Matsumoto, Nagano － Village shrines (村社) 1959
Fukashi Shrine [ja] Matsumoto, Nagano Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Tenaga Shrine [ja] Suwa, Nagano Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1968
Takemizuwake Shrine [ja] Chikuma, Nagano Myojin Taisha (名神) Prefectural Shrine (県社) Shinano Province[3] 1971
Nyakuichi Ouji Shrine [ja] Ōmachi, Nagano Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1976
Gifu Prefecture
Nangū Taisha Fuwa District, Gifu Tarui, Gifu Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) Mino Province Ichinomiya 1948
Minashi Shrine Takayama, Gifu Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Hida Province Ichinomiya 1948
Inaba Shrine Gifu Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Mino Province third Shrine 1948
Gifu Gokoku Shrine Gifu － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Sakurayama Hachimangu [ja] Takayama, Gifu Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Shizuoka Prefecture
Mishima Taisha Mishima, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Izu Province Ichinomiya・総社 1948
Fujisan Hongū Sengen Taisha Fujinomiya, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Suruga Province Ichinomiya 1948
Iinoya-gū Hamamatsu Hamana-ku, Hamamatsu － Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Oguni Jinja Shūchi District, Shizuoka Mori, Shizuoka Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Tōtōmi Province Ichinomiya 1948
Shizuoka Sengen Shrine Shizuoka (city) Aoi-ku, Shizuoka Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Izusan Jinja Atami Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Kunōzan Tōshō-gū Suruga-ku, Shizuoka － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Akihasan Hongū Akiha Jinja Tenryū Ward Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Shirahama Shrine [ja] Shimoda, Shizuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Shizuokaken Gokoku Shrine [ja] Aoi Ward, Shizuoka City － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Yaizu Shrine Yaizu Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Oi Shrine [ja] Shimada, Shizuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Gosha Suwa Shrine [ja; fr] Chūō-ku, Hamamatsu Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kinomiya Shrine [ja] Atami Village shrines (村社)
Fuji Rokusho Sengen Shrine [ja] Fuji, Shizuoka Shikinai Shosha District Shrine (郷社)
Aichi Prefecture
Atsuta Shrine Nagoya Atsuta-ku, Nagoya Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Owari Province third Shrine・Chokusaisha 1948
Masumida Shrine Ichinomiya, Aichi Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Owari Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ōagata Shrine Inuyama, Aichi Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Owari Province Ninomiya 1948
Toga Shrine Toyokawa, Aichi Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Mikawa Province Ichinomiya 1948
Tsushima Shrine Tsushima, Aichi Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Owari Ōkunitama Shrine Inazawa Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Owari Province Sōja (Shinto) 1948
Aichi Prefecture Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Nagoya － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Wakamiya Hachiman Shrine Naka Ward, Nagoya City Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1971
Chiryu Shrine [ja] Chiryū Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社) Mikawa Province Ninomiya
Mie Prefecture
Tado Shrine Kuwana, Mie Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) 1948
Aekuni Shrine Iga, Mie Shikinai Taisha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Iga Province Ichinomiya 1948
Yūki Shrine Tsu, Mie － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Kitabatake Shrine Tsu, Mie － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Mie Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Tsu, Mie － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Tsubaki Grand Shrine Suzuka, Mie Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Prefectural Shrine (県社) Ise Province Ichinomiya
Sarutahiko Shrine Ise, Mie － Unranked (無格)
Futami Okitama Shrine Ise, Mie Village shrines (村社)
Shiga Prefecture
Takebe taisha Ōtsu Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Ōmi Province Ichinomiya 1948
Taga-taisha Inukami District, Shiga Taga, Shiga Shikinai Shosha Kanpei-taisha (官大) Omi Kuni Sannomiya 1948
Hiyoshi Taisha Ōtsu Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines・Ōmi Province Ninomiya 1948
Omi Shrine Ōtsu － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 1948
Mikami Shrine Yasu, Shiga Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Omi Kuni Sannomiya 1948
Himure Hachiman-gū Ōmihachiman Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Aga Shrine [ja] Higashiōmi Village shrines (村社)
Shiga Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Hikone, Shiga － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Nagahama Hachimangu [ja] Nagahama, Shiga Prefectural Shrine (県社) 2006
Kyoto Prefecture
Kamigamo Shrine Kyoto Kita-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Yamashiro Province Ichinomiya・Twenty-Two Shrines・Chokusaisha 1948
