List of American independent films
This is a list of notable American independent films (which are also known sometimes as "specialty", "alternative", "indie", and/or "quality")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] that were made outside of the Hollywood studio system or traditional arthouse/independent filmmaking yet managed to be produced, financed and distributed by the two with varying degrees of success and/or failure.[8]
Differences from Hollywood
[edit]The films are often made for far less money than Hollywood films[9][10] (some films like Robert Townsend's 1987 satire Hollywood Shuffle, Richard Linklater's 1991 countercultural piece Slacker and Kevin Smith's 1994 Gen X comedy Clerks were funded by using credit cards[11][12]) and each aspect of the filmmaking process has to undergo less scrutiny by committees. Additionally, within the Indiewood approach the filmmaker can take as long as they need in the post-production phase of their film - whereas in Hollywood they are contracted to finish the film in a specific period of time (usually 10 weeks). In Hollywood, the film then goes on to show in focus group screenings on the studio lot. In Indiewood, the filmmakers can determine the next steps of the film. They also bear striking similarities to as well as were influenced by the "proto-indies" of the 1960s such as Robert Downey Sr's still image film Chafed Elbows (1966), John Cassavetes's Academy Award-nominated Faces and Brian de Palma's Greetings (each from 1968) which in turn were influenced by the culture of the Beat Generation.[13][14]
Many indie films were made by small companies that were created daily in the 80s and 90s to the point where most of them went bankrupt.[15]
Most Indiewood films are first shown at film festivals with the hopes of further distribution by being picked up (or purchased) by a larger film company or distributor in order to find broader audiences alongside awards consideration[16][17] (e.g. 2009's A Single Man).[18]
Background
[edit]The American independent film, prior to the 1980s and first half of the 1990s,[19][20][11] was previously associated with race films,[21] Poverty Row b movies (e.g. Republic Pictures[22]), exploitation films, avant-garde underground cinema (when it was known as the New American Cinema[23]), social and political documentaries, experimental animated shorts (since the mid-1930s featuring works by pioneer animators Mary Ellen Bute and Oskar Fischinger) and social realist dramas.[24][25][26][14][27][28][29]
A notable scholar of indie cinema is Ray Carney, known for championing the works of Cassavetes and Mark Rappaport.[30]
Throughout the middle of the 1990s, the word "Indiewood" (a.k.a. "indie boom" or "indie film movement")[31][32][4] was invented to describe a component of the spectrum of American films in which distinctions exist, it seemed as if Hollywood and the independent sector had become blurred.[33][34][35][36][37][4]
Divisions
[edit]Indiewood divisions gain from expert experience of the niche industry by hiring leading independent personalities such as Harvey Weinstein[38] from the Disney fold after the exit of the Weinsteins,[39][40] and James Schamus, former joint head of Good Machine alongside producer Ted Hope, at Focus Features.[41][42]
Other "mini-major" subdivisions/indie distributors
[edit]- Searchlight Pictures
- Fine Line Features (established by New Line Cinema)
- Lionsgate
- NEON
- A24
- Paramount Vantage
- Summit Entertainment
- Orion Pictures
- Samuel Goldwyn Company
- Warner Independent
- Picturehouse
- United Artists (first founded in 1919 as an independent studio that allowed more creative freedom[43] for former silent film stars like Mary Pickford and Charles Chaplin)
- Blumhouse
- Cannon Films
- Sony Pictures Classics
- IFC Films
- Magnolia Pictures
- Janus Films
- Kino Lorber
- Roadside Attractions
- Bleecker Street
- MUBI
- Amazon Studios (in association with MGM)
- Netflix
- Oscilloscope
- American International Pictures
Sources
[edit][44][2][45][31][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]
List of notable American independent films
[edit]Pre-1950s
[edit]- Within Our Gates (1920)[50][21]≈
- By Right of Birth (1921; now a lost film)[43]
- Safety Last (1923)[57]≈
- Body and Soul (1925)[21]≈
- The Gold Rush (1925)[58]≈
- The Life and Death of 9413: a Hollywood Extra (1927)[59]≈
- The Scar of Shame (1927)[50]
- The Fall of the House of Usher (1928)[59]≈
- Steamboat Bill Jr. (1928)[57]≈
- Mamba (1930)[29]
- Damaged Lives (1933)[29]
- The Sin of Nora Moran (1933)[29]
- The Vampire Bat (1933)[29]
- Maniac (1934)[60]
- The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936)[61]≈
- Reefer Madness (1936)[62][60]
- As the Earth Turns (1938)[63]
- The Blood of Jesus (1941)[50][21][64]≈
- Native Land (1942)[65]
- Meshes of the Afternoon (1943)[66][23]≈
- Hell-Bent for Election (1944)[67][68]
- Brotherhood of Man (1945)[69]
- Detour (1945)[70][71][72][57]≈
- Mom and Dad (1945)[73][74]≈
- Fireworks (1947)[23]
- Motion Painting No. 1 (1947)[28][75] ≈
1950s
[edit]- Outrage (1950)[58]≈
- Five (1951)[76]
- Othello (1952)[58]
- Park Row (1952)[77]
- Fear and Desire (1953)[78][79]
- The Hitch-Hiker (1953)[57]≈
- Invaders from Mars (1953)[80][81]≈
- Little Fugitive (1953)[82][25][14][83]≈
- Salt of the Earth (1954)[84]≈
- Bride of the Monster (1955)[85]
- Dementia (1955)[86]
- Killer's Kiss (1955)[78]
- The Man with the Golden Arm (1955)[57]≈
- 3rd Ave. El (1955)[87]
- The Adventures of an * (1957)[88]
- Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957)[89]
- On the Bowery (1957)[25][14]≈
- 12 Angry Men (1957)[50]≈
- Attack of the 50 Foot Woman (1958)[57]
- The Blob (1958)[90]
- I Want to Live! (1958)[57]
- The Screaming Skull (1958)[89]
- Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959)[89]
- The Cry of Jazz (1959)[58]≈
- Moonbird (1959)[88][91]
- Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959)[82]
- Science Friction (1959)[92]
- Pull My Daisy (1959)[25][14]≈
- Shadows (1959)[93][82][25][14][50][94][84][83][95]≈
- The Violinist (1959)[96][92]
1960s
[edit]- The Flower Thief (1960)[14]
- Munro (1960)[88][97][98]
- Psycho (1960)[99]≈
- The Savage Eye (1960)[83]
- Allures (1961)[59]≈
- The Beast of Yucca Flats (1961)[100]
- Blast of Silence (1961)[101][102][103]
- The Connection (1961)[82][25][83]
- The Exiles (1961)[14][83]≈
- Night Tide (1961)[104][105][106]
- Something Wild (1961)[107][108]
- Carnival of Souls (1962)[109][110][111][112][113]
- Eegah (1962)[114]
- The Hole (1962)[88]≈
- Wild Guitar (1962)[114]
- Beach Party (1963)[50]
- Blood Feast (1963)[82][50][83]
- The Cool World (1963)[25]≈
- The Incredibly Strange Creatures Who Stopped Living and Became Mixed-Up Zombies (1963)[115]
- Mothlight (1963)[59]
- Pianissimo (1963)[116]
- The Sadist (1963)[114]
- The Brig (1964)[14]
- Help! My Snowman's Burning Down (1964)[87]
- Nothing But a Man (1964)[82][84][117]≈
- Teenage Strangler (1964)[118]
- Two Thousand Maniacs (1964)[119]
- Time Piece (1965)[120][121]
- Vinyl (1965)[25]
- Chafed Elbows (1966)[13][25]
- Chelsea Girls (1966)[84]
- A Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass Double Feature (1966)[122]
- Manos: The Hands of Fate (1966)[100]
- The Wild Angels (1966)[50]
- The Box (1967)[123]
- David Holzman's Diary (1967)[25]≈
- Dont Look Back (1967)[84]≈
- The Graduate (1967)[124]≈
- The Jungle (1967)[125]≈
- Portrait of Jason (1967)[87][14][84][57]≈
- Spider Baby (1967)[126]
- The Trip (1967)[82][50]
- Who's That Knocking at My Door? (1967)[82]
- Beyond the Law (1968)[25][14]
- Faces (1968)[13][127][25][14][58]≈
- Greetings (1968)[13][25]
- Murder a la Mod (1968)[25]
- Night of the Living Dead (1968)[93][82][128][129][50][119][94][130][84][95]≈
- No More Excuses (1968)[25]
- Symbiopsychotaxiplasm Take One (1968)[14]≈
- Targets (1968)[131]
- Why Man Creates (1968)[121]≈
- Wild 90 (1968)[25][14]
- Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice (1969)[57]
- Easy Rider (1969)[93][82][128][25][50][94][84][124]≈
- The Learning Tree (1969)[57]≈
- Midnight Cowboy (1969)[50]≈
- Putney Swope (1969)[25][132]≈
1970s
[edit]- The Further Adventures of Uncle Sam (1970)[133]
- Husbands (1970)[25][14]
- Is It Always Right to Be Right? (1970)[133]
- Joe (1970)[134]
- Maidstone (1970)[25][14]
- Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song (1970)[82][135][94][84]≈
- Wanda (1970)[82][136][57]≈
- Billy Jack (1971)[57]
- Let's Scare Jessica to Death (1971)[137]
- (nostalgia) (1971)[59]≈
- Shinbone Alley (1971)[138]
- THX-1138 (1971)[128][94]
- Two-Lane Blacktop (1971)[82][94]≈
- Fritz the Cat (1972)[138]
- The Last House on the Left (1972)[137]
- Pink Flamingos (1972)[6][82][128][50][84][72][57]≈
- Badlands (1973)[25][95]≈
- Coffy (1973)[126]
- Frank Film (1973)[27][121]≈
- Ganja & Hess (1973)[50]≈
- Godmonster of Indian Flats (1973)[139]
- Heavy Traffic (1973)[138]
- Mean Streets (1973)[93][128][94][84]≈
- Messiah of Evil (1973)[140][141][139]
- Sisters (1973)[137]
- Benji (1974)[99][142][143]
- Closed Mondays (1974)[121]
- Dark Star (1974)[129][50][94][57]
- Female Trouble (1974)[50]
- Fuji (1974)[59]≈
- The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)[82][128][137][129][50][94][84]≈
- A Woman Under the Influence (1974)[128][127][50]≈
- 200 (1975)[121]
