Dollah Darya Khan
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Jam Darya Khan Sammo | |
|---|---|
| ڄام دولهه دريا خان قبوليو سمو | |
| Regent of the Samma Ruler | |
| In office 1490–1512 | |
| Monarchs | Jam Feroz, Jam Nizamuddin II |
| Personal details | |
| Died | 1521 Fatehpur, Sindh, Samma Dynasty |
| Children | Mahmud Khan Qabulio, Motan/Matin Khan Qabulio |
| Occupation | General, Noble, Courtman |
| Military service | |
| Branch/service | Qabulio Samma |
| Years of service | 1490-1521 |
| Rank | Commanding General |
| Commands | Samma Army |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Jalwakhir Battle of Fatehpur |
Jam Mubarak Khan Qabulio Sammo also known as Darya Khan Qabulio Sammo (Sindhi: دريا خان قبوليو), was a general of the Samma Dynasty of Sindh, a statesman and regent at the court of Samma ruler Jam Feroz.[1][2][3]
According to sources, Darya Khan belonged to Qabooliyo tribe of Samma.[4] Darya Khan was the adopted son and prime minister of Jam Nizamuddin II[5][6] who defeated the Arghun army in the Battle of Jalwakhir near Bibi Nani in the Bolan Pass. This victory made Darya Khan Sammo, the 'Dollah' (Hero) of Sindh. On his deathbed, Jam Nizamuddin, entrusted to Darya Khan the care of his kingdom, of his treasures, his family, and his son Jam Feroz.
Darya Khan was killed in action in the Battle of Fatehpur when an arrow struck his throat, thus ending the reign of Jam Feroz as an independent ruler.[7]
Military service[edit]
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In the days of Mongol, Sultan Hussain Mirza Baiqra, of Khurasan, on complaints of the merchants of Central Asia (Herat and Qandhar), that they were looted by Sindhis, the Sultan sent an armed expedition to the Sind border which, after initial raids returned to their country. A declaration of victory was issued in Herat in 892 A.H. (1487 AD). It states that the infidels (Sindhis), aware of Mongol movements, collected a large army and wanted to make a surprise attack. Still, the Islamic forces (Mongols) learned of it and made offensive attacks, killing many of these Hindus (forces of Jam Nizamuddin). As a result of this success, a declaration of victory was issued.
This may have been an attack on the Sindh border without any results. Amir Zul Noon Arghoon was then Herat's Naib at Qandhar. He seems to have despatched his son Shah Beg on this expedition. The latter captured the Sibi Fort from Jam Nizamuddin's agent Bahadur Khan and installed his brother Sultan Mohammad, who later on was defeated and killed by Mubarak Khan Sammo (Darya Khan Sammo Dullah) near Jalwagir in Bolan Pass, close to Bibi Nani.
After this incident, the Mongols did not turn up in Sindh during the life of Jam Nizamuddin. At that time, the Mongol troops had advanced as far as Chanduka, Sardecha, and Kot Machhi. Still, after being expelled by Darya Khan Sammo, they never returned during Jam Nizamuddin's lifetime.
Death of Jam Nizamuddin Samma after 48 years of rule of Sind and was succeeded by his son Nasiruddin Abul Fatah Feroz Shah-II. At that time, Jam Feroz had neglected the affairs of the state and refused the advice of Darya Khan Sammo, who had to retire to his Jagir in the village Ghaha (Kahan near Sehwan and these failures brought his defeat at the hands of Salahuddin who thus became the ruler of Sind. Feroz Shah, along with his mother Madina Machhani went over to Ghaha to Darya Khan Sammo, who at the request of Madina agreed to help, and collected troops from Sehwan, but got the first setback at the hands of Haji, the Minister of Jam Salahuddin. As luck would have it the Minister's letter about the success of the initial battle addressed to Jam Salahuddin fell in the hands of Darya Khan Sammo, who had it replaced, conveying Salahuddin that the Minister's forces had been defeated. He should have abandoned Thatta. This was quickly done. Darya Khan Sammo then moved Feroz Shah to Thatta and installed him on 1st Shawwal, 918 A.H. (1512 A D. 12 October). Salahuddin then returned to Gujarat. He had remained in possession of Thatta for about eight months and must have collected a large sum of money from Thatta and organized another battle.[8]
Last days of Darya Khan Sammo[edit]
There are different versions of the last days of his life.
Tahiri states:
that the courtiers being jealous of his power and position persuaded Feroz Shah to crush him, but the latter finding himself incapable avoided any direct conflict; so they approached Feroz's mother Madina Machhani advising her to invite the Mongols and Arghuns to free Sindh from the power of Darya Khan. According to this plan, Madina invited Shah Beg from Qandahar. Shah Beg took the Baghban-Sehwan route and encountered Darya Khan Sammo near the 'Khan Wan' canal which he had himself built to irrigate the lands of village Sankorah (Sakro) and other areas (of Thatta and Sakro Talukas). Darya Khan Sammo was killed while fighting bravely when an arrow hit him in the throat. Feroz Shah kept aloof.[9]
Masumi on the other hand reports:
Some Mongols had migrated to Thatta and entered the service of Jam Feroz who had assigned a separate quarter to them called Mongol Pura. One Mir Qasim Kaibakian Arghoon encouraged and induced Shah Beg to undertake the conquest of Thatta and, therefore, Shah Beg made reparations and was first opposed near Talhati (Talti) by Matan Khan Sammo (Motan Khan Sammo) son of Darya Khan Sammo, but avoiding them Shah Beg reached Khanwah located 6 miles north of the city of Thatta, crossed the river at a point where it was shallow and reached near Thatta. Darya Khan Sammo left Feroz Shah in the city and came out to fight a fierce battle, which he lost, and was captured by Tingari Birdi Qabtasal and put to sword along with the other Samma soldiers. Jam Feroz took to flight.
Beglar Nama states that:
he was captured and killed.
Zafar-ul-Walih states:
he was called by the Arghoons to discuss peace terms and treacherously murdered.
Shrine of Darya Khan Sammo[edit]
The shrine of Dollah Darya Khan Sammo is in Makli graveyard in Thatta, the grave is near to the grave of Jam Nizamuddin Samma. An inscription at the north oi Mubarak Khan's grave calls him Al Khanul Azam Wa Shahid Mubarak Khan Ibn Sultan Nizamuddin.[10]
References[edit]
- ^ "Desecrated Heritage". Newsline. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (2005). ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا (in Sindhi). p. 566.
- ^ Elliot, Henry M. (1867). The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period. Trübner and Company. p. 276.
- ^ "Darya Khan Otaq, Jamshoro". heritage.eftsindh.com. Retrieved 2020-05-25.
- ^ InpaperMagazine, From (2013-03-09). "Heritage: Setting history right". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2019-09-27.
- ^ Sayyidu, Jī Em (1996). Shah Latif and His Message. Sain Publishers.
- ^ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1851). Sindh, and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus with Notices of the Topography and History of the Province. Wm. H. Allen. p. 130.
- ^ Puri, B. N.; Das, M. N. (2003-12-01). A Comprehensive History of India: Comprehensive history of medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 81. ISBN 978-81-207-2508-9.
- ^ Channa Mahboob Ali, Mehran, Vol.41, No. 4, 1964, pp. 131-32.
- ^ "دولهه دريا خان جو مقبرو : (Sindhianaسنڌيانا)". www.encyclopediasindhiana.org (in Sindhi). Retrieved 2024-06-24.