Fagasā, American Samoa
Fagasā | |
|---|---|
Village | |
 Panorama from Forbidden Bay near Fagasa | |
| Etymology: Samoan: "Sacred bay"[1][2] | |
  Fagasā | |
| Coordinates: 14°17′14″S 170°43′06″W / 14.28722°S 170.71833°W | |
| Country |  United States |
| Territory |  American Samoa |
| County | Ituau County |
| Area | |
| • Land | 1.65 sq mi (4.27 km2) |
| Population (2020) | |
• Total | 577 |
Fagasā is a village in the Eastern District of Tutuila Island in American Samoa. The village lies by Fagasa Bay, on the north shore of the island. Its name is Samoan and translates to "Forbidden Bay."[3] The village borders the Tutuila-section of National Park of American Samoa.[4]
Fagasa has two sub-villages: Fagatele (Big Bay) on the west side, where Leʻatele School is located, and Fagaleʻa on the east side, by the chapel of the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS).[5]: 32
Forbidden Bay has been described as one of the most beautiful bays in the South Pacific Ocean.[6] It can be reached by boat or from Fagasā by foot.[7]
Fagasā Pass, near the Vaipito Valley border with Pago Pago, serves as the main access point for trails to both Mount ʻAlava and Mount Matafao. The Mount ʻAlava trail begins on the north side of Route 5, while the Mount Matafao trail starts on the south side, directly across from the Mount Alava trailhead.[8][9]
A porpoise sanctuary is located in Fagasa Bay.[10]
Etymology
[edit]The name Fagasā translates to "Sacred Bay." The village's high chiefs, elders and orators all believe the name derived from the legend of Liavaʻa.[5]: 29
Fagasā consists of two sub-villages: Fagatele, which means “Great bay", and Fagale’a, which means "Short bay".[11]
The village is sometimes mistakenly referred to as Fungasar.[12]
History
[edit]
In December 1787, the first recorded European landing on Tutuila was made by the French navigator Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse. This event took place during the larger Lapérouse expedition, commissioned by King Louis XVI to explore the region and advance French interests in influence and commerce. Lapérouse himself oversaw the mission, serving as commander of the ship La Boussole. On December 10, 1787, a key portion of the expedition touched shore at Fagasā. At Fagasā, Lapérouse discovered a notable bay flanked by lush mountains and a substantial, well-established village. The inhabitants of Fagasā greeted the newcomers without hostility, allowing the French to negotiate for supplies. In addition to abundant fruit and a variety of livestock, the expedition secured more than 500 pigs, chickens, and even a few dogs, all considered valuable provisions for their journey. Most importantly, the French were granted permission to draw fresh water from two local streams—later identified as the Le’ele and Fagasli. Lapérouse, though impressed by the overall exchange at Fagasā, recorded some unease about the unpredictability of the islanders’ behavior, noting the challenges that might arise if a small shore party had to rely solely on shipboard artillery for protection. Despite this caution, the cordial reception at Fagasā remained positive. On December 11, seeking to obtain additional water and supplies, Fleuriot De Langle’s party ventured to Aʻasu onboard L’Astrolabe, about five miles west of Fagasā. Unlike the relatively peaceful dealings at Fagasā, the encounter at Aʻasu ended in conflict. In a sudden outbreak of violence, twelve French sailors and thirty-nine Samoans lost their lives.[13][14]: 5–6
In 1836, a group of five British London Missionary Society (LMS) missionaries, accompanied by their wives, anchored in Fagasa Bay. At Fagasā, reverend Archibald Murray went ashore and asked for the leading authority in the area. He was sent to the High Chief Mauga at Pago Pago. He returned on foot to Fagasā with Pomare, the chief's son, and rejoined his colleagues before setting sails for Upolu Island. The formal Christianization of Tutuila and Manuʻa Islands is said to stem from this voyage.[14]: 37–38
On October 17, 1839, Commander Charles Wilkes — leader of the United States Exploring Expedition — visited Fagasā aboard the USS Vincennes, having been invited by Chief Toa (Tua). Overall, he found the villagers to be quite agreeable. According to the chief, in earlier “heathen” times, Toa’s aitu had been a freshwater eel, which he regularly fed at a nearby stream — until, eventually, he made a meal of it.[15] Midshipman William Reynolds was assigned to surveying duty under Lieutenant Joseph Underwood. In Fagasā, they encountered Midshipman Wilkes Henry, Charles Wilkes’ nephew, who had been stationed there to measure tides and make other observations. Heavy rains prevented any surveying the following day, so Reynolds and Underwood spent the morning and afternoon in the village’s “big house,” conversing with Henry and the local residents. When they returned the next day, they found that Commodore Wilkes, accompanied by Robert Waldron and nine other sailors, had crossed the island on foot to visit Henry.[16] U.S. interest in Tutuila Island, and especially in the village of Pago Pago, arose during this surveying expedition. Funding for the expedition had originally been requested by President John Quincy Adams in 1828.[17]
In the early hours of January 11, 1942, a Japanese submarine surfaced near Fagasā and then sent more than a dozen shells over the mountain and onto the vicinity of the Naval Station Tutuila. There was only one direct hit, which was the only Japanese-owned structure in the archipelago (owned by Frank Shimasaki).[14]: 241 [18]
In March 1991, a prehistoric adze quarry was discovered at Fagasā and was recognized as a possible major stone tool production site for the region and islands as far away as the Marquesas.[19]