- A Boy and His Dog (1975)[144]
- Aloha, Bobby and Rose (1975)[145]
- Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? (1975)[142]
- Cooley High (1975)[146]≈
- Coney (1975)[147]
- The Giant Spider Invasion (1975)[148][141]
- Hester Street (1975)[6][136]≈
- Kick Me (1975)[27]
- Quasi at the Quackadero (1975)[28]≈
- The Rocky Horror Picture Show (1975)[50][130]≈
- Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)[136]≈
- The Killing of a Chinese Bookie (1976)[57]
- Massacre at Central High (1976)[141]
- Rocky (1976)[149]≈
- Alambrista! (1977)[6][25][117]≈
- Eraserhead (1977)[6][93][82][128][137][129][14]
- Furies (1977)[27]
- The Hills Have Eyes (1977)[137][150]
- Killer of Sheep (1977)[93][151][82][128][14][94][84][95]≈
- Opening Night (1977)[50]
- Annie Hall (1977)[93]≈
- Dawn of the Dead (1978)[137]
- Gates of Heaven (1978)[152]
- Girlfriends (1978)[153][25][154][136]≈
- Halloween (1978)[82][128][137][129][155]≈
- Martin (1978)[137][141][139]
- Northern Lights (1978)[6][25]
- Piranha (1978)[128]
- The Whole Shootin' Match (1978)[156][157]
- Asparagus (1979)[158][159]
- Bush Mama (1979)[25][142]≈
- The Driller Killer (1979)[160]
- Heartland (1979)[6][25][142]
- Psychotronic Man (1979)[161][162][141]
- The Wizard of Speed and Time (1979)[28]
1980s
[edit]- Atlantic City (1980)[163]≈
- Friday the 13th (1980)[93][129]
- The Life and Times of Rosie the Riveter (1980)[164]≈
- Moon Breath Beat (1980)[27]≈
- Personal Problems (1980)[165][166]
- Out of the Blue (1980)[7]
- Return of the Secaucus 7 (1980)[5][82][142][84]≈
- The Decline of Western Civilization (1981)[167]≈
- The Evil Dead (1981)[93][128][50][94][168][165][166]
- Ms.45 (1981)[165][166]
- My Dinner with Andre (1981)[6][50][152][165][166]
- One from the Heart (1981)[72][57]
- Polyester (1981)[50]
- Stations of the Elevated (1981)[169]
- Will (1981)[170][165][166][80]≈
- Zoot Suit (1981)[171][172]≈
- The Atomic Cafe (1982)[173][174][5]≈
- The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez (1982)[6][25][129][14][165][166]≈
- Chan Is Missing (1982)[5][171][170][152][57][165][166]≈
- Eating Raoul (1982)[175]
- First Blood (1982)[31]
- Forbidden Zone (1982)[176]
- Illusions (1982)[6]≈
- Liquid Sky (1982)[6][177]
- Losing Ground (1982)[6][82][7][165][166]≈
- The Loveless (1982)[6]
- Say Amen Somebody (1982)[165][166]
- The Secret of NIMH (1982)[178][179][180][138]
- Smithereens (1982)[48][181]
- White Dog (1982)[182]
- Born in Flames (1983)[84]
- El Norte (1983)[171][14][165][166]≈
- Koyaanisqatsi (1983)[183][184]≈
- Lianna (1983)[142]
- My Brother's Wedding (1983)[7][165][166]
- Seventeen (1983)[170][165][166]
- Style Wars (1983)[70]
- Suburbia (1983)[7]
- Sundae in New York (1983)[185]
- Variety (1983)[175][168]
- Bless Their Little Hearts (1984)[7][165][166]≈
- The Brother from Another Planet (1984)[5][142]
- Choose Me (1984)[6][186][7][168]
- Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People (1984)[187][188]≈
- In Heaven There Is No Beer? (1984)[165]
- The Killing Floor (1984)[5]
- Love Streams (1984)[50]
- A Nightmare on Elm Street (1984)[31][189][129][50][170][165][166]≈
- Paris, Texas (1984)[190][168]
- Repo Man (1984)[191][192]
- Stop Making Sense (1984)[52]≈
- Stranger Than Paradise (1984)[193][5][190][6][194][94][142][84][182][166]
[195][82][128][129][14][50][170][165]≈
- Streetwise (1984)[184][7]
- The Terminator (1984)[31][5][93][128][155][94][130][168]≈
- This Is Spinal Tap (1984)[93][6][170][165][166]≈
- The Times of Harvey Milk (1984)[5][6]≈
- Wildrose (1984)[196][165][166]
- The World of Tomorrow (1984)[197]
- The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)[198]
- Blood Simple (1985)[3][193][189][93][6][94]
[194][195][25][82][128][129][50][165][166]
- The Breakfast Club (1985)[199][130]≈
- Day of the Dead (1985)[165][166]
- Desert Hearts (1985)[48][82][186][5][168]
- Desperately Seeking Susan (1985)[48]≈
- Kiss of the Spider Woman (1985)[200][3][6][25][5]
- Mala Noche (1985)[5][165][166]
- Re-Animator (1985)[5]
- Runaway Train (1985)[94]
- Smooth Talk (1985)[6][170][7][165][166]
- Teen Wolf (1985)[155]
- The Toxic Avenger (1985)[142][168]
- Trip to Bountiful (1985)[200][25]
- Blue Velvet (1986)[93][6][50][170][94][5][168][165][166]
- The Cosmic Eye (1986)[165][166]
- Down By Law (1986)[24]
- Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)[195][194]
- Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer (1986)[201][165][166]
- Hoosiers (1986)[25][99]≈
- Platoon (1986)[6][25][168]≈
- Parting Glances (1986)[186][7][168][165][166]
- Salvador (1986)[25][5]
- She's Gotta Have It (1986)[31][5][49][93][82][84][166]
[128][25][129][170][94][124][72]≈
- Sherman's March (1986)[170][84][5][165][166][169]≈
- Something Wild (1986)[6][7]
- Stand By Me (1986)[25][99]
- Swimming to Cambodia (1986)[165][166]
- True Stories (1986)[6][5]
- Working Girls (1986)[3][48][194][195]
- The Big Easy (1987)[25]
- Border Radio (1987)[6][14][186][168]
- The Brave Little Toaster (1987)[202][203][155][204]
- Dirty Dancing (1987)[205][82][155]≈
- Evil Dead II (1987)[94][182]
- Hollywood Shuffle (1987)[6][170][11][196][165][166]
- House of Games (1987)[171]
- Matewan (1987)[5][50][175][94][142][165][166]≈
- Miami Connection (1987)[206]
- Near Dark (1987)[6]
- Raising Arizona (1987)[5][207][6]
- River's Edge (1987)[6][194][170][182][165][166]
- Your Face (1987)[208]
- The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years (1988)[167][165][166]
- Earth Girls Are Easy (1988)[49]
- Eight Men Out (1988)[142]
- Hairspray (1988)[209][194][195][50]≈
- Heat and Sunlight (1988)[14][170][165][166]
- Ko-Ko (1988)[210]
- Lady in White (1988)[211]
- Let's Get Lost (1988)[170][165][166]
- The Moderns (1988)[6]
- Patty Hearst (1988)[49]
- Powaqqatsi (1988)[183]
- Running on Empty (1988)[7]
- Stand and Deliver (1988)[25]≈
- The Thin Blue Line (1988)[3][184][129][84][165][166]≈
- Tongues Untied (1988)[169]≈
- Torch Song Trilogy (1988)[25]
- Who Killed Vincent Chin? (1989)[165]≈
- All Dogs Go to Heaven (1989)[180][212]
- Chameleon Street (1989)[213][170][165][166]
- Common Threads: Stories from the Quilt (1989)[6]≈
- Do the Right Thing (1989)[31][19][25][50][168]≈
- Drugstore Cowboy (1989)[93][82][19][25][50][94]
- Heathers (1989)[6][194][195][25][50][182]
- Longtime Companion (1989)[49][6]
- Powwow Highway (1989)[214][80]≈
- Roger & Me (1989)[184][5][49][6][215][195][84][25][165][166]≈
- sex, lies and videotape (1989)[32][216][183][217][4][5][170][166][189][49][207][93][218][194][195][82][94][168]
[128][201][25][219][129][14][50][84][124]≈
- Sidewalk Stories (1989)[25][165][166]
- True Love (1989)[48][6][194][195][165][166]
- The Unbelievable Truth (1989)[32][215][195][82][170][165][166]
1990s
[edit]- All My Relations (1990)[220]
- The Grifters (1990)[49][215][195][25]
- House Party (1990)[189][6][215][195][155]≈
- Jacob's Ladder (1990)[31]
- King of New York (1990)[221]
- Metropolitan (1990)[32][5][49][93][6][95][222]
- Miller's Crossing (1990)[5][6][25]
- Mountains of the Moon (1990)[31]
- Paris Is Burning (1990)[223][49]≈
- Pump Up the Volume (1990)[224][225]
- Sink or Swim (1990)[207][225]≈
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990)[31][155][226][57]
- To Sleep with Anger (1990)[227][228][151][50]≈
- Total Recall (1990)[31]
- Trust (1990)[215][195][213]
- Wild at Heart (1990)[49][6][25]
- Barton Fink (1991)[5][6]
- Daughters of the Dust (1991)[5][48][6][82][50][222]≈
- Dogfight (1991)[6]
- Homicide (1991)[25]
- L.A. Story (1991)[31]
- Truth or Dare (1991)[184][49]
- Mississippi Masala (1991)[6][215][195]
- My Own Private Idaho (1991)[31][184][223][49][93][128][50]≈
- Night on Earth (1991)[49][50]
- Poison (1991)[207][225]
- Queen of Diamonds (1991)[229][230]≈
- Rambling Rose (1991)[6]
- The Rapture (1991)[231]
- Slacker (1991)[32][4][5][47][215][195][82][128]
- Straight Out of Brooklyn (1991)[6]
- Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)[31][5][50]≈
- American Me (1992)[172]≈
- Army of Darkness (1992)[222]
- Bad Lieutenant (1992)[93][6][14][94][221]
- Basic Instinct (1992)[31]
- Bob Roberts (1992)[218]
- A Brief History of Time (1992)[215][195]
- Ferngully: The Last Rainforest (1992)[232]
- Gas Food Lodging (1992)[4][6][215][195][25][142][225]
- Glengarry Glen Ross (1992)[50]
- In the Soup (1992)[6]
- The Living End (1992)[5][223][6]
- Malcolm x (1992)[222]≈
- One False Move (1992)[233][234]
- Passion Fish (1992)[5][213]
- The Player (1992)[235][49][6]
- Reservoir Dogs (1992)[32][3][4][236][207][93][225]
[6][215][237][195][50][94][238][95]
- Simple Men (1992)[6]
- Swoon (1992)[6]
- The Tune (1992)[239][169]
- Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992)[50][57][222]
- Alma's Rainbow (1993)[187]
- Dazed and Confused (1993)[5][240][207][93][6][94][225][241]
- El Mariachi (1993)[32][31][4][5][242][215][195][82][128][201][50]≈
- Menace II Society (1993)[6]
- Mi Vida Loca (1993)[5][6]
- Red Rock West (1993)[6]
- Ruby in Paradise (1993)[215][195][25]
- Short Cuts (1993)[235][184][93][94]
- Suture (1993)[215][195]
- The Wedding Banquet (1993)[5][6]≈
- Clean, Shaven (1994)[6]
- Clerks (1994)[32][183][3][4][5][189][11][124]
[207][93][6][215][242][99][94][225]
- Dumb and Dumber (1994)[243]
- Fresh (1994)[6][244]
- Go Fish (1994)[5][223][6][215][195][222]
- Hoop Dreams (1994)[184][4][49][215][195][50]≈
- The Hudsucker Proxy (1994)[6]