Shimogamo Shrine Sakyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Yamashiro Province Ichinomiya・Twenty-Two Shrines・Chokusaisha 1948
Iwashimizu Hachimangū Yawata Kokushi genzaisha Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines・Chokusaisha 1948
Shiramine Jingū Kamigyō-ku － Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Matsunoo Taisha Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Hirano Shrine Kita Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Heian Shrine Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 1948
Yasaka Shrine Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Kifune Shrine Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Ōharano Shrine Nishikyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture Kokushi genzaisha Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Yoshida Shrine Sakyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Kitano Tenmangū Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Goō Shrine Kamigyo Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Toyokuni Shrine (Kyoto) Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Kono Shrine Miyazu, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Tango Province Ichinomiya 1948
Atago Shrine (Kyoto) Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Shikinai Shosha Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Kyoto Ryozen Gokoku Shrine Higashiyama Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Osaka Prefecture
Sumiyoshi-taisha Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Settsu Province Ichinomiya・Twenty-Two Shrines 1952
Hiraoka Shrine Higashiōsaka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Kawachi Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ōtori taisha Sakai Nishi-ku, Sakai Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Izumi Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ikukunitama Shrine Osaka Tennōji-ku, Osaka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Minase Shrine Mishima District, Osaka Shimamoto, Osaka － Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Ikasuri Shrine Chūō-ku, Osaka Shikinai Taisha Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Settsu Province Ichinomiya 1948
Abeno Shrine Abeno-ku, Osaka － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Shijōnawate Shrine Shijōnawate － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Osaka Tenmangū Kita-ku, Osaka Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Kōzu-gū Chuo Ward, Osaka City, Osaka Prefecture Metropolitan Shrine (府社)
Imamiya Ebisu Shrine Naniwa-ku, Osaka District Shrine (郷社)
Osaka Gokoku Shrine [ja] Suminoe-ku, Osaka － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hyōgo Prefecture
Izanagi Shrine Awaji, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Awaji Province Ichinomiya 1948
Hirota Shrine Nishinomiya Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Ikuta Shrine Kobe Chūō-ku, Kobe Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Nagata Shrine Nagata-ku, Kobe Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Watatsumi jinja [ja] Tarumi-ku, Kobe Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Minatogawa Shrine Chūō-ku, Kobe, Japan － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Izushi Shrine Toyooka, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Tajima Province Ichinomiya 1948
Iwa Shrine Shisō, Hyōgo Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Harima Province Ichinomiya 1948
Nishinomiya Shrine Nishinomiya Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Itatehyōzu Shrine Himeji Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社) Harima provincial shrine
Hiromine Shrine Himeji Kokushi genzaisha Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Oishi Shrine Akō, Hyōgo － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Tada Shrine Kawanishi, Hyōgo － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Hyogo Himeji Gokoku Shrine [ja] Himeji － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hyogo Prefecture Kobe Gokoku Shrine [ja] Nada-ku, Kobe － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Nara Prefecture
Kasuga-taisha Nara (city) Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines・Chokusaisha 1948
Ōmiwa Shrine Sakurai, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Yamato Province Ichinomiya・Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Ōyamato Shrine Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Isonokami Shrine Tenri, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Hirose Shrine Kitakatsuragi District, Nara Kawai, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Tatsuta Shrine Ikoma District, Nara Sangō, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Niukawakami Jinjakamisha [ja] Yoshino District, Nara Kawakami, Nara － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Niukawakami Shrine Higashiyoshino, Nara Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Niukawakami Jinja Shimosha [ja] Shimoichi, Nara － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1948
Yoshino Shrine Yoshino, Nara － Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Kashihara Shrine Kashihara, Nara － Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 1948