Demographics
[edit]| Year | Population[20] |
|---|---|
| 2020 | 577 |
| 2010 | 831 |
| 2000 | 900 |
| 1990 | 717 |
| 1980 | 657 |
| 1970 | 649 |
| 1960 | 442 |
Religion
[edit]Fagasa's main church is the Congregational Christian Church in American Samoa (CCCAS). It was the first religion to be established in Fagasa. At the end of World War II, villagers decided to construct the first chapel in the village. Although transportation was difficult, the villagers carried materials and supplies over their shoulders from the Mafa Pass and down to Fagasa. The church is located right where the steep winding road ends and the flatland begins.[5]: 39
Geography
[edit]Fagasā is situated on the north shore of Tutuila, 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Pago Pago. A stream with fales beside it follows the steep valley down to Fagasa.[21] The buses to Fagasa go every hour from the bus station at Fagatogo Market in Pago Pago.[22] Fagasā is located in the Nofoa area of Itūʻau County.[23][24]
Fagasa lies northwest of Pago Pago and is separated from the populated southern shore of Tutuila by a range of high mountains. It is located within a half-moon bay and enclosed by rugged mountain ridges. The road leading to Fagasa is a cut-off to the left from the main road in Pago Pago proper. A 10-minute drive connects Fagasa to the capital. The drive's highest point is the Mafa Pass, an open tunnel where visitors will first see Sacred Bay in Fagasa.[5] Numerous monuments of historical sites have been put up by the American Samoa National Park here, and a walking trail to the Mount ʻAlava Towers takes off from the Mafa.[5]: 27
The soil is rich for vegetation and forests. Families have developed the land near their homes for agricultural crops. Fagasa is surrounded by a mountain range from either end.[5]: 43 Surrounding mountains include the Fuaau Ridge, Taumata Mountain, Leele Mountain, and Fatifati Mountain. Leele Stream flows down from Leele Mountain and through the village before discharging into the Pacific Ocean. Another stream, Leua, flows from Fatifati Mountain and down through Fagasa. On clear days, one can see the mountains of Upolu Island over the horizon.
The shoreline from Fagasā Bay to Vatia Bay is within the National Park of American Samoa and contains the longest stretch of undisturbed and uninhabited coast on Tutuila Island. The forest along this coastline has never been disturbed, and steep cliffs are found here along with scenic coves such as Tāfeu Cove near Vatia. There are also waterfalls, streams, and forest-covered ridge tops.[25] Fagasā Harbor is characterized by reefs and rocks extending from the shore, which narrow its inner part. Within Fagasā Bay, a rocky point divides the village of Fagasā into two sections. The village is traversed by two creeks, Leua and Agasii, both flowing through the village and emptying into the bay. A small stone pier is located in the village.[26]
Fagasā Pass
[edit]At Fagasā Pass right outside of town is the primary trailhead for the Mount ʻAlava Trail. This 7-mile roundtrip trail leads to a mountain summit with panoramic views of Pago Pago Harbor and surrounding areas of Tutuila Island. The trail goes through dense rainforest in the National Park, home to a variety of tropical bird species and fruit bats. Halfway up the mountain is a coconut- and banana plantation.[27]
National park
[edit]The Tutuila unit of the National Park of American Samoa is situated between the villages on Fagasā on the west and Āfono on the east. The southern boundary follows along the crest of the Mount ʻAlava-Maugaloa Ridge above Pago Pago Harbor from Āfono Pass to Fagasā Pass. Access to the Tutuila portion of the park is via the road which runs along the perimeter of the upper Pago Pago Harbor. Lateral roads lead to Fagasa Pass the park's western end. From the Fagasā Pass National Park entrance, there is an unpaved road leaving hikers to the top of Mount ʻAlava. The road was originally constructed in order to service the television transmitters on the mountain. Road signs marking entry points to the National Park can be found near the trailhead at Fagasā Bay, and along the national park side of Fagasā Bay in order to mark the park's boundary from the ridge top down to Siufaga Point.[28]
Jagged Mount ʻAlava dominates the scenery on northern Tutuila Island. A 6-mile (9.7 km) roundtrip trail leads up to the 1,585 ft. peak. The view from atop Mount ʻAlava contains both the south and north sides of the island's Pacific coasts as well as the deep inlet in Pago Pago Harbor.[29]
Boat tours arranged by the government regularly sail around the north coast villages of Fagasā, Āfono, and Vatia.[7]
Attractions
[edit]World War II relics can be seen on the mountain ridges and shorelines of Fagasa. The American Marines left Fagasa on August 15, 1945, after it was officially declared that the Japanese forces had surrendered to the United States. On the shorelines of Fagafue and Sika, one can still find the pillbox forts or gun turrets the Marines utilized as coastal lookouts during World War II.[5]: 37
There is a marine life sanctuary in Fagasa Bay. Tourists often hike from Mafa Pass to the Mount ʻAlava Towers, which is the main transmitting antennas of the American Samoa Government's TV station.[5]: 44
Notable people
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Churchill, W. (1913). "Geographical Nomenclature of American Samoa". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 45(3), page 191. Retrieved on December 6, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.2307/199273.