- I Like It Like That (1994)[6]
- The Last Seduction (1994)[6][128]
- Little Odessa (1994)[245]
- Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994)[6]
- Pulp Fiction (1994)[246][247][216][3][217][130][84][124]
[4][236][193][47][6][82][14][50][72]≈
- The Red Book (1994)[248][249]≈
- Reality Bites (1994)[215][195]
- River of Grass (1994)[48][6]
- Serial Mom (1994)[250][6][50]
- Spanking the Monkey (1994)[32][3][31][215][195][128]
- What Happened Was... (1994)[251][225][169]
- Altair (1995)[252][249]
- Before Sunrise (1995)[93][215][50][222]
- The Brothers McMullen (1995)[4][6][215][242][195]
- Closer to Home (1995)[253]
- Crumb (1995)[184][4]
- Dead Man (1995)[6][222]
- Dead Man Walking (1995)[183][6]
- The Doom Generation (1995)[142][225]
- Friday (1995)[171][224][225]
- Kicking and Screaming (1995)[240][254][225]
- Kids (1995)[3][5][49][93][218][6][82][128][224]
- Leaving Las Vegas (1995)[6]
- Living in Oblivion (1995)[215][195][128][254]
- Safe (1995)[255][256][5][93][6][25][128][222]
- Se7en (1995)[3]
- Smoke (1995)[129]
- The Usual Suspects (1995)[3][93][6][128][50][94][222]
- Basquiat (1996)[240][257]
- Big Night (1996)[6][242][195]
- Bottle Rocket (1996)[258][32][3][93][50][213]
- Box of Moonlight (1996)[6]
- Citizen Ruth (1996)[258][32][3][5][6]
- The Daytrippers (1996)[240][6][142]
- The English Patient (1996)[200][31][4][49][6]
- Fargo (1996)[200][31][5][6][142][222]≈
- Flirting with Disaster (1996)[258][3][218][6]
- Hard Eight (1996)[32][3]
- I Shot Andy Warhol (1996)[6][242][195]
- Lone Star (1996)[5][6][128][94][142]
- Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie (1996)[259]
- Schizopolis (1996)[3][6]
- Sling Blade (1996)[217][4][5][49][50]
- The Spitfire Grill (1996)[4][242][195][25]
- Swingers (1996)[5][93][242][124]
- Trees Lounge (1996)[245]
- Waiting for Guffman (1996)[240][142]
- Walking and Talking (1996)[5]
- The Watermelon Woman (1996)[223][260]≈
- Welcome to the Dollhouse (1996)[32][3][4][5][251]
- When We Were Kings (1996)[242][195]
- The Apostle (1997)[6]
- Chasing Amy (1997)[218][6][224]
- Cop Land (1997)[2]
- Eve's Bayou (1997)[245][57]≈
- Good Will Hunting (1997)[261][205][3][217][47][6][50]
- Grosse Pointe Blank (1997)[128][94]
- Gummo (1997)[31][5][93][128]
- Henry Fool (1997)[240][142]
- The Ice Storm (1997)[222]
- In the Company of Men (1997)[255][251][93][6][94][142][225]
- Jackie Brown (1997)[246][50]
- Lost Highway (1997)[262][255]
- Love Jones (1997)[245]
- Ulee's Gold (1997)[25]
- American History X (1998)[49]
- The Big Lebowski (1998)[263][5][124]≈
- Boogie Nights (1998)[264][3][171][5][6][82][124][222]
- Buffalo 66 (1998)[5][242][195][254][50]
- Gods and Monsters (1998)[6]
- Happiness (1998)[265][255][5][93][128][94][142]
- High Art (1998)[255][6][242][195][95]
- More (1998)[266]
- New Rose Hotel (1998)[251][225]
- The Opposite of Sex (1998)[6][242]
- Next Stop Wonderland (1998)[6]
- Pi (1998)[32][4][47][93][6][242][128][50][94]
- Rushmore (1998)[258][3][5][128][84][124]≈
- Shakespeare in Love (1998)[35][1][3][217][4][49][222]
- Slam (1998)[6]
- Smoke Signals (1998)[5][6][11]≈
- The Spanish Prisoner (1998)[242][195]
- Velvet Goldmine (1998)[265][4][6]
- American Beauty (1999)[35][2][267]
- American Movie (1999)[4][127][268]
- Being John Malkovich (1999)[262][258][35][32][93][128][94][222]
- The Blair Witch Project (1999)[247][183][31][4][267][47][93][242][237][195]
- The Boondock Saints (1999)[224]
- Boys Don't Cry (1999)[265][5][223][142][11]≈
- Buena Vista Social Club (1999)[184]≈
- Compensation (1999)[269][80]≈
- Cruel Intentions (1999)[99]
- Dogma (1999)[265][49]
- Election (1999)[265][258][3][5]
- Fight Club (1999)[258][216][267][222]
- Ghost Dog: Way of the Samurai (1999)[93][94]
- Julien Donkey-Boy (1999)[251][225]
- Magnolia (1999)[258][270][171][5][49]
- The Sixth Sense (1999)[267]
- Star Wars: The Phantom Menace (1999)[271]
- The Straight Story (1999)[25]
- The Talented Mr. Ripley (1999)[267]
- Three Kings (1999)[265][258][35]
- The Virgin Suicides (1999)[224][49][238]
2000s
[edit]- Almost Famous (2000)[50]
- American Psycho (2000)[262][50][130]
- Best in Show (2000)[50]
- Chuck & Buck (2000)[5][272][195]
- Finding Forrester (2000)[273]
- George Washington (2000)[50]
- Girlfight (2000)[272][195][142]
- Memento (2000)[262][93][272][82][128][50][94][130][124][274]≈
- Nurse Betty (2000)[37]
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? (2000)[37][5]
- Pitch Black (2000)[94]
- Rejected (2000)[208]
- Requiem for a Dream (2000)[93][257][275]
- State and Main (2000)[171]
- Traffic (2000)[35][205][171]
- The Yards (2000)[37]
- You Can Count on Me (2000)[5][272][195][254][275]
- Donnie Darko (2001)[5][93][128][50][130][124]
- Ghost World (2001)[246][5][275]
- Hedwig and the Angry Inch (2001)[272][195]
- In the Bedroom (2001)[272][241]
- Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back (2001)[50]
- The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)[50]≈
- The Man Who Wasn't There (2001)[5]
- Monster's Ball (2001)[276]
- Mulholland Drive (2001)[262][50][275]
- The Royal Tenenbaums (2001)[246][183][50]
- Waking Life (2001)[277][278]
- Y Tu Mama Tambien (2001)[46]
- 25th Hour (2002)[275]
- Adaptation (2002)[262][35][279][171][50]
- Antwone Fisher (2002)[171]
- Bend It Like Beckham (2002)[280]
- Bowling for Columbine (2002)[276][184]
- Bubba Ho-Tep (2002)[281]
- Chicago (2002)[1][2][171]
- Far from Heaven (2002)[282][127][275]
- Funny Ha Ha (2002)[82][14][84]
- Gangs of New York (2002)[171][49]
- Gerry (2002)[14]
- Igby Goes Down (2002)[241]
- Laurel Canyon (2002)[254]
- My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)[247][276][45][5][82][50]
- Naqoyqatsi (2002)[183][184]
- Personal Velocity (2002)[240]
- Punch-Drunk Love (2002)[258][283]
- Real Women Have Curves (2002)[272][195]≈
- Roger Dodger (2002)[128]
- Secretary (2002)[128][254][284]
- Solaris (2002)[35]
- Spellbound (2002)[276]
- 25th Hour (2002)[50]
- American Splendor (2003)[262][276][272][285][128][127]
- Capturing the Friedmans (2003)[276][184][272][275]
- Coffee and Cigarettes (2003)[280]
- Cold Mountain (2003)[171]
- The Cooler (2003)[280]
- Elephant (2003)[45][14]
- The Fog of War (2003)[280][276][184]≈
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003)[280]
- In America (2003)[280]
- Kill Bill Volume 1 (2003)[246]
- Lost in Translation (2003)[280][247][276][5][193][124]
[93][82][128][127][50][94][275]
- Monster (2003)[280][276][171]
- Open Water (2003)[276]
- The Room (2003)[286]
- Shattered Glass (2003)[280]
- The Station Agent (2003)[276][5][272][287][128]
- Taranation (2003)[276][31][184]
- Thirteen (2003)[280][276][5]
- 21 Grams (2003)[280]
- The Aviator (2004)[276]
- Baadasssss! (2004)[280]
- Before Sunset (2004)[280][275]
- Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004)[262][280][35][93][50]
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004)[280][276][3][184]
- Garden State (2004)[183][5][237][195][82][50][288]
- Keane (2004)[254]
- The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004)[270]
- Maria Full of Grace (2004)[45][272]
- Mean Creek (2004)[283]
- The Motorcycle Diaries (2004)[46][289]
- Napoleon Dynamite (2004)[247][276][183][290][272][237][195][128][50][130][124][275][291]
- Palindromes (2004)[50]
- The Passion of the Christ (2004)[280][247][276][128]
- Primer (2004)[5][93][272][195][82][128][127][50]
- Saw (2004)[5][50][292]
- Sideways (2004)[293][247][276][171][5][128][127][50][291]
- Silver City (2004)[294]
- Super Size Me (2004)[247][276][183][184][272][195]
- Take Out (2004)[14]
- A Very Long Engagement (2004)[276][45]
- We Don't Live Here Anymore (2004)[45]
- The Aristocrats (2005)[247]
- Brick (2005)[295][272][195][50]
- Brokeback Mountain (2005)[295][18][293][127][50][275]≈
- Capote (2005)[295][296][171]
- Corpse Bride (2005)[297]
- Crash (2005)[295][298][1][171]
- Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)[25]
- Good Night and Good Luck (2005)[45][296][171]
- Hostel (2005)[5][50]
- Hustle & Flow (2005)[247][272]
- Man Push Cart (2005)[127]
- Me and You and Everyone We Know (2005)[299][272]
- Mutual Appreciation (2005)[14]
- The Notorious Betty Page (2005)[295]
- Pride & Prejudice (2005)[296]
- The Puffy Chair (2005)[10][50]
- The Squid and the Whale (2005)[285][50][275]
- Syriana (2005)[5]
- Babel (2006)[295]
- Barnyard (2006)[239]
- Blood Tea and Red String (2006)[300]
- Bobby (2006)[295]
- Facing the Giants (2006)[301][302]
- For Your Consideration (2006)[45]
- Friends with Money (2006)[295]
- Half Nelson (2006)[295]
- Hoodwinked! (2006)[239]
- An Inconvenient Truth (2006)[295][303][195]
- Iraq in Fragments (2006)[295]
- Inland Empire (2006)[262][5][304][275]
- Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)[295]
- Jesus Camp (2006)[295]
- Little Children (2006)[295]
- Little Miss Sunshine (2006)[295][290][84][124]
[303][237][195][278][82][127][99][50][94][275]
- Marie Antoinette (2006)[295]
- Nacho Libre (2006)[183]
- The Namesake (2006)[293]
- Old Joy (2006)[254]
- The Painted Veil (2006)[45]
- Pan's Labyrinth (2006)[295][46][127]
- A Prairie Home Companion (2006)[295]
- Quinceañera (2006)[303][195][127]
- A Scanner Darkly (2006)[295][45][171]
- Shortbus (2006)[241]
- Southland Tales (2006)[293]
- Thank You for Smoking (2006)[295][279]
- The Darjeeling Limited (2007)[171]