Tanzan Shrine Sakurai, Nara － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Isonozatakumushitama Shrine [ja] Yamatotakada, Nara Shikinai Taisha Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1966
Nara Gokoku Shrine [ja] Nara (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国) 1966
Wakayama Prefecture
Niutsuhime Shrine Ito District, Wakayama Katsuragi, Wakayama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Kii Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kamayama Shrine Wakayama (city) Shikinai Shosha Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Kumano Hongū Taisha Tanabe, Wakayama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Kumano Hayatama Taisha Shingū, Wakayama Shikinai Taisha Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Kumano Nachi Taisha Higashimuro District, Wakayama Nachikatsuura － Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Itakiso Shrine Wakayama (city) Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Kinki Ichinomiya 1948
Tokei Shrine [ja] Tanabe, Wakayama Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1971
Tottori Prefecture
Nawa Shrine Saihaku District, Tottori Daisen, Tottori － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Ube shrine Tottori (city) Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Inaba Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ōgamiyama Shrine Yonago Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Hōki Province Ninomiya 1948
Shitori Shrine (Tottori) Tōhaku District Yurihama, Tottori Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Hōki Province Ichinomiya 1948
Shimane Prefecture
Izumo-taisha Izumo, Shimane Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Izumo Province Ichinomiya・Chokusaisha 1948
Kumano Taisha Matsue Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) Izumo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Miho Shrine Matsue Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Mizuwakasu Shrine Oki District, Shimane Okinoshima, Shimane Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Oki Province Ichinomiya 1948
Hinomisaki Shrine Izumo, Shimane Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Mononobe-jinja [ja] Ōda, Shimane Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Iwami Province Ichinomiya 1948
Susa Shrine Izumo, Shimane Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Sada Jinja Matsue Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Izumo Province Ninomiya 1948
Hirahama Hachimangu [ja] Matsue Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Yaegaki Shrine Matsue Shikinai Shosha Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1981
Taikodani Inari Shrine [ja] Kanoashi District, Shimane Tsuwano, Shimane District Shrine (郷社)
Matsue Gokoku Shrine [ja] Matsue － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hamada Gokoku Shrine Hamada, Shimane － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Okayama Prefecture
Kibitsu Shrine Okayama Kita-ku, Okayama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Bitchū Province Ichinomiya 1948
Nakayama Shrine Tsuyama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Mimasaka Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ani Shrine Higashi-ku, Okayama Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Bizen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kibitsuhiko Shrine Okayama Kita-ku, Okayama － Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Bizen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Okayama Gokoku Shrine [ja] Naka-ku, Okayama － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hiroshima Prefecture
Itsukushima Shrine Hatsukaichi Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Aki Province Ichinomiya 1948
Hayatani Shrine Hatsukaichi Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Aki Province Ninomiya 1948
Nunakuma Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Kibitsu jinja (Bingo) Fukuyama, Hiroshima － Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Bingo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Fukuyama Hachimangū Fukuyama, Hiroshima Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kameyama Shrine [ja] Kure, Hiroshima Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1957
Hijiyama Shrine [ja] Hiroshima Minami-ku, Hiroshima Village shrines (村社) 1959
Bingo Gokoku Shrine Fukuyama, Hiroshima － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Hiroshima Gokoku Shrine Naka-ku, Hiroshima － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Yamaguchi Prefecture
Akama Shrine Shimonoseki － Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Sumiyoshi Shrine Shimonoseki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Nagato Province Ichinomiya 1948
Toyosaka Shrine [ja] Yamaguchi (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Noda Shrine [ja] Yamaguchi (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Tamanooya Shrine Hōfu Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Suō Province Ichinomiya 1948
Iminomiya Shrine Shimonoseki Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Nagato Province Ninomiya 1948