- ^ Talbot, Dorinda and Deanna Swaney (1998). Samoa. Lonely Planet Publications. Page 167. ISBN 9780864425553.
- ^ "Things to See in American Samoa | Frommer's".
- ^ Talbot, Dorinda; Swaney, Deanna (1998). Samoa. Lonely Planet. p. 166. ISBN 9780864425553.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Faiʻivae, Alex Godinet (2018). Ole Manuō o Tala Tuʻu Ma Fisaga o Tala Ave (in Samoan). Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. ISBN 9781546229070.
- ^ "Things to see and do in American Samoa". World Travel Guide. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ a b Fidgeon, Tamsin (2004). Columbus World Travel Guide 2004-2005. Highbury Columbus Travel Pub. p. 9. ISBN 9781902221847.
- ^ Stanley, David (1989). South Pacific Handbook. Moon Publications. Pages 358 and 362. ISBN 9780918373298.
- ^ Goldin, Meryl Rose (2002). Field Guide to the Sāmoan Archipelago: Fish, Wildlife, and Protected Areas. Bess Press. Page 284. ISBN 9781573061117.
- ^ Goodwin, Bill (2006). Frommer's South Pacific. Wiley. pp. 400–401. ISBN 9780471769804.
- ^ Churchill, W. (1913). "Geographical Nomenclature of American Samoa". Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, 45(3), page 191. Retrieved on December 6, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.2307/199273.
- ^ Krämer, Augustin (1994). The Samoa Islands: Material Culture. University of Hawai'i Press. Page 30. ISBN 9780824816346.
- ^ Talbot, Dorinda; Swaney, Deanna (1998). Samoa. Lonely Planet. p. 13. ISBN 9780864425553.
- ^ a b c Gray, John Alexander Clinton (1980). Amerika Samoa. Arno Press. ISBN 9780405130380.
- ^ Krämer, Augustin (1994). The Samoa Islands: Material Culture. University of Hawai'i Press. Page 30. ISBN 9780824816346.
- ^ Philbrick, Nathaniel (2004). Sea of Glory: America’s Voyage of Discovery, The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Penguin Publishing Group. Page 135. ISBN 9781440649103.
- ^ Sunia, Fofō Iosefa Fiti (2001). Puputoa: Host of Heroes - A record of the history makers in the First Century of American Samoa, 1900-2000. Suva, Fiji: Oceania Printers. Page 183. ISBN 9829036022.
- ^ Kennedy, Joseph (2009). The Tropical Frontier: America's South Sea Colony. University of Hawaii Press. p. 207. ISBN 9780980033151.
- ^ Sunia, Fofo I.F. (2009). A History of American Samoa. Amerika Samoa Humanities Council. p. 357. ISBN 9781573062992.
- ^ "American Samoa Statistical Yearbook 2016" (PDF). American Samoa Department of Commerce. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-02-14. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
- ^ Leib, Amos Patten (1972). The Many Islands of Polynesia. Scribner. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-684-13010-1.
- ^ Stanley, David (1999). South Pacific Handbook. Moon Travel Books. p. 446. ISBN 978-1-56691-172-6.
- ^ Krämer, Augustin (2000-01-01). The Samoa Islands. University of Hawaii Press. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-8248-2219-4.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Census of population and housing (2000): American Samoa Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics. DIANE Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 9781428985490.
- ^ "National Park Feasibility Study" (PDF). National Park Service. July 1988. p. 61. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- ^ U.S. Defense Mapping Agency (1977). "Sailing Directions for the Pacific Islands: Volume 3, the South-central Groups". U.S. Department of Defense. Page 169.
- ^ "Day Hikes" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
- ^ National Park of American Samoa, General Management Plan (GP), Islands of Tutulla, Ta'u, and Ofu: Environmental Impact Statement (PDF) (Report). U.S. Department of the Interior/National Park Service. 1997. pp. 2, 21 and 31.
- ^ Hughes, Holly; Murphy, Sylvie; Flippin, Alexis Lipsitz; Duchaine, Julie (2010-02-02). Frommer's 500 Extraordinary Islands. Frommers. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-470-50070-5.