- The Diving Bell and the Butterfly (2007)[45]
- I'm Not There (2007)[45]
- In Bruges (2007)[305][50]
- In the Valley of Elah (2007)[293][45]
- Juno (2007)[293][45][205][5][128][127][99][50][124][275]
- Margot at the Wedding (2007)[293][5]
- A Mighty Heart (2007)[293]
- No Country for Old Men (2007)[45][2][25][50][80]≈
- No End in Sight (2007)[293][127]
- Paranormal Activity (2007)[5][237][82][50][57]
- The Savages (2007)[45][171]
- Sicko (2007)[293]
- Sunshine (2007)[293]
- There Will Be Blood (2007)[45][171][218]
- Waitress (2007)[293][303][254][275]
- The Visitor (2007)[305][5][289]
- American Teen (2008)[306]
- Baghead (2008)[10]
- Be Kind Rewind (2008)[307]
- Fireproof (2008)[302][305]
- Frozen River (2008)[236][48][305][25][254]
- In Search of a Midnight Kiss (2008)[94]
- Man on Wire (2008)[303]
- Rachel Getting Married (2008)[5][305][254][275]
- Sita Sings the Blues (2008)[308][309]
- Synecdoche, New York (2008)[193][5][50]
- Twilight (2008)[5]
- Tyson (2008)[184]
- Wendy and Lucy (2008)[5][275]
- The Wrestler (2008)[287][127][94]
- Adventureland (2009)[5]
- Coraline (2009)[310][311]
- The Cove (2009)[303][195]
- Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)[310]
- 500 Days of Summer (2009)[50]
- The Hurt Locker (2009)[1][2][312]≈
- Inglourious Basterds (2009)[205][171]
- Moon (2009)[279][50]
- My Dog Tulip (2009)[239]
- Precious (2009)[313][5][314][303][195][127]
- Revolutionary Road (2009)[45]
- A Serious Man (2009)[50][275]
- A Single Man (2009)[18][278][275][315]
- Sin Nombre (2009)[289]
- Trash Humpers (2009)[316]
2010s
[edit]- Beginners (2010)[317][50]
- Black Swan (2010)[127][171][50][94][275]
- Blue Valentine (2010)[171][303][195][50][275]
- Catfish (2010)[184]
- Greenberg (2010)[45]
- Inside Job (2010)[184]
- The Kids Are All Right (2010)[18][318]
- The King's Speech (2010)[2]
- Meek's Cutoff (2010)[48]
- Winter's Bone (2010)[9][236][48][303][25][128][127][254][50][94]
- The Color Wheel (2011)[319]
- The Descendants (2011)[171]
- Drive (2011)[50][275]
- Margaret (2011)[275]
- Martha Marcy May Marlene (2011)[50]
- Pariah (2011)[320][321][314][254]≈
- Project Nim (2011)[184]
- Take Shelter (2011)[322][231]
- The Tree of Life (2011)[50]
- Beasts of the Southern Wild (2012)[9][93][303][127][50][95]
- Frances Ha (2012)[82][275][238]
- Fresh Guacamole (2012)[323][324]
- It's Such a Beautiful Day (2012)[308][159][325]
- The Master (2012)[171]
- Middle of Nowhere (2012)[326][327][314]
- Paranorman (2012)[310]
- The Place Beyond the Pines (2012)[50]
- Spring Breakers (2012)[50][275]
- Dallas Buyers Club (2013)[9][171][57]
- Fruitvale Station (2013)[328][195][50]
- Moonrise Kingdom (2013)[50][275]
- Nebraska (2013)[279]
- Only God Forgives (2013)[50]
- 12 Years a Slave (2013)[1][2]≈
- The Wolf of Wall Street (2013)[99]
- Birdman (2014)[9][200][1]
- The Boxtrolls (2014)[310]
- Boyhood (2014)[9][200][2][50]
- Ex Machina (2014)[329]
- Foxcatcher (2014)[9]
- Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)[9][200][50]
- The Imitation Game (2014)[200][2]
- Listen Up Philip (2014)[330]
- Nightcrawler (2014)[279]
- The Theory of Everything (2014)[200][2]
- Whiplash (2014)[9][200][2][328][195][279][50][275]
- Carol (2015)[275]
- Dope (2015)[331][50]
- It Follows (2015)[50]
- Me and Earl and the Dying Girl (2015)[50]
- Spotlight (2015)[1][2]
- Tangerine (2015)[332][10][14][50][275]
- The VVitch (2015)[329][50][275]
- World of Tomorrow (2015)[333]
- American Honey (2016)[329]
- Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016)[50]
- I Am Not Your Negro (2016)[334]
- Manchester by the Sea (2016)[50]
- Moonlight (2016)[318][2][47][329][82][50][275]
- Swiss Army Man (2016)[50]
- 20th Century Women (2016)[335][329][50]
- Call Me By Your Name (2017)[336][50][334]
- The Disaster Artist (2017)[336]
- First Reformed (2017)[329][291]
- The Florida Project (2017)[47][329][50][275]
- Get Out (2017)[47][82][50]
- Good Time (2017)[50][291]
- In a Heartbeat (2017)[337][338]
- Ingrid Goes West (2017)[334]
- I, Tonya (2017)[336][339]
- Lady Bird (2017)[47][329][336][275][274]
- Phantom Thread (2017)[50]
- The Shape of Water (2017)[2][336][339]
- Eighth Grade (2018)[329][93][50][275]
- Hereditary (2018)[329][50][291]
- Isle of Dogs (2018)[310]
- The Last Black Man in San Francisco (2018)[329][275]
- Minding the Gap (2018)[275]
- RBG (2018)[274]
- The Rider (2018)[340][341]
- Sorry to Bother You (2018)[334]
- The Farewell (2019)[329][275]
- First Cow (2019)[329]
- Hair Love (2019)[342]
- Jojo Rabbit (2019)[2]
- The Lighthouse (2019)[50]
- Marriage Story (2019)[343]
- The Peanut Butter Falcon (2019)[278]
- Uncut Gems (2019)[329][50]
2020s
[edit]- Cryptozoo (2020)[344][345][346]
- The Forty-Year-Old Version (2020)[57]
- Miss Juneteenth (2020)[241]
- Minari (2020)[329][275]
- Nomadland (2020)[347][348][57]
- Zola (2020)[329][82][275]
- CODA (2021)[349][82]
- Jockey (2021)[340][350]
- The Lost Daughter (2021)[288]
- Pig (2021)[275]
- Shiva Baby (2021)[351]
- Summer of Soul (2021)[352][353]
- Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)[354][355][329][356][82][50][357]
- Fire of Love (2022)[358]
- Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)[359][360][361][362]
- My Year of Dicks (2022)[363][364]
- Tár (2022)[365]
- The Whale (2022)[365]
- American Fiction (2023)[52]
- Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project (2023)[16]
- The Holdovers (2023)[52]
- Kokomo City (2023)[16]
- Ninety-Five Senses (2023)[366]
- Past Lives (2023)[52][275]
- Poor Things (2023)[52]
- Renaissance: A Film by Beyoncé (2023)[52]
- Saltburn (2023)[52]
- Sound of Freedom (2023)[367][52]
- The Sweet East (2023)[368]
- Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour (2023)[52]
- A Thousand and One (2023)[275]
- War Is Over! (2023)[369]
- Anora (2024)[291]
- Babes (2024)[370]
- Civil War (2024)[371][274][372]
- Dìdi (2024)[311]
- A Different Man (2024)[372]
- Gasoline Rainbow (2024)[373]
- Priscilla (2024)[371][291]
- I Saw the TV Glow (2024)[370][372]
- MaXXXine (2024)[291][372]
- The Substance (2024)[291][372]
- Thelma (2024)[370][274]
List of notable directors of American independent cinema
[edit]- Ayoka Chenzira[188][187]
- Julie Dash[31][48][6][374]
- Cheryl Dunye[223][374]
- Kathleen Collins[6][7]
- Lizzie Borden[3][48][194][129][84]
- Ava DuVernay[375][154][48][314]
- Dee Rees[375][154][320][314][254]
- Chloe Zhao[340][341][348]
- Celine Song[52]
- Lulu Wang[329]
- Mira Nair[46][48][6][215]
- Barry Jenkins[329]
- Billy Woodberry[7]
- Marlon Riggs[223]
- Stanley Nelson[295]
- Charles Burnett[227][228]
- William Greaves[14]
- Wendell B. Harris Jr.[213][170]
- Oscar Micheaux[376][21]
- Ryan Coogler[328][195]
- Tyler Perry[377][25]
- Spike Lee[31][5][49][93][7]
[19][129][14][50][170][94][84][168]
- Reginald Hudlin[189][215][195][155]
- John Singleton[31]
- Robert Townsend[31][170]
- Walter Salles[46]
- Ramin Bahrani[5][127]
- Alfonso Cuaron[46]
- Denzel Washington[31]
- Ang Lee[31][46][5][223]
- Lee Daniels[314][303]
- Daniels[355][329][356]
- Wayne Wang[5][49][129][170][152]
- Lee Isaac Chung[329][348]
- Lisa Cholodenko[378][255][48][223][6][374]
- Mario Van Peebles[280]
- Melvin Van Peebles[94][82][50][84]
- Robert Rodriguez[32][3][31][4][207][215][195]
- Gregory Nava[14]
- Robert M. Young[14][117]
- Miguel Arteta[5][272][195]
- Guillermo del Toro[46][127]
- Chris Eyre[378]
- Taika Waititi[287]
- Nina Menkes[229]
- Claudia Weill[25][154][136]
- Donna Deitch[186][168]
- Joyce Chopra[14][170]
- Mary Harron[262][48][195]
- Jennie Livingston[223]
- Penelope Spheeris[379][167][87]
- Martha Coolidge[48][6]
- Kelly Reichardt[48][329][254]
- Debra Granik[48][303][25][128][127][254][94][357]
- Alice Wu[357]
- Eliza Hittman[357]
- Susan Seidelman[5][48][49][129]
- Adrienne Shelly[303][195]
- Maggie Gyllenhaal[288]
- Joan Micklin Silver[380]
- Signe Baumane[121]
- Ralph Bakshi[381]
- Don Bluth[180][138][212]
- Will Vinton[382][383][121]
- Suzan Pitt[159]
- Don Hertzfeldt[308][208][159][333][384]
- Bill Plympton[385][208][386][387][384][239][121]
- John and Faith Hubley[88][91]
- George Griffin[388][249]
- Mark Osborne[266]
- Candy Kugel[389]
- Janie Geiser[248][249]
- Fred Mogubgub[390]
- John Canemaker[249]
- Paul Fierlinger[239]
- Joanna Priestley[220][387][121]
- PES[323][384]
- Nina Paley[308][121]
- Mary Ellen Bute[391][392]
- Nicole Holofcener[5][48]
- Tom McCarthy[5][195]
- Alex Garland[329]
- Patty Jenkins[276][171]
- Sarah Polley[184]
- Sian Heder[349]
- Lena Dunham[48]
- Greta Gerwig[329][274]
- Miranda July[299][48][272][195]
- Bette Gordon[175][168]
- Nancy Savoca[6][195][194]
- Todd Haynes[265][255][393][84]
[256][49][207][93][215][195][14][94][374]
- Greg Araki[223][6][213][142]
- Sean Baker[329][332][10][14]
- Stanley Kubrick[78][79]
- Lodge Kerrigan[254]
- Alex Ross Perry[394]
- Jeff Nichols[395][95]
- Mike Nichols[124]
- Henry Jaglom[25]
- Jim McBride[25]
- Jonas Mekas[25][14]
- Andrew Bujalski[14][84]
- John Cameron Mitchell[272][195]
- Gus Van Sant[273][205][31][184][93][6][19][14][315]
- Steve James[184][215]
- Wim Wenders[184][168]
- Jim McKay[5]
- Bo Burnham[329]
- Joel and Ethan Coen[37][2][193][142]
[189][49][207][194][195][19][129][170][94]
- Mark and Jay Duplass[10][50]
- Sam Raimi[93][94][168]
- Josh and Benny Safdie[329][14][50]
- Joe Swanberg[14]
- Rian Johnson[272][195]
- Christopher Guest[45][240][142]
- Alan Rudolph[6][186][7][168]
- James Gray[37][49]
- Andrea Arnold[329]
- Robert Eggers[329]
- George A. Romero[93][50][119][94][84]
- Wes Craven[137][124]
- John Carpenter[137][93][129][155][50][94]
- Yorgos Lanthimos[329]
- Ari Aster[329]
- Paul Schrader[329]
- Mike Mills[317][335][329]
- Joe Wright[296]
- Jim Jarmusch[280][31][49][93][190][24][170][142]
- Rob Nilsson[170]
- Zach Braff[183]
- George Clooney[45]
- James Mangold[2][49][215]
- Sam Mendes[2][3]
- Spike Jonze[262][258][32][93][94]
- Errol Morris[276][3][31][184][215]
- Martin Scorsese[276][171][25][99][142][94][84]
- Sam Fuller[396][397]
- Edgar G. Ulmer[29]
- John Cassavetes[93][127][25][99][94]
- Brian de Palma[25][137]
- Robert Downey Sr[25]
- Norman Mailer[25][14]
- Andy Warhol[25][14][84]
- Curtis Harrington[104]
- Kenneth Anger[84]
- Herk Harvey[112]
- Ron Rice[14]
- Robert Frank[14]
- Kent Mackenzie[14]
- Bii and Turner Ross[399]
- James Marsh[184][303][195]
- Greg Mottola[219][240][6]
- Jon Favreau[124]
- Bennett Miller[171]
- Jonathan Caouette[276][184]
- Larry Clark[3][93]
- Abel Ferrara[251][93][215][195][14][213][94][221]
- Michel Gondry[262][400][93]
- Wes Anderson[246][9][258][93]
- Noah Baumbach[293][5][240][357]
- Sofia Coppola[401][32][402][5][93][50][94][224]
- Kathryn Bigelow[6][254]
- Allison Anders[265][32][5][379][215]
- Barbara Kopple[136]
- Shirley Clarke[87][25][14][84][103]
- Barbara Loden[14]
- Roger Corman[89][155][50][84]
- Paul Bartel[175]
- Herschell Gordon Lewis[119]
- Dwain Esper[60]
- Ray Dennis Steckler[115][114][403]
- John Sayles[5][49][6][215][195][14][213][175][94][142][84]
- Jonathan Demme[7]
- Tom DiCillo[32][31][49][6][215][195]
- Carson Davidson[87]
- Doug Liman[93][242][195][94]
- Darren Aronofsky[32][4][242][195][94][365][257]
- Jason Reitman[205][2][171][94]
- Godfrey Reggio[183][184]
- Ross McElwee[170][84][404]
- Alexander Payne[265][258][276][5]
- Kimberly Peirce[265][223][142]
- David O. Russell[265][258][276][195]
- Kevin Smith[265][32][183][405][189][224][11]
[49][93][218][195][127][129][50][94]
[207][93][215][195][129][14][50][84][374]
- Terry Zwigoff[246][184][5]
- Les Blank[166]
- Christopher Nolan[262][32][406][93][50][94][274]
- Whit Stillman[32][171][5][93]
- Todd Field[272][195]
- Richard Kelly[293][93][94]
- Jean-Pierre Jeunet[46]
- Julian Schnabel[240][257]
- Jared Hess[400][183]
- Charlie Kaufman[400]
- Hal Hartley[32][31][5][240][215][195][14][170]
- David Lynch[262][255][93][124]
[32][183][207][93][218][194][195][254][201][14][50]
- Rob Reiner[93][25][129][99][170]
- Oliver Stone[25][168]
- Dennis Hopper[93][82][128][25][50][94][84][124]
- Shane Carruth[93][272]
- Anthony Minghella[171]
- Harmony Korine[31][251][93][224]
- Richard Linklater[9][84][224]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Oscar nominations see shift away from major Hollywood studios - News - University of Liverpool
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Academy Award nominations 2020: The return of the "quality" Hollywood studio film - News - University of Liverpool
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae The Sundance Kids - Google Books (ch."Section II: Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Best. Movie. Year. Ever. - Google Books (chapter: "I'm scared to close my eyes, I'm scared to open them." The Blair Witch Project)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Indie - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk Cinema of Outsiders - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Deep focus: The other side of 80s America|Sight & Sound|BFI
- ^ Robey, Tim (5 September 2004). "The rise and rise of Indiewood". Telegraph. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How Indiewood gatecrashed the Oscars|Financial Times
- ^ a b c d e f How an Unlikely Hollywood Juggernaut Came to Rule Netflix|WIRED
- ^ a b c d e f g The Nineties (A Book) - Google Books
- ^ Horton, Robert (1990). "Stranger Than Texas". Film Comment. 26 (4): 77–78. ISSN 0015-119X. JSTOR 43453863.
- ^ a b c d Proto-Indie - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh Rewriting Indie Cinema - Google Books
- ^ ‘We can’t afford to lose them’: the fight to bring missing movies back|Movies|The Guardian
- ^ a b c In 2023, Golden Age of Documentary Films Seemed Like Distant Memory - IndieWire
- ^ What's the Difference Between Indie Film and Indie TV? Mark Duplass Explains|Collider
- ^ a b c d e Overcoming the Stigma: The Queer Denial of Indiewood on JSTOR
- ^ a b c d e f 50 Best '80s Movies to Watch Right Now|Time Out
- ^ Louie Maple teams a young Susan Sarandon with an aging Burt Lancaster|The A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e Restored 'Race Films' Find New Audiences : Code Switch : NPR
- ^ Why B-Movies never won Oscars|HOW TO SEE B_Movie with Dave Kehr - The Museum of Modern Art on official YouTube channel
- ^ a b c Watch: How New Hollywood Created the American Indie - No Film School
- ^ a b c Tom Waits and John Lurie helped Jim Jarmusch perfect his indie cool|A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx A Companion to American Indie Film - Google Books
- ^ 27 Of The Best Indie Movies Of All Time|Esquire
- ^ a b c d e THE ACADEMY PRESENTS 'RESTORED ANIMATED RARITIES'|AFA: Animation for Adults
- ^ a b c d Enchanted Drawings - Google Books (pgs.286-293)
- ^ a b c d e f An Archive Restores and Resurrects Hollywood's Earliest Indie Films - Hyperallergic
- ^ The Strange and Sad Saga of How Filmmaker Mark Rappaport Lost His Movies (And What He Can Do To Get Them Back)|IndieWire
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Hollywood: A Short Introduction - Google Books (section: "Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Colin Marshall › Me on Battleship Pretension: a three-hour course on the nineties' "Indiewood" movement
- ^ Home video and Indiewood|Hollywood: A Very Short Introduction|Oxford Academic
- ^ 'Indie doc': documentary film and American 'independent', 'indie' and 'indiewood' filmmaking: Studies in Documentary Film Volume 10, 2016 - Issue 1
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema". ibtauris.com. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
- ^ The Cinema Book - Google Books (pg.59)
- ^ a b c d e f g CANNES 2000: Embracing Indiewood, Cannes 2000 Lineup Selected from Nearly 1,400 Films; 15 Countries|IndieWire
- ^ American Indies, 1980-1989|MoMA
- ^ Review: Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood Meets Independent Cinema, by Geoff King|Film Quarterly|University of California Press
- ^ Chapter Eight. Maxed Out: Miramax and Indiewood in the New Millennium - De Gruyter
- ^ King, Geoff (2009). "Indiewood, USA: Where Hollywood meets Independent Cinema" (PDF). gkindiefilm.com. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
- ^ [The End of Independent Film As We Know It - The Ringer]
- ^ a b What was the first-ever independent movie?|Far Out Magazine
- ^ Somewhere Only We Know on Notebook|MUBI
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hollywood's Indies - Google Books (ch. "Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Epilogue: from independent cinema to specialty content - De Gruyter
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Indie Movies, Explained: What is an Independent Film? - MovieWeb
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Indie Reframed - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Indie, Inc. - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu The Top 10 Indie Movies of All Time | A Cinefix Movie List - IGN
- ^ New Yorkers Films, an Independent Distributor, Will Close After 44 Years - The New York Times
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Indie Film’s Breakout Year: Good Movies Gain Traction Amid Strikes & Superhero Fatigue - Deadline
- ^ How Bleecker Street Survived a Decade in the Indie Film Business - Variety
- ^ The indie film outlook for 2024 - AV Club
- ^ MGM - Google Books (pg.1980)
- ^ The Battle of the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema on JSTOR
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Screening American Independent Film - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f The Greatest Independent Films of the 20th Century|The New Yorker
- ^ a b c d e f THIRTY YEARS OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA ON EXHIBITION (1979) on MoMA.org
- ^ a b c The Lessons Are Lost, but Not the Laughs - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Paul Strand - Leo Hurwitz
- ^ Reefer Madness: an undeserved classic movie - Hall - 2021 - Addiction - Wiley Online Library
- ^ Macdonald, Moira (October 27, 2021). "A 20-year-old made a movie in Seattle in the 1930s. This week, it finally makes its TV debut". The Seattle Times. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
- ^ The Blood of Jesus with Hellbound Train - Academy Museum
- ^ Native Land + The Forgotten Village - Film at Lincoln Center
- ^ The 50 Most Important Independent Films - Filmmaker Magazine - Fall 1996
- ^ An Election-Year Campaign Video That’s Kind of Nasty - Macleans.ca
- ^ Animated cartoon sponsored by union played role in reelecting Roosevelt - California Labor Federation
- ^ "The Unnatural History of Independent Animated Films on 16mm". www.awn.com.