Hōfu Tenmangū Hōfu Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kotozaki Hachimangu [ja] Ube, Yamaguchi Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kameyama Hachimangū Shimonoseki Prefectural Shrine (県社) Nagato Province third Shrine
Yamaguchi Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Yamaguchi (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Tokushima Prefecture
Inbe Shrine Tokushima (city) Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Ōasahiko Shrine Naruto, Tokushima Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Awa Province (Tokushima) Ichinomiya 1948
Tsunomine Shrine [ja] Anan, Tokushima District Shrine (郷社) 1950
Tokushima Gokoku Shrine [ja] Tokushima (city) yam Gokoku Shrine (護国) 2016
Kagawa Prefecture
Tamura jinja Takamatsu Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Sanuki Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ehime Prefecture
Ōyamazumi Shrine Imabari, Ehime Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) Iyo Province Ichinomiya 1952
Isono Shrine Saijō, Ehime Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Ishizuchi Shrine [ja] Saijō, Ehime Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Warei Shrine [ja] Uwajima, Ehime Prefectural Shrine (県社) 1953
Iyozu Hikomei Shrine [ja] Matsuyama Myojin Taisha (名神) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Ehime Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Matsuyama － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Kōchi Prefecture
Tosa jinja Kōchi (city) Shikinai Taisha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Tosa Province Ichinomiya 1948
Ushioe Tenmangu shrine [ja] Kōchi (city) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kochi Gokoku Shrine [ja] Kōchi (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Fukuoka Prefecture
Kashii-gū Fukuoka Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Kokushi genzaisha Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chokusaisha 1948
Munakata Taisha Munakata, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Hakozaki Shrine Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Chikuzen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kōra taisha Kurume Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) Chikugo Province Ichinomiya 1951
Hikosan Jingū Tagawa District, Fukuoka Soeda, Fukuoka Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Dazaifu Tenmangū Dazaifu, Fukuoka Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Kamado Shrine Dazaifu, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-shōsha (官小) 1948
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Fukuoka) Hakata-ku, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-shōsha (官小) Chikuzen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Shikaumi Shrine Higashi-ku, Fukuoka Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-shōsha (官小) 1948
Miyajidake Shrine Fukutsu, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kurume Suitengū Kurume City Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kushida Shrine Hakata-ku, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Furogu Shrine Ōkawa, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Tobata Hachimangu [ja] Kitakyushu Tobata-ku, Kitakyūshū Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kosou Hachimangu [ja] Moji-ku, Kitakyūshū Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Umi Hachiman-gū Kasuya District, Fukuoka Umi, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Otomi Shrine [ja] Buzen, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Terumo Shrine Chūō-ku, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Noso Hachimangu [ja] Iizuka, Fukuoka Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Washio Atago Shrine [ja] Nishi-ku, Fukuoka District Shrine (郷社)
Wakamatsu Ebisu Shrine [ja] Wakamatsu-ku, Kitakyūshū Village shrines (村社)
Fukuoka Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Chūō-ku, Fukuoka － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Tokaebisu Shrine [ja] Hakata Ward, Fukuoka City
Saga Prefecture
Saga Shrine [ja] Saga (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Tashima Shrine Karatsu, Saga Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Chiriku Hachiman Shrine Miyaki District, Saga Miyaki, Saga Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Hizen Province Ichinomiya 1948
Yūtoku Inari Shrine Kashima, Saga － Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Saga Gokoku Shrine [ja] Saga (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Nagasaki Prefecture
Sumiyoshi Shrine (Iki City) Iki, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Kaijin Shrine Tsushima, Nagasaki Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Tsushima Province Ichinomiya 1948
Suwa Shrine (Nagasaki) Nagasaki － Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 1948
Kameyama Hachimangu Shrine [ja] Sasebo Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Nagasaki Gokoku Shrine Nagasaki － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Kumamoto Prefecture
Aso Shrine Aso, Kumamoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Higo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Yatsushiro-gū Yatsushiro － Kanpei-chūsha (官中) 1948