- ^ a b An indie film lover's dream: Filmzie is an ode to movie buffs (and it's free) - CQ Australia
- ^ Independent Filmmaking in the Studio Era: The Poverty Row Studios (1930–50s)|American Independent Cinema: An Introduction|Edinburgh Scholarship Online
- ^ a b c d e URI film professor picks five essential American indie films - Rhody Today
- ^ film essay for "Mom and Dad" - loc.gov
- ^ The amazing story of Mom and Dad|Wexner Center for the Arts
- ^ Oskar Fischinger, Motion Painting no. 1, 1947|MoMA
- ^ Five - Trailers From Hell
- ^ 'Emotion' filmmaker Fuller gets his due - SFGATE
- ^ a b c The Criterion Channel's July 2023 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ a b Stanley Kubrick: The Ultimate Guide to the Legendary Filmmaker|Indie Film Hustle
- ^ a b c d e 25 Films Named to National Film Registry for Preservation|Library of Congress
- ^ Invaders From Mars: The Sci-Fi Classic That Inspired The Spielberg Generation|Den of Geek
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba The 52 most important American independent movies|The A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f THE ORIGINAL INDIES: THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN INDEPENDENT CINEMA|Austin Film Society
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb Great U.S. Indie Films: 'Texas Chainsaw Massacre' to 'Pulp Fiction' - Rolling Stone
- ^ Bride of the Monster - Trailers From Hell
- ^ Dementia: Myth and Nocturne - Art & Trash on Vimeo
- ^ a b c d e f THE REAL INDIES: A CLOSE LOOK AT ORPHAN FILMS|Oscars.org
- ^ a b c d e When Indie Animation Won Its First Oscar|Animation Obsessive
- ^ a b c d Underrated Horror Movies of the 1950s, Ranked - MovieWeb
- ^ The Blob - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b A Film That Live Forever|Animation Obsessive
- ^ a b "MoMA | An Auteurist History of Film: Independent Animation, 1947–60". www.moma.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx Top 50 Indie Movies You Need to See Before You Die|Complex
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca The 50 Greatest American Independent Movies|Movies|Empire
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 great breakthrough American indies|BFI
- ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1959 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1960 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- ^ American Animated Cartoons of the Vietnam Era: A Study of Social Commentary in Films and Television Programs, 1961-1973 - Google Books (pg.197)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n More Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
- ^ a b Huh?: An A-Z of why Classic American Bad Movies Were Made - Google Books
- ^ REEL BROOKLYN: BLAST OF SILENCE, EAST NEW YORK - Brooklyn Magazine
- ^ BLAST OF SILENCE - American Cinematheque
- ^ a b c BLAST OF SILENCE Blu-Ray Review: A Cult Late Noir Gem Remastered - ScreenAnarchy
- ^ a b Review: Curtis Harrington's Night Tide on Kino Lorber Blu-ray - Slant Magazine
- ^ Night Tide - Variety
- ^ Night Tide - Cinema - Queensland Art Gallery|Gallary of Modern Art
- ^ Something Wild - Harvard Film Archive
- ^ Tribeca Festival : Review / The Wild One, A Magnificent Documentary Where Life And Craft Resound Social Justice Consciousness- Cinema Daily US
- ^ INDIE HORROR MEETS WORLD CINEMA IN THE CULT 'CARNIVAL OF SOULS'|PopMatters
- ^ How Obscure Horror Film 'Carnival of Souls' Influenced Everything You've Ever Seen - No Film School
- ^ 'Carnival of Souls' Proves the Shocking Allure of Indie Horror - Hollywood in Toto
- ^ a b Classic Thrills & Late-Night Chills on Tap for 'Freaky Fridays' at the Film Society - Film at Lincoln Center
- ^ Carnival of Souls - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b c d Arch Hall, Jr.: Inside the Wild Guitar - Off Beat Magazine
- ^ a b The Lemon Grove Kids Meet the Monsters - DVD Drive-In
- ^ FILMS FOR CHILDREN (1972 program) on MoMA.org
- ^ a b c The Independent Spirit of Robert M. Young|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ West Virginia related films|News, Sports, Jobs - Graf WV
- ^ a b c d The Moviegoing Experience, 1968-2001 - Google Books (pg.59)
- ^ Jim Henson: Before Happytime Murders, Muppet creator told edgy stories - Polygon
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Help! I Love Watching Animated Shorts|Animation World Network
- ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- ^ 50 Years Of Harry Nilsson's The Point - Aquarium Drunkard
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v The 20 Most Timeless Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- ^ The Jungle / Several Friends / The Pocketbook / Grey Area|UCLA Film & Television Archive
- ^ a b The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Spider Baby")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Not Hollywood - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax 50 Best Indie Films|GameRadar+
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Outsider Features - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j 10 Indie Movies That Became Pop Culture Hits|Collider
- ^ The Last Picture Show - Trailers From Hell
- ^ Putney Swope - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award – 1970 -". cartoonresearch.com.
- ^ Joe - Trailers From Hell
- ^ a b The Criterion Channel's June 2022 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ a b c d e f When the Movies Mattered - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Best Indie Horror Films From The 1970s - Screen Rant
- ^ a b c d e Don Bluth Goes Independent - AWN.com
- ^ a b c Nightmare USA - Book by Stephen Thrower - MOVIES and MANIA
- ^ Carnival of Souls: "Thinkin' Like That, Don't It Give You Nightmares?"|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ a b c d e NIGHTMARE USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents on Amazon.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Contemporary American Independent Film - Google Books
- ^ 'Benji' Events|Visit McKinney
- ^ "A Boy and His Dog". New Beverly Cinema. 2022. Retrieved February 6, 2022.
- ^ Brody, Richard. "Movie of the Week: "Aloha, Bobby and Rose"". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
- ^ Chicago-based Cooley High turns 40|Time Out Chicago
- ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Altered Reality")
- ^ A Year of Fear - Google Books (pg.117)
- ^ "Film History of the 1970s". www.filmsite.org.
- ^ American Genre Film Archive THE HILLS HAVE EYES
- ^ a b To Sleep With Anger - Blueprint: Review
- ^ a b c d e Daniel Talbot, Iconic Indie Film Distributor and Exhibitor, Dies|The Wrap
- ^ Girlfriends review – a lo-fi indie miracle about love and the city|Movies|The Guardian
- ^ a b c d Indie Reframed: Women's Filmmaking and Contemporary American Independent Cinema on JSTOR
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Movies You Probably Forgot Were Indies - SAGIndie
- ^ Chainsaws, Slackers, and Spy Kids - Google Books (pg.49)
- ^ American Genre Film Archive THE WHOLE SHOOTIN' MATCH
- ^ MSP Film Society|WonderWomen: The Works of Suzan Pitt
- ^ a b c d Mad Eyed Misfits - Google Books
- ^ Nick Johnstone (1999). Abel Ferrara: The King of New York. Omnibus Press: 8-9
- ^ From the Vaults of Streaming Hell: The Psychotronic Man - Spectrum Culture
- ^ Stanley, John (2000). Creature Features: The Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Movie Guide (illustrated, revised ed.). Berkley Boulevard Books. p. 418. ISBN 0-425-17517-0.
- ^ Atlantic City (1981) - filmsite.org
- ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Pioneering Women")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao BAM "Indie '80s' film series: 'Decline II,' 'Spinal Tap,' 'River's Edge,' 'Let's Get Lost' & more - BrooklynVegan
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap "Indie 80s". bam.org. Archived from the original on May 23, 2015.
- ^ a b c How Wayne's World Made—and Broke—It's Director's Career|Vanity Fair
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Greatest Indie Movies of the 1980s - MovieWeb
- ^ a b c d e Looking for Quality Indie Cinema? Try Ovid. - The New York Times
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad First 80s indie film fest shows movies that paved the way for the indie boom|Movies|The Guardian
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Acting Indie - Google Books
- ^ a b America on Film - Google Books (pg.158)
- ^ Film Fourm · THE ATOMIC CAFE
- ^ "The Atomic Café" – Reflecting on the 40th Anniversary of the Acclaimed Documentary|Under the Radar Magazine
- ^ a b c d e f 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
- ^ ‘Bloody Bridget’ Exclusive Trailer – Richard Elfman Unleashes His Valentine Vampire! - Bloody Disgusting
- ^ Liquid Sky|Quad Cinema
- ^ AFI|Catalog - The Secret of NIMH
- ^ The Secret of NIMH: 40 Years Of Don Bluth's Magic - Skwigly Animation Magazine
- ^ a b c HOW THE SECRET OF NIMH PROVED DON BLUTH COULD BEAT DISNEY - Nerdist
- ^ American Genre Film Archive SMITHEREENS
- ^ a b c d e The Best Indie Movie of Every Year in the 80s - MovieWeb
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Film Sequels: Theory and Practice from Hollywood to Bollywood - Google Books (ch."Adventures in Indiewood")
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af Documentary, Performance and Risk - Google Books (ch.1 "Theorizing Documentary, Performance and Risk"; section: "American documentary and the rise of 'indie' doc")
- ^ The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films|Oscars.org (title: "Visions of New York")
- ^ a b c d e f g 10 Great 1980s Indie Movies You May Have Never Seen - Taste of Cinema
- ^ a b c February 2023 Programming on the Criterion Channel Announced - CriterionCast.com
- ^ a b Hair Piece by Ayoka Chenzira Enters US National Film Registry|Zippy Frames
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Commentary: You're Remembering House Party All Wrong|News|BET
- ^ a b c The American Roadside in Émigré Literature, Film, and Photography 1955–1985 - Google Books (pg.157)
- ^ Here's Hoping Alex Cox's Repo Man Sequel Isn't One Big Circle Jerk|Tor.com
- ^ Repo Man|Quad Cinema
- ^ a b c d e f g Indie: An American Film Culture on JSTOR
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 3) - Sundance Guiide
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl Sundance - A Festival Virgin's Guide (3rd Edition) - Google Books (pgs.72-81)
- ^ a b 12 '80s-Era Indie Films to Swap Out for Your Old School Favorites|IndieWire
- ^ FILM LOOKS AT THE '39 WORLD FAIR - The New York Times
- ^ 3 Reasons Why: The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985)|Zippy Frames
- ^ Undercover Indies: How ‘The Breakfast Club’ Went Small-Scale and Created a Cult Classic - Film Independent
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Viewpoint: Victory for 'indiewood' at the Oscars?
- ^ a b c d The 25 Essential American Indie Films, 1988-2013 - Flavorwire
- ^ The 35th Anniversary of "The Brave Little Toaster"|Cartoon Research
- ^ THE BRAVE LITTLE TOASTER (1987) (***)|Animation World Network
- ^ Retro Sundance: 1988's "Brave Little Toaster" - The Film Experience
- ^ a b c d e f g An Accidental Experiment: Dirty Dancing (1987) and the convergence between Hollywood and American Independent Cinema|Goldsmiths, University of London
- ^ The Glorious, Good-Natured Mess of Miami Connection|Den of Geek
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s – Taste of Cinema
- ^ a b c d Directing Animation - Google Books (ch.4: "Directing Animation for Indie Films)
- ^ a b Hairspray (1988) 30th Anniversary|Oscars.org
- ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Ko-Ko'|Animation World Network
- ^ Extra terror, hold the gore: 8 truly scary PG-13 horror movies|A.V. Club
- ^ a b July 2022 Programming on the Criterion Channel Annonuced - CriterionCast.com
- ^ a b c d e f g h i 25 Great 90s Movies That Time Forgot|Collider
- ^ Powwow Highway - DVD Talk
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 4) - Sundance Guiide
- ^ a b c Movie Musings... Indiewood - Impact Magazine
- ^ a b c d e The Cinema of Wes Anderson - Bringing Nostalgia to Life - Google Books (Chapter Two - "Wes Anderson: His Position in Cinema and Culture")
- ^ a b c d e f g h The 15 Best Miramax Films - Film School Rejects
- ^ a b Why the 'King of Underrated Movies' Returned to Hollywood - Esquire
- ^ a b Amazon.com: Mad Eyed Misfits: Writings on Indie Animation
- ^ a b c Schlock & Awe: THE DRILLER KILLER - Nerdist
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p The Best Indie Films of the 1990s - Yahoo Entertainment
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m How the New Queer Cinema Shaped the '90s Indie Film Boom - Yahoo Finance
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l 5 Indie Films From The 90s That Are Way Underrated (& 5 That Are Overrated) - Screen Rant
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 21 Highly Underrated ‘90s Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- ^ Undercover Indies: The Unlikely Origin Story of 1990’s ‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ - Film Independent
- ^ a b 25 Years Later, Charles Burnett and Richard Brooks Reflect on Indie Classic 'To Sleep with Anger'|IndieWire
- ^ a b Criterion Collection: To Sleep with Anger | Blu-Ray Review - IONCINEMA.com
- ^ a b Queen of Diamonds - Chicago Reader
- ^ KVIFF|Queen of Diamonds
- ^ a b Review: 'Take Shelter' A Naturalistic, Novelistic Portrayal Of Madness & Apocalypse|IndieWire
- ^ The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
- ^ ONE FALSE MOVE 4K Review: Hold Your Breath, Never Relax - ScreenAnarchy
- ^ Carl Franklin Says ‘One False Move’ Early Screenings Caused ‘Mass Exodus’ - TheWrap
- ^ a b c Indiewood and Improvisation|Robert Altman's Soundtracks: Film, Music, and Sound from M*A*S*H to A Prairie Home Companion|Oxford Academic
- ^ a b c d Rural Crimewave - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ a b c d e f g A Brief History of the Sundance Film Festival - TIME
- ^ a b c "The Criterion Channel's March 2024 Lineup". The Criterion Channel. Feb 14, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f Indie Animation King Bill Plympton|Animation Magazine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m The Cine-Files » Parker Posey: New York Flight
- ^ a b c d e Where to Stream the Best Classic Independent Films This October, from ‘Eraserhead’ to ‘Igby Goes Down’ - IndieWIre
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 5) - Sundance Guiide
- ^ Undercover Indies: Why ‘Dumb and Dumber’ is Smarter (and More Indie) Than You Think - Film Independent
- ^ For Criterion Consideration: Boaz Yakin's Fresh - CriterionCast.com
- ^ a b c d Chris Gore's Ultimate Film Festival Survival Guide, 4th Edition - Google Books (pg.222)
- ^ a b c d e f g h Vinyl Noise and Narrative in CD-Era Indiewood - Indy Vinyl
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j CNN.com - Independent films move into spotlight - Aug 9, 2005
- ^ a b Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'The Red Book'|Animation World Network
- ^ a b c d e Declaration Of Independents Independent Animation is Alive and Well in New York by Melissa Chimovitz - AWN.com
- ^ a b John Waters|Underground Film Journal
- ^ a b c d e f g h The 10 Most Underrated American Independent Films of The 1990s - Page 2 - Taste of Cinema
- ^ Keep it in Motion - Classic Animation Revisited: 'Altair'|Animation World Network
- ^ Closer to Home - Variety
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s US Independent Film After 1989 - Google Books
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Downtown Film and TV Culture 1975-2001 - Google Books (pg.xvi)
- ^ a b Life During Wartime - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ a b c d The Criterion Channel’s December 2023 Lineup|The Criterion Collection
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "BFI|Sight & Sound|Boys' Own Stories". Archived from the original on 2012-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-11.
- ^ Mystery Science Theater 3000: The Movie: The Oral History|A.V. Club
- ^ 'Return of the Jedi,' 'Selena' and 'Sounder' added to National Film Registry|88.5 WFDD
- ^ What is indie cinema?|Movies|The Guardian
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Adelaide Research & Scholarship: Postclassical Hollywood/postmodern subjectivity: representation in some 'Indie/Alternative' Indiewood films
- ^ The hilarious connection between The Rolling Stones and 'The Big Lebowski|Far Out Magazine
- ^ a b Ranking Paul Thomas Anderson's films from worst to best|Far Out Magazine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Inside Indiewood|The Nation
- ^ a b Indie Filmmaker's Push for 'More'|WIRED
- ^ a b c d e Going Mainstream - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ John Pierson Interview On American Indies and IFC's 'Split Screen'|IndieWire
- ^ Brody, Richard (2021-06-05). "What to Stream, Urgently: "Compensation," a Modern Classic Rescued". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2022-12-07.
- ^ a b The sounds of sincerity|2|Hearing post-irony in Indiewood film|Timothy B. Cochran on Taylor & Francis eBooks, Reference Books and Collections
- ^ CNN - The Biggest indie film ever made: 'Phantom Menace' - May 31, 1999
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 6) - Sundance Guiide
- ^ a b The best films of the '00s|The A.V. Club
- ^ a b c d e f g 'Longlegs,' 'Thelma' and Indie Film's New Formula for Success - Bloomberg
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Best American Indies: 'Tangerine', 'Past Lives' and More|IndieWire
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab Indiewood - Backstage
- ^ Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation - Database for Animation Studies
- ^ a b c d The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- ^ a b c d e f The Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u 'Major minis' blur line between mainstream and independent - Herald Tribune
- ^ Bruce Campbell Joins Bubba Ho-Tep Director in Celebrating the Cult Classic's 21st Anniversary - CBR
- ^ 'Indie'|Far From Heaven|Edinbourgh Scholarship Online|Oxford Academic
- ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 4 - Taste of Cinema
- ^ Judy Greer Credits Maggie Gyllenhaal’s ‘Secretary’ Role for Making ‘Quirky’ Lead Actresses Cool - Yahoo Entertainment
- ^ a b 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Page 5 - Taste of Cinema
- ^ 15 Reasons To Get Excited About The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Revival - Screen Rant
- ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- ^ a b c 10 Best Peter Sargaard Movies, Ranked|Collider
- ^ a b c The 50 Best Indie Movies of All-Time - A Good Movie To Watch
- ^ a b Away We Go with the Films of Sam Mendes - That Shelf
- ^ a b c d e f g h i How independent film merchandise became a hot commodity - Los Angeles Times
- ^ 20 Years Ago, This Iconic Indie Horror Hit Revolutionized Twist Endings & Changed the Genre Forever - CBR
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p iW BOT | The Golden Child: "Juno" Makes Fox Searchlight the 2007 Market-Share Leader, Lures Young Ad|Indiewire
- ^ Review: Silver City - Slant Magazine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Hurray for Indiewood!|Salon.com
- ^ a b c d "Pride & Prejudice," "Capote," "Brokeback Mountain" (and more), and Why Audiences Matter|IndieWire
- ^ Scenes From Independent Film Week: Incentives, Acting, and Mixing At The IFP Market|IndieWire
- ^ Indie box office: "Juno" slammo!|Salon.com
- ^ a b Miranda July: The Quiet Power of Her Indie Movies - MovieWeb
- ^ BLOOD TEA AND STRING - Film Threat
- ^ Fusion of faith and football fails in 'Giants' - Orlando Sentinel
- ^ a b Christian Movies: Why Faith-Based Films Hurt Religion - Thrillist
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 7) - Sundance Film Festival
- ^ 10 Great Inde Movies You May Have Missed - Page 3 - Taste of Cinema
- ^ a b c d e Former teen idol stars in religious 'Fireproof,' 2008's highest-grossing indie film - Santa Rosa Press Democrat
- ^ Doc Soup: The Sundance Cycle|Doc Soup|POV Blog|PBS
- ^ Beyond the Multiplex|Salon.com
- ^ a b c d 9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
- ^ Sita Sings the blues|Zippy Frames
- ^ a b c d e f On the Borders: Children's Horror and Indiewood Animation|Contemporary Hollywood Animation: Style, Storytelling, Culture and Ideology Since the 1990s|Oxford Academic (Pages 144–177)
- ^ a b Indie Film Box Office: 'Strange Darling', 'Between The Temples' & 'Coraline' - Deadline
- ^ Undercover Indies: Kathryn Bigelow’s ‘The Hurt Locker’ Blows Up Awards-Season Expectations - Film Independent
- ^ It's Hollywood vs. Indiewood at Sundance 2010|The Star
- ^ a b c d e f Will whites see a black indie film like "Middle of Nowhere"?|Salon.com
- ^ a b The Criterion Channel's July 2024 Lineup|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ 10 Great Indie Movies You May Have Missed - Taste of Cinema
- ^ a b Father Figurine: Mike Mills's "Beginners"|IndieWire
- ^ a b Simon Says: The Marketing of a Mass-Released LGBTQ Film - Playback
- ^ Indie Focus: 'The Color Wheel' finally rolls into theaters - Los Angeles Times
- ^ a b Focus Features Sets Indie 'Pariah' for Christmas Day Limited Release|FirstShowing.net
- ^ Pariah Wins Acceptance In Indie Film World - Wall Street Journal
- ^ The Indie Film Corner: 'Take Shelter' - The Island News
- ^ a b Top 50 Most-Viewed Indie Animated Shorts On Youtube|Cartoon Brew
- ^ Fresh Guacamole by PES: The shortest film ever nominated for an Oscar|Zippy Frames
- ^ It's Such a Beautiful Day review: Mind your head|Zippy Frames
- ^ 5 Reasons to Check Out the Indie Film 'Middle of Nowhere' - Essence
- ^ 'Middle of Nowhere' review: Quiet indie drama offers a look at a woman in limbo|Movies/TV|nola.com
- ^ a b c d History of the Sundance Film Festival (Part 8) - Sundance Film Festival
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag The best A24 films to date|EW.com
- ^ 'Listen Up Philip' movie review: Uneven dramatic comedy gives Jason Schwartzman a role to sink his teeth into|Movies/TV|nola.com
- ^ LIGHTS, CAMERA, ACTION! PRODUCTION: BIOGRAPHIES|Oscars.org
- ^ a b Why Tangerine is the best Christmas movie that's not really about Christmas|EW.com
- ^ a b The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
- ^ a b c d Sundance 2018: Full-sentence movie titles are increasingly common - Quartz
- ^ a b BUFS Behind-the-Scenes – Brock University (Communication, Popular Culture and Film)
- ^ a b c d e 'I, Tonya', Other Awards Contenders Keep Indie Box Office Alive Against 'Star Wars'|The Wrap
- ^ Animated Mischief: Essays on Subversiveness in Cartoons Since 1987 - Google Books (pg.176)
- ^ In a Heartbeat: the story behind the animated gay love short that's gone viral|Animation in film|The Guardian
- ^ a b Indie Focus: Outsiders abound in 'The Shape of Water', 'I, Tonya', 'Foxtrot' and 'Bombshell' - Los Angeles Times
- ^ a b c Stumbling Out of the Gate - Critic's Notebook
- ^ a b The Rider: Exclusive trailer for new western hailed best indie of the year|The Independent
- ^ 'Hair Love' Short Will Get North American Release In Front of 'Angry Birds 2'|Cartoon Brew
- ^ Indie Focus: A ballad of love and divorce in Marriage Story - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Cryptozoo is animated chaos for the indie-film crowd - The Globe and Mail
- ^ Indie Film: Fantastical creatures populate the what-if world of 'Cryptozoo' - Portland Press Herald
- ^ 'Cryptozoo' Film Review: My Cryptid and Other Animals|Zippy Frames
- ^ Over the Borderline - Critic's Notebook
- ^ a b c Indie Focus: On the road with Frances McDormand in ‘Nomadland’ - Los Angeles Times
- ^ a b Sundance 2021: Coda, One For The Road, and Censor|AV Club
- ^ How real-world magic graces the making of Clifton Collins Jr.’s ‘Jockey’ - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Indie Focus: Sitting with the anxious comedy of 'Shiva Baby' - Los Angeles Times
- ^ Indie Film Series: Summer of Soul - Sun Journal Events
- ^ Indie Prof: "The Rescue" and "Summer of Soul"|Front Porch
- ^ 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Crosses $20M, Reignites Indie Cinema. - Deadline
- ^ a b A24's 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Hits Box Office Milestone - Variety
- ^ a b Indie Film Crush, Ahead Of 'Avatar' & Year End, Puts Arthouse Woes On Back Burner – Specialty Preview - Deadline
- ^ a b c d e Indie Cinema Is Now Genre Cinema|Defactor
- ^ Sara Dosa on 'Fire Of Love': "This forced me to work and think in a completely different way"|Features|Screen Daily
- ^ A24 Has Another Indie Hit, As 'Marcel The Shell' Slides Into Top 10 – Specialty Box Office - Deadline
- ^ 'Marcel the Shell With Shoes On' Director Explains What It Took to Pull Off One of the Year's Most Charming Movies|The Wrap
- ^ Guillermo del Toro's 'Pinocchio' and 'Turning Red' Lead the Nominations for the 50th Annie Awards 2023 - Hollywood Insider
- ^ A brief, and somewhat shocking, history of adult animation|The A.V. Club
- ^ Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Sara Gunnarsdóttir|Cartoon Brew
- ^ A Look at ‘My Year of Dicks’|Animation World Network
- ^ a b c The Whale Crosses $10 Million at Box Office, Brendan Fraser Hit - Variety
- ^ "You Can't Really Plan for Getting an Oscar": A Chat with Hubbel Palmer - SLUG Magazine
- ^ 2023 in Film: Barbie triumphs, Marvel loses steam | The Excerpt - USA Today on YouTube
- ^ Gasoline Rainbow: A pleasantly meandering Gen-Z road trip from upcoming auteur siblings the Ross brothers - The Irish Times
- ^ "War is Over": Animated Short Short Creates Timely Message of Humanity - IndieWire
- ^ a b c Top indie films of 2024: unveiling this year's best gems|Meer
- ^ a b Best Indie Movies of 2024 (So Far) - MovieWeb
- ^ a b c d e How Indie Horror Went Mainstream in 2024|Flickering Myth
- ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Review: Five Zoomers Hit the Road to Put Off Growing Up in an Endearing, Semi-Improvised Indie - Variety
- ^ a b c d e Our Film Critic on Why He's Done Wit the Movies - The New York Times
- ^ a b 12. Not Just Indie: A Look at Films by Dee Rees, Ava Duvernay and Kasi Lemmons - DegRuyter
- ^ Independent Film’s Sorry Quarter Century?|Filmmaker Magazine
- ^ Tyler Perry: creator of a racial stereotype or the greatest indie film-maker ever?|Comedy films|The Guardian
- ^ a b Chaos Below Canal|Independent Magazine
- ^ a b DGA Quarterly Magazine|Fall 2011|Women Directors and Their Films
- ^ MUBI Special: Silver Linings: Films by Joan Micklin Silver|MUBI
- ^ 8-Minute Video Boils Down the Essence of Animation Legend Ralph Bakshi - VICE
- ^ A celebration of Will Vinton|Just Make Animation
- ^ Will Vinton, Oscar winner and pioneering Portland animator, dies at 70 - oregonlive.com
- ^ a b c Second Edition of the Skwigly book ‘Independent Animation’ out now - Skwigly Animation Magazine
- ^ ICONS OF ANIMATION - THE ART OF ILLUSTRATION|Oscars.org
- ^ Indie Animation - WSJ
- ^ a b Animation Outlaws: Spike & Mike Turned Indie Shorts Into a Phenomenom|IndieWire
- ^ Keep it in Motion: Classic Animation Revisited – George Griffin’s 'Head'|Animation World Network
- ^ The Academy To Present ‘Women in Indie Animation’ September 21|Animation World Network
- ^ Films by Fred Mogubgub|Cartoon Brew
- ^ Biography: Mary Ellen Bute - Filmmaker - The Heroine Collective
- ^ CVM - Bute - Starr - Ideas on Film - Center for Visual Music
- ^ Post-Classical Hollywood: Film Industry, Style and Ideology Since 1945 - Google Books (pg.237)
- ^ Alex Ross Perry: 'Avengers: Endgame' Deserves Oscar for Best Picture|IndieWire
- ^ 'Midnight Special,' 'Fantastic Planet' and more home theater releases out this week - Los Angeles Times
- ^ House of Bamboo - Trailers From Hell
- ^ Calling all Samuel Fuller fans: You need a copy of “Forty Guns”|High-Def Watch
- ^ Composing for Cassavetes|Current|The Criterion Collection
- ^ ‘Gasoline Rainbow’ Release Set With Mubi Ahead Of Pic’s Venice Debut - Deadline
- ^ a b c Wes Anderson, tone and the quirky sensibility: New Review of Film and Television Studies Volume 10, 2012 - Issue 1: Wes Anderson and Co.
- ^ Sofia Coppola: A Cinema of Girlhood - Offscreen
- ^ Sofia Coppola Wins Best Director at 2017 Cannes|Hypebae
- ^ THE EYES OF RAY DENNIS STECKLER - Spectacle Theater
- ^ The Fiercely Independent Films Of The 80s Get A Massive Cinefamily Showcase|LAist
- ^ Kevin Smith claims Harvey Weinstein is keeping Dogma 'hostage' – Film Stories
- ^ Indie Cinema and the Neoliberal Commodification of Creative Labor - A Companion to American Indie Film - Wiley Online Library
- ^ 'Juno' Laid Low by Success - The New York Times
Bibliography
[edit]- Spike, Mike, Slackers, & Dykes: A Guided Tour Across a Decade of American Independent Cinema, John Pierson
- A Killer Life, Christine Vachon
- Down & Dirty Pictures, Peter Biskind
- Indie: An American Film Culture, Michael Z. Newman Ph.D.
- American Independent Cinema, Geoff King
- Enchanted Drawings: The History of Animation, Charles Solomon
- Nightmare USA: The Untold Story of the Exploitation Independents, Stephen Thrower
Notes
[edit]- ≈ indicates a National Film Registry inductee
See also
[edit]- New Hollywood
- American Eccentric Cinema
- Independent animation
- List of rediscovered films
- Classical Hollywood cinema
- Independent Spirit Awards
- Sundance Film Festival
External links
[edit]- Indiewood Finally Figures Out That Their Movies Are Depressing on Vulture
- Indie, Inc. on Project MUSE
- 10 Indies We Love Archives on Film Independent
- "The Edge of Hollywood" episode of American Cinema on Annenberg Learner
- BAM's Indie 80s trailer on Vimeo
- Low-Budget, Independent Films, 1981 – Siskel and Ebert Movie Reviews
- AFS Essential Cinema: The Original Indies: The Birth of American Independent Cinema on official YouTube channel
- The Real Indies: A Close Look at Orphan Films at Oscars.org
- American Independents on The Criterion Channel