Kikuchi Shrine Kikuchi, Kumamoto － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Fujisaki Hachimangū Kumamoto Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) 1948
Aoi Aso Shrine Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kumamoto Gokoku Shrine [ja] Kumamoto － Equivalent to Gokoku Shrine 1959
Takahashi Inari Shrine Kumamoto － Unranked (無格)
Ōita Prefecture
Usa Jingū Usa, Ōita Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Buzen Province Ichinomiya・Chokusaisha 1948
Sasamuta-jinja Ōita (city) Shikinai Taisha Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Bungo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Yusuhara Hachimangū Ōita (city) Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Bungo Province Ichinomiya 1948
Hachiman Asami Shrine [ja] Beppu Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Kasuga Shrine [ja] Ōita (city) Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Oita Gokoku Shrine [ja] Ōita (city) － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Miyazaki Prefecture
Miyazaki-jingū Miyazaki (city) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Udo-jingū Nichinan, Miyazaki Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Tsuno Shrine Koyu District, Miyazaki Tsuno, Miyazaki Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Hyūga Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kanhashira-gū [ja; fr] Miyakonojō Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Sano Shrine [ja] Nishimorokata District, Miyazaki Takaharu, Miyazaki Prefectural Shrine (県社)
Aoshima Shrine Miyazaki (city) Village shrines (村社)
Takachiho Shrine Nishiusuki District, Miyazaki Takachiho, Miyazaki Kokushi genzaisha Ronsha Village shrines (村社) 1971
Amanoiwato Shrine Takachiho Town, Nishiusuki District Village shrines (村社)
Miyazaki Gokoku Shrine [ja] Miyazaki (city) Equivalent to Gokoku Shrine
Kagoshima Prefecture
Kirishima-Jingū Kirishima, Kagoshima Shōsha Ronsha (小社論社) Kanpei-taisha (官大) 1948
Kagoshima Shrine Kirishima, Kagoshima Shikinai Taisha Kanpei-taisha (官大) Ōsumi Province Ichinomiya 1948
Terukuni jinja Kagoshima － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1948
Nitta Shrine Satsumasendai, Kagoshima Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Satsuma Province Ichinomiya 1948
Hirasaki Shrine Ibusuki, Kagoshima Shikinai Shosha Kokuhei Shōsha (国小) Satsuma Province Ichinomiya 1948
Kagoshima Prefecture Gokoku Shrine [ja] Kagoshima － Gokoku Shrine (護国)
Okinawa Prefecture
Naminoue Shrine Naha Kanpei-shōsha (官小) Ryukyu Kingdom Ichinomiya 1948

Non-Beppyō shrines

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The following shrines are not Beppyō shrines because they do not have a comprehensive relationship with the Association of Shinto Shrines. Those whose "Year of termination of umbrella relationship" is 1946 are those that have not been in umbrella relationship with the Association of Shinto Shrines since its establishment in 1946.

name Settlement In the formula Modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines Other shrines Year of elimination of inclusive relationship
Fushimi Inari-taisha Kyoto Prefecture Kyoto Fushimi-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Twenty-Two Shrines 1946
Hinokuma Shrine Wakayama Prefecture Wakayama (city) Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-taisha (官大) Kii Province Ichinomiya 1946
Umenomiya Shrine Ukyō-ku, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kanpei-chūsha (官中) Twenty-Two Shrines 1946
Kamakura-gū Kanagawa Prefecture Kamakura － Kanpei-chūsha (官中)
Yasukuni Shrine Chiyoda, Tokyo － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) Chokusaisha 1946
Yamauchi Shrine [ja] Kōchi Prefecture Kōchi (city) － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官)
Nikkō Tōshō-gū Nikkō － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 1985
Nashinoki Shrine [ja] Kamigyō-ku － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 2013
Keta Taisha Ishikawa Prefecture Hakui, Ishikawa Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Taisha (国大) Noto Province Ichinomiya 2005[a]
Izumo-daijingū Kameoka, Kyoto Myojin Taisha (名神) Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) Tanba Province Ichinomiya 1946
Kenkun Shrine Kita Ward, Kyoto City, Kyoto Prefecture － Bekkaku kanpeisha (別官) 2019
Kotohira-gū Nakatado District, Kagawa Kotohira, Kagawa － Kokuhei Chūsha (国中) 2020

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "別表神社とは？御朱印めぐりに参考になる「別表神社一覧」とマップ | 開運戦隊 御朱印ジャー". jinja-gosyuin.com. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  2. ^ "別表神社とは何？ Weblio辞書". www.weblio.jp. Retrieved 2022-02-27.
  3. ^ Hiroshi Inoue, "Medieval Japan and the Ichinomiya System of Countries" (Medieval History Research Series 16) Iwata Shoin, 2009, p. 55.

Annotations

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  1. ^ The year when it was resolved to change the rules of the shrine to withdraw from the Association of Shinto Shrines. Disputed over withdrawal, confirmed by 2010 Supreme Court decision
